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The photovoltaic modules are mostly installed outdoors, exposing them to different conditions. These conditions significantly affect their performance. One of the most influential factors on photovoltaic modules is the soiling phenomenon from dust deposition. Dust deposition on the surface of the modules causes transmittance loss. Some studies in different parts of the world have tried to find mathematical correlations between particulate deposition and transmittance. These correlations are a function of dust characteristics and environmental factors. This study proposes a new methodology to mathematically combine the photovoltaic model and transmittance loss correlations. The proposed model could examine and predict the effect of soiling on photovoltaic modules' performance. Three photovoltaic modules with different capacities are selected. Using the proposed model, they are modeled by assuming clean and dirty photovoltaic surfaces depending on the installation conditions. This study is based on actual data from the center of Tehran, located at 35° 41' north latitude and 51° 23' east longitude for 12 months in the year 2020. The module's performance was investigated in the presence of dust. The presented results are validated by comparing them with other studies. The results show that the soiling effect is not dependent on the modules' capacity., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The article presents a description of the modeling and manufacturing of solar modules of photovoltaic, thermal and photovoltaic thermal designs intended to supply energy to a biogas plant intended for the production of biohydrogen and biomethane. Mathematical modeling of the photovoltaic module was carried out and the calculated temperature of the photovoltaic converters was determined, and also the photovoltaic module was manufactured using the process of sealing the photovoltaic converters with a two-component polysiloxane compound. Mathematical modeling of a solar thermal collector with water radiators in the form of a round copper tube, an oval copper tube, as well as a rectangular water cooling channel ("water jacket") was also carried out, in which pressure losses and the amount of water heating were assessed. The distances between the rectangular channels of the water-cooling radiator for uniform heat removal were determined, and mathematical modeling of the thermal state of a solar thermal collector with a semicircular cross-section of the water-cooling radiator channel was carried out, after which the solar thermal collector was manufactured. Mathematical modeling of the total displacements of the components of a photovoltaic thermal module, the values of which do not exceed acceptable limits, was carried out, after which a photovoltaic thermal module was manufactured using the process of sealing photovoltaic converters with a two-component polysiloxane compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of partial shading in solar power systems presents a substantial challenge with widespread implications, sparking extensive research, notably in the field of maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This study emphasizes the critical process of accurately tracking the maximum power points with the characteristic curves of photovoltaic (PV) modules under real-time, diverse partial shading patterns. It explores the various stages of the tracking process and the methodologies employed for optimization. While conventional methods show effectiveness, they often fall short in swiftly and accurately tracking maximum power points with minimal errors. To address this limitation, this research introduces a novel machine learning approach known as adaptive reinforcement learning with neural network architecture (ARL-NNA) for MPPT. The results obtained from ARL-NNA are compared with existing algorithms using the same experimental data. Furthermore, the outcomes are validated through different factors and processing time measurements. The findings conclusively demonstrate the efficacy and superiority of the proposed algorithm in effectively tracking maximum power points in PV characteristic curves, providing a promising solution for optimizing solar energy generation in partial shading patterns. This study significantly impacts various realms of electrical engineering including power engineering, power electronics, industrial electronics, solid-state electronics, energy technology, and other related field of engineering and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the possibility of expanding the use of solar energy potential for green hydrogen production in Ukraine using photovoltaic stations as the primary energy source. The increasing popularity of electric vehicles, such as traditional battery electric vehicles, hybrid and fuel cell electric vehicles, creates a demand for efficient green hydrogen refueling systems. The authors analyze various implementation options of autonomous photovoltaic hydrogen production systems, including schemes with one or two buffer batteries to guarantee the needs of fuel cell vehicles. The importance of using renewable energy sources to compensate for irregular hydrogen production and ensure continuous supply for electric vehicles is highlighted. The results of the calculations show that the implementation of such systems is reasonable and promising for the development of eco-friendly transport in Ukraine. The study provides justification for the necessary capacity of charging station and the volume of hy-drogen storage to optimize hydrogen production and consumption in variable energy situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The use of a reflector can increase the solar radiation on the photovoltaic module (PV) surface, whereby the energy output can be improved. However, the economic feasibility may need to be considered too. This study is conducted, for the first time, due to the lack of studies regarding the economic feasibility assessment of implementing reflectors under the Malaysian meteorological conditions. The outcome will give information about the suitability for implementing a PV reflector in Malaysia through an experimental setup at a sewage treatment site, for two months in 2022. The Malaysian meteorological data, which include daily solar radiation, ambient temperature and wind velocity, were collected to study the output energy, efficiency and the economic perspective of a PV. In February 2022, the PV was operating without a reflector and the averaged values for the monthly solar radiation, ambient temperature and wind velocity were 539.9 MJ/m2, 28.4 °C and 2.2 m/s, respectively, which resulted in an output energy of 106.43 kWh. On the other hand, for April 2022, the PV was operating with a reflector. With the respective averaged input parameters 544.98 MJ/m2, 28.9 °C and 1.51 m/s, the output energy was 121.94 kWh. It is thus shown that the PV with a reflector increases the PV’s output energy by 14.57%. Also, it is shown that the cost-effective factor value is 0.955 which means that the PV reflector is economically feasible to be implemented under the Malaysian meteorological conditions. Hence, extensive research should be conducted to improve the performance of PV reflectors. The findings of this paper maybe useful for researchers and/or manufacturers of PV reflectors.

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are highly efficient power generators associated with solar energy. The rapid growth of the PV industry will lead to a sharp increase in the waste generated from PV panels. However, electro-waste can be successfully used as a source of secondary materials. In this study, a unique procedure for recycling PV modules was developed. In the first stage, the aluminum frame and junction box, 18wt%. and 1wt%. of the module, respectively, were removed. The following stage was crucial, involving a mechanical–thermal method to remove the glass, which accounts for 70wt%. As a result, only 11wt%. of the initial mass of the PV was subjected to the next stage of chemical delamination, which reduced the amount of solvent used. Toluene was used to swell the ethylene vinyl acetate, EVA, and allow for the separation of the PV module. The effects of temperature and ultrasound on separation time were investigated. After the separation of silicon cells, metal ribbons, EVA, and the backsheet were obtained. The purity of the polymers was determined by FTIR and elemental analysis. Thermal properties were measured using DSC calorimetry to determine the basic parameters of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric (TE) modules in PV-TE systems has shown potential for expanding the utilization of the solar spectrum, enhancing the total power output, and reducing the space that is required for PV power plants. This paper discusses the characteristics of a practical PV-TE system model. Typically, to boost the power output of the TE component, a significant temperature difference is induced across the thermoelectric generator (TEG) module using various heat removal methods. These cooling techniques not only enhance the TEG module's efficiency but may also improve the performance of the PV component. In this study, we evaluate the efficiencies of PV-TE systems that are equipped with polycrystalline silicon solar cells and seven distinct TEGs under four different conditions. Initially, the PV-TE hybrid systems are tested without a cooling mechanism at an ambient temperature of 25 °C (Standard Test Conditions EN/IEC 61215). Subsequently, we examine the systems with a passive cooling approach, employing aluminum heat sinks to facilitate improved heat dissipation. Further tests involve an active cooling system using water and then nanofluid as coolants. The results from these assessments aim to establish a benchmark for enhancing the efficiency of future PV-TE systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photovoltaic module (PV) functions as a device for producing electricity. Increasing the number of PV units leads to higher power generation, but this also requires a larger land's area. However, limitations in available space, especially on building rooftops, coupled with consumer demands for greater power output, pose a challenge. To tackle this issue, the PV enhancer technology has been introduced. It aims to boost power generation per unit area and has been evaluated in a previous study. While this existing approach effectively compares different PV enhancers, it becomes complex when considering both the PV and enhancer's area parameters. To simplify this, a novel method is introduced for the first time which incorporates a new correlation considering the area of both the PV and its enhancer, the combined net power generated, the PV's output power without an enhancer, and the maximum PV power under standard test conditions. It also includes the cost per watt of PV power and the manufacturing cost of the PV enhancer. The impact of each parameter on this new method is thoroughly explained. The proposed technique categorizes PV enhancers based on values derived from the new method. For instance, enhancers are classified as having maximum or minimum performance based on whether the value of the new method equals the minimum value of the area and cost-effectiveness factor or unity, respectively. The effectiveness of the new method is confirmed through testing on a real-world case from a previous experimental study, demonstrating its practicality. The new method has shown applicability in real world scenarios and can aid in categorizing types of PV enhancers, offering valuable insights for researchers, designers, and manufacturers for informed decision-making.

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, cost-effective and efficient alternate energy resources are a major topic of research nowadays. Solar energy is one of the renewable energy sources which is under research. The main emphasis is on developing new technologies for harnessing the sun's energy efficiently. Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells are one such technology that works on the principle of the photovoltaic effect, with the electric output generated by it being directly influenced by the amount of light reaching the surface of the cell. Identification of those parameters, which act as an obstacle between light and the solar cell surface and decrease the efficiency of the cell drastically, is necessary. This research study focuses on the environmental parameters (dust and humidity) that directly influence PV cell performance. Here, experiments were conducted by using different types of dusts (sand, soil, ash) of varying quantities and then finding their effect on PV cell output. The results clearly indicate an adverse effect of quantity of dust on performance of the solar PV cell. Moreover, the relative humidity effect on the PV cell performance was also checked, which shows significant change in efficiency for high relative humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Electrical Engineering / Revista de Ingenieri´a Ele´ctrica is the property of ECORFAN-Mexico S.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents various methods and technologies for using of solar energy in anaerobic bioconversion systems. Various methods of convertion of solar radiation are consistently considered – from its direct use to photovoltaic, thermal, photovoltaic thermal and concentrating. Schemes for introducing solar energy converters into anaerobic bioconversion systems, as well as various solar radiation converters for heat and electricity supply of anaerobic bioconversion systems, are proposed. As power generating components in the article also discusses photovoltaic modules with an extended rated power period, photovoltaic thermal roofing panels with a two-component polysiloxane compound, thermal and photovoltaic thermal solar roofing panels, air-cooled photovoltaic thermal siding panel and concentrator solar photovoltaic thermal module with high-voltage matrix photovoltaic converters. The proposed schemes of systems and design of solar modules will ensure a reduction in the use of thermal energy from the produced gas for power supply for the own needs of anaerobic bioconversion systems, which will make them cheaper and more efficient in operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy serves as one of the promising resources of renewable energy due to its abundance availability and clean nature. Climatic data such as irradiation level and temperature are essential as input variables while designing the photovoltaic-based system. This research paper presents an extensive comparative analysis of modeling approaches of photovoltaic modules using a 1-diode and 2-diode solar models studied under varying irradiation levels and temperature values. 8 different cases of solar models based on 1-diode and 2-diode models have been incorporated. Its effect on 10 performance indexes of the photovoltaic module is comprehensively investigated. Based on these parameters, these solar models are compared in detail. MATLAB/Simulink tool is applied to explore the results. Extensive results have been taken under various operating conditions. The results show that the 2-diode model exhibits excellent performance as it maximizes the efficiency by 5.41% against the 1-diode model. Also, the 2-diode model has a greater performance ratio of 41.70% than the 1-diode model. Hence, it is revealed that the performance of 2-diode models in terms of smooth output curves, increased maximum power, fill factor, and efficiency are much closer to the actual performance as compared to the 1-diode model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of solar energy has begun to be developed in PLTS, but the photovoltaic module electricity produced is not at maximum output power. To increase the efficiency of the photovoltaic module, Maximum PowerPoint Tracking (MPPT) technology is used. Differences in the level of solar energy irradiation can cause the output power of the solar panels to vary and will not be maximized. Changing temperature and irradiation can be maintained with a maximum voltage of 40Volt and according to what is desired. In this study, MPPT consists of a Boost Converter whose function is to regulate the output voltage, while the algorithm used is the fuzzy logic which works based on Error (E) and Change Error (CE) from changes in the voltage and current of the photovoltaic module. The results showed that after using MPPT when input was given a change in load resistance with irradiation of 1000 W/m2 and a temperature of 25 ℃ resulted in a difference in power under different conditions compared to a system without MPPT. The power generated without the use of MPPT has a significant change with the results of 227.7W, 114.4W, 76.5W, 57W, and 45.5W. Testing the system after installing the MPPT when given an input change in irradiation with a load resistance of 20 Ω and a temperature of 25°C, a more stable power is produced with a value of 0.008W. Then when the input changes to irradiation with a load resistance of 20 Ω and a temperature of 25 ℃, the maximum power produced for each of the highest irrigation is 746.9 W/m2, 779.4 W/m2, and 839.4 W/m2 of 38.88 W, 42.07 W, and 47.8 W and compared to the system without MPPT only 21.76W, 21.96W and 22.28W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drastic increase in solar energy dependency would yield a tremendous amount of waste worldwide, and sustainably managing the emerging PV waste prevents potential environmental impacts and harm to humanity. This paper presents a systematic review of literature to identify strategies for PV module waste management and an internet-based assessment of PV module waste regulations in the Philippines. The systematic review utilized four key phrases to identify relevant articles. The title and abstract of the resulting articles from 2012 to 2022 were screened based on selection criteria and relevance, and 54 articles were selected. In addition, an internet-based assessment was conducted to determine the regulations of PV module waste in the country. Several key themes were also discussed that include waste assessment, global regulatory framework and policies, and end-of-life management encompassing monitoring, collection, recycling, and supply chain for recovered secondary materials. In addition, strategies for the various stages of the life cycle of PV modules were presented in the review. The identified waste management strategies include carefully designed PV modules to withstand breakage, utilization of recovered secondary materials, correct installation procedures, regular PV waste assessment and monitoring, efficient collection and fast classification of PV module waste, and sustainable recycling and recovery methods and technologies. Furthermore, the assessment shows that there is no specific regulation in the country that deals with PV module waste. Policies for PV module waste monitoring, take-back scheme, and subsidization should be explored. Indeed, PV module waste management strategies and regulations in the Philippines are critical to managing emerging waste effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an approach to determining the possibility of introducing solar power plants to ensure the guaranteed supply of consumers of 0.4 kV through the example of a farm located on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan using a specialized software package for analyzing electrical networks. The power supply scheme of the farm is analyzed depending on the value of the parameter of solar insolation on the territory of Tatarstan. Based on the results of the network operation modes, variants of the organization of the power supply system with the use of photovoltaic modules are proposed, and the technical and economic calculation of the efficiency of the introduction of photovoltaic modules is assessed. The calculation of the operating modes of the mathematical model of the farm power supply made it possible to determine the areas where the implementation of the proposed technical solutions is the most effective. The calculation of the economic indicators of the net present value and the profitability index, which made it possible to assess the attractiveness of investment in the implementation of the presented technical solutions, was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a representative new energy source, solar energy has the advantages of easy access to resources and low pollution. However, due to the uncertainty of the external environment, photovoltaic (PV) modules that collect solar energy are often covered by foreign objects in the environment such as leaves and bird droppings, resulting in a decrease in photoelectric conversion efficiency, power losses, and even the "hot spot" phenomenon, resulting in damage to the modules. Existing methods mostly inspect foreign objects manually, which not only incurs high labor costs but also hinders real-time monitoring. To address these problems, this paper proposes an IDETR deep learning target detection model based on Deformable DETR combined with transfer learning and a convolutional block attention module, which can identify foreign object shading on the surfaces of PV modules in actual operating environments. This study contributes to the optimal operation and maintenance of PV systems. In addition, this paper collects data in the field and constructs a dataset of foreign objects of PV modules. The results show that the advanced model can significantly improve the target detection AP values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric (TE) modules in PV-TE systems has shown potential for expanding the utilization of the solar spectrum, enhancing the total power output, and reducing the space that is required for PV power plants. This paper discusses the characteristics of a practical PV-TE system model. Typically, to boost the power output of the TE component, a significant temperature difference is induced across the thermoelectric generator (TEG) module using various heat removal methods. These cooling techniques not only enhance the TEG module’s efficiency but may also improve the performance of the PV component. In this study, we evaluate the efficiencies of PV-TE systems that are equipped with polycrystalline silicon solar cells and seven distinct TEGs under four different conditions. Initially, the PV-TE hybrid systems are tested without a cooling mechanism at an ambient temperature of 25 °C (Standard Test Conditions EN/IEC 61215). Subsequently, we examine the systems with a passive cooling approach, employing aluminum heat sinks to facilitate improved heat dissipation. Further tests involve an active cooling system using water and then nanofluid as coolants. The results from these assessments aim to establish a benchmark for enhancing the efficiency of future PV-TE systems.

Bifacial solar modules are increasingly preferred over monofacial modules to maximize the solar power output within a limited space. Owing to their high efficiency and compatibility with existing production lines, bifacial p-type passivated emitter and rear contact (p-PERC) solar modules have dominated the market since their commercialization. This study analyzes the influence of Al 2 O 3 , a passivation layer of p-PERC solar cells, on the PID and its underlying mechanism. Experiments were conducted on bifacial p-PERC module samples to analyze their electrical properties. Additionally, cell-like samples were fabricated to measure characteristics, for example, carrier lifetime, that are difficult to assess in full modules. To accelerate module degradation, experiments were conducted at 85 °C and 85 % humidity, while a voltage of −1000 V was applied to investigate the PID phenomenon. The results reveal degradation at the rear of the module caused by polarization effects, which were confirmed through changes in solar cell parameters and recombination current. The proposed mechanism indicates that the degradation in bifacial p-PERC solar modules is caused by the field-effect deterioration of the Al₂O₃ layer caused by alkali ions diffusing from the glass. This is observed through changes in the carrier concentration within Si and the detection of alkali ions within Al 2 O 3. Our analysis considers both module and cell structure samples to delineate the influence of Al 2 O 3 on the PID, which has not been previously reported. This study enhances the understanding of the polarization effect in bifacial p-PERC solar cells, thus contributing to the advancement of solar cell passivation strategies. • Potential-induced degradation (PID) of bifacial p-PERC solar cells is investigated. • Experiments were conducted to elucidate the PID mechanism. • The results improve the understanding of PID and resulting changes in lifetime. • A method based on Al 2 O 3 diffusion to detect degradation in the cells is proposed. • The study can assist in developing effective solar cell passivation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of fossil fuels and the pollution created due to their usage is pushing the current society towards solar energy. Photovoltaics (PV) have been touted as the energy source for the future. As the PV installations increase, their disposal at the end-of-life (EoL) becomes more pressing. Recycling them is of great importance, considering the environmental impact they have and the growing scarcity of metals. This article estimates the volume of solar panel waste that will be generated using a learning curve and discusses the disadvantages of landfill disposal and why it is not sustainable. It dwells deep into the current recycling processes available for crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar panels. It explores the composition of PV modules and provides a detailed analysis of the existing technologies addressing the complexities of PV recycling. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of each method, highlights the key topics for future research, and explains why these areas require investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of solar energy among renewable energy resources is undeniable and its benefits are well known. However, due to its intermittent nature and the relatively low efficiency of solar systems, it supplies only a small percentage (i.e., <1%) of the world's energy. Second-generation photovoltaic modules-devices that can convert solar radiation into electricity offer low efficiency (<13.4%), and a large amount of energy in these devices is wasted in the form of heat. This study investigated a hybrid system that can utilize such wasted thermal energy from a photovoltaic module. These systems, known as photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) hybrid systems, can harness solar energy in the form of heat and electricity. The performance of PVT hybrid systems is experimentally studied, and water, considered as the working fluid, is moved through serpentine tubes mounted at the back of the PV module. Furthermore, to enhance the thermophysical properties of the working fluid, various nanoparticles (TiO2, SiO2, and C) are added to the base fluid. The results indicate that using PVT/w with copper tubes can elevate the thermal efficiency up to 89.11% and electrical efficiency increases by almost 0.6%. During the nanofluids tests, the highest increase of 24.15% in thermal efficiency was observed by using graphite nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hot spot effect is an important factor that affects the power generation performance and service life in the power generation process. To solve the problems of low detection efficiency, low accuracy, and difficulty of distributed hot spot detection, a hot spot detection method using a photovoltaic module based on the distributed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is proposed. The FBG sensor array was pasted on the surface of the photovoltaic panel, and the drift of the FBG reflected wavelength was demodulated by the tunable laser method, wavelength division multiplexing technology, and peak seeking algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed method can detect the temperature of the photovoltaic panel in real time and can identify and locate the hot spot effect of the photovoltaic cell. Under the condition of no wind or light wind, the wave number and variation rule of photovoltaic module temperature value, environmental temperature value, and solar radiation power value were basically consistent. When the solar radiation power fluctuated, the fluctuation of hot spot cell temperature was greater than that of the normal photovoltaic cell. As the solar radiation power decreased to a certain value, the temperatures of all photovoltaic cells tended to be similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy systems are increasing their capacity in the energy industry day by day by operating with higher efficiency in parallel with technological developments. The functional operation of photovoltaic (PV) module contributes greatly to the optimal performance of these systems. On the other hand, detection and classification of faults occurring in PV modules are of vital importance in the operation and maintenance of solar energy systems. In this study, the classification of hotspots, which is one of the most common faults in Photovoltaic (PV) modules, is carried out by deep learning methods. First, data augmentation is applied to the images in the training dataset to improve the classification performance. Then, pre-trained deep learning models namely AlexNet, GoogLeNet, ShuffleNet, SqueezeNet, ResNet-50, and MobileNet-v2 are compared on the same test dataset. According to the obtained experimental results, AlexNet has the best performance with an accuracy value of 98.65%, while ResNet-50 provides the worst result with 94.59%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many coolers are available to improve the photovoltaic module (PV) efficiency. Although the lifespan of the PV cooler is an important parameter that should be taken into account to justify manufacturing such products, there is no evidence found in the literature considering this parameter in the PV cooler performance evaluation, making the comparison between the different types of PV coolers becomes difficult. Hence, this short communication is intended to correlate the lifespan of PV with its cooler. It proposes a new technique by introducing a new terminology called the PV cooler lifespan effectiveness factor whose value is depending on the lifespan of both PV and the cooling technique being utilized. This factor is defined as the ratio of the lifespan of the PV cooler to the lifespan of the PV. From results of the current study, it is shown that there is a proportional relationship between the lifespan of the PV cooler and the new factor. On the other hand, there is an inverse proportional correlation between the PV lifespan and the new factor. The values of the new factor are classified. The PV cooler is considered to be a lifespan effective, if the lifespan effectiveness factor is greater than zero and lesser than or equals to unity. Because the lifespan of the material depends on weather conditions which are different from one place to another. Hence, the value of the PV cooler lifespan effectiveness factor will be different. This could be a limitation of the proposed method. It is concluded that the new technique is helpful in categorizing the performance of PV cooler in terms of lifespan effectiveness which may have a potential to be utilized by PV cooler researcher, designer and/or manufacturer.

Compared with monofacial photovoltaic, bifacial photovoltaic modules can absorb the irradiance on both sides, thereby obtaining more electricity revenue, which can meet more demands. In order to further improve the electrical efficiency of bifacial photovoltaic, this paper proposes a bifacial photovoltaic module with adjustable inclination for simulation and experimental research, which can be well combined with architecture. Under the conditions of different inclination, orientations and heights, the output performance of the bifacial photovoltaic module is analyzed. Under the best inclination, the annual electrical energy of bifacial photovoltaic is about 9.4% higher than that of monofacial photovoltaic. When the spacing between the bifacial photovoltaic and the wall is 1-1.5 times the size of the photovoltaic, the electrical energy will increase the most. Considering the influence of wall color on bifacial photovoltaic performance, the photovoltaic electrical energy under the white wall can reach up to 35% higher than that with respect to the concrete color (dark grey). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the given article the methodology of making a photovoltaic module mathematical model is presented, which lets reproduce its energy characteristics in real operating conditions. Also, the major types of mathematical models of photovoltaic converters are discussed and most well-known estimation methods of their parameters are analyzed. An original and simple way of parameters definition of photovoltaic module is introduced based on the technical specification data without using programming and developing numerical estimation algorithms. The suggested method is easily realized in the tabular program Excel with installed tool «Search for solutions». The simulation results of volt-ampere characteristic (V-I curve) of photovoltaic module Kyocera KC200GT are presented in a wide variation range of temperature and illumination. In addition, an accuracy evaluation is made by comparing the model characteristics and experimental data. The model was tested on a number of photovoltaic modules and proved good modeling results compliance with manufacturer's data. The model provides a high modeling accuracy around MPP (maximum power point). This fact allows to use it for development of effective algorithms for photovoltaic power stations controllers, circuit design advancement of converting devices, prediction of power generation, operating modes analysis and optimization for photovoltaic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study has been conducted to reduce the loss of efficiency caused by the increase in temperature in photovoltaic (PV) modules. The aim of this study is to decrease the instantaneous temperature changes and overall mean temperature in the system to prevent the uncontrolled increase of the module temperature, while reducing the loss of performance caused by the increase in temperature. The experiment was carried out by using a pair of polycrystalline and a pair of monocrystalline PV modules. Both types of the PV modules had 10W power and exact same features. A reference/control module has been selected from each type of PV modules and these control modules has been added to the system as traditional PV modules. Heat pipe and phase changing material were applied to the back surface of other PV modules. The phase changing material was used to store heat on the PV module surface and to transfer the stored heat to the heat pipe. Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate was the preferred material to use as the phase change materials in the system. The system temperature was then brought under control by passing water through the heat pipe in the system. The temperature measured on the surface of the reference/control module was 30-80ᵒC during the day, while the temperature ranged between 30-40ᵒC in the experimental modules with phase changing substance. We found that performance loss caused by increase in surface temperature in reference/control modules reaches up to 20%. Whereas, the performance loss in the experimental modules is only as high as 1% under the same conditions. The mean temperature of the active PV modules has been reduced by using heat pipes and phase changing material. Lowering the mean temperature subsequently reduced the loss of performance caused by the increased temperature.

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, one of the most promising areas for the development of renewable energy is the creation of networked solar photovoltaic stations (SPVSs). The results of the design and simulation of SPVS operation affect the operational characteristics of the plant. The paper has considered the main stages of climate data preparation and simulation of the production of photovoltaic modules (PVMs), on the basis of which an algorithm for selecting the angle of installation of PVMs according to the criterion of maximum output has been developed. The result of the algorithm is a list of photoelectric modules with certain optimal values of the module installation angle and annual power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an earlier work, a temperature-dependent photovoltaic efficiency difference factor, FTDED, was introduced for the purpose of evaluating the performance of the photovoltaic module (PV) cooling technique. The evaluation is achieved by indicating if the PV cooler performance is contributing to the photovoltaic efficiency gain or loss. The existing method (FTDED) is costly because of the use of a fixed solar radiation of 1000 W/m2, that is the solar radiation at PV's standard test conditions, and the involvement of one unit of a PV without a cooling technique that has the same number of solar cells as a PV with a cooler which are required to accomplish the performance evaluation. To solve the performance evaluation cost issue, a new method is proposed. This method can execute the performance evaluation of the PV coolers as the existing method but under various solar radiation values. It also depends on the output power of a PV with a single solar cell only (without a cooler) when conducting the performance evaluation for a PV with a cooler that has a known number of solar cells. The applicability conditions of the proposed method are illustrated. It is shown that the performance evaluation cost of PV cooling techniques can be greatly reduced. It can be concluded that the new method is a cost-efficient as compared with the existing method. PV cooling techniques designers and manufacturers are the potential users of the proposed method.

Algeria, like any other country, has drawn up its roadmap for the use and promotion of renewable energy sources. Motivated by its commitment to the international community in the fight against global warming and its possession of one of the largest solar fields in the world, a series of laws and institutions have consolidated this ambitious schedule. As known, both the climate and the geological area of Algeria take place among the foremost favoured countries in the field of solar energy. The present paper aims at proposing a simple model of photovoltaic module. The authors used Matlab/Simulink software to predict the current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics according to the influence of several factors, such as solar irradiance, cell temperature and series resistance, on the efficiency of photovoltaic module. The proposed experimental investigation can easily predict the curves (current-voltage and power-voltage) of a PV module, where both of simulation and practical results are identical. A single-crystal-line photovoltaic module was introduced close to Badji-Mokhtar Annaba University, Annaba (Algeria) to show the impact of climatic conditions in this coastal region and partial shading on characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy efficiency of buildings plays a significant role in the development of distributed power generation in the city. The complex of energy-saving measures to improve the energy efficiency of buildings includes the development of structures and engineering systems using renewable energy sources, such as combined photovoltaic-thermal modules (PVT modules), which unite photovoltaic modules and solar collectors in one design. The use of PVT technology makes it possible to increase the electrical performance of solar cells due to their cooling during operation. The purpose of the article is to assess the energy characteristics of the PVT module in the course of experimental studies. A solar PVT module has been developed, containing a protective glass coating and connected solar cells placed between the glass and the casing with a coolant channel of a rectangular cross section. A system has been developed for automatic recording of the main parameters of the PVT module during field studies, which allows the energy characteristics of the module (including current–voltage characteristics) to be recorded with the required frequency, followed by storing the data array in a convenient form for further processing. The article presents a series of current–voltage characteristics measured during field studies and power curves of a PVT module for various values of total insolation and the specific coolant flow rate. At a specific coolant flow rate varying from 18 to 165 L/(h m2) and a total insolation of 880 W/m2, the specific thermal power of the module varies from 452.78 to 518.41 W/m2, and the specific electric power varies from 70 to 87 W/m2. The developed design of the PVT module allows an increase in the electrical performance by 10–20% compared with conventional photoelectric modules. The proposed design of the PVT module installed on the roofs and facades of buildings can solve the problem of the lack of space for solar energy facilities in urban areas and provide heat and electricity to consumers in the residential and public sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power and solar photovoltaic (PV) power are two of the most implemented renewable energy; however, they are vulnerable to weather uncertainties. Most existing works developed energy models by estimating the mean production, overlooking the risk that some undesired productions with non-negligible probabilities could be greatly deviated from the mean. Moreover, current hybrid wind-solar energy models lack deliberation on the co-location interferences which spoil the production. Considering weather uncertainties and co-location interferences, a flexible and applicable hybrid energy model is demanded. This paper addresses these underexplored yet important issues. First, we apply Monte Carlo method for simulating uncertain wind, sky and dust conditions based on multi-year real-world data. Secondly, the wind-solar farm co-location interferences, such as wind-turbine's shade and penumbra on PV surfaces, forbidden area for maintenance roads, and land-usage conflict, are deliberately modeled. Thirdly, we propose five risk-aware energy optimization (RAEO) models which provide various metrics for evaluating production benefit, cost, and risk. The experimental results show that our RAEO models can deal with weather uncertainties and co-location interferences and are flexible enough to provide various forms of analytics as responses to decision-maker's needs. • Risk-aware energy optimization (RAEO) models for hybrid energy optimization. • Monte Carlo production simulations under wind, sky and dust uncertainties. • RAEO models with simulations conduct cost, benefit, and risk analyses. • Two-phase GA taking advantage of wind-solar farm structure performs effectively. • Justification of RAEO models under various scenarios are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) system is one of the alternative technologies that is able to convert solar energy to electricity. The operation of the PV causes its solar cell temperature to be increased, and thus a drop in its performance. Although this loss of PV efficiency can be reduced by incorporating cooling techniques into the PV, there are no existing methods to objectively evaluate the PV cooling techniques. Hence, a method for assessing the PV cooling techniques is proposed here, based on a new parameter called the temperature-dependent PV efficiency difference factor, which is defined and derived. This factor identifies the relevant parameters that effect the efficiency that leads to the assessment of the overall PV cooling technique. This parameter can indicate if the cooling technique is contributing to the PV efficiency gain or loss, or neutral and may have the potential to be a measure of PV cooler performance evaluation by manufacturers and designers of such products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar irradiance being considered as one of the most important alternative sources of energy can be harnessed in the form of electrical power using photovoltaic panels erected under the sun. Optimum conversion of power from solar panels can be obtained by using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), which involves continuously adjusting the angle of panels according to the change in the angle of falling irradiance. These trackers, however, use some amount of power for operation of MPPT equipment. Various techniques for arranging the solar panels in three dimensions have been suggested for optimizing the output power from them. The inspiration behind arranging the panels are often drawn from the natural trees where the branches and the leaves follow a particular pattern called phyllotaxy which is directly analogous to the Fibonacci number and Golden ratio. In this research work, the power output from two solar tree models based on 3/8 and 2/5 phyllotaxy pattern and solar conventional panel compared under similar irradiance conditions. There are so many phyllotaxy patterns like 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, etc. When the solar panels aligned in different phyllotaxies, then the orientation direction of solar panels are distinct. Each solar panel connected in solar trees is in a different direction, so that they received the maximum amount of sunlight throughout the day as compared to conventional panels which is oriented unidirectional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A solar cell or photovoltaic (PV) module is electrically represented by an appropriate circuit model with certain defined parameters. The parameters are required to be correctly computed from solar cell characteristic and/or a set of experimental data for simulation and control of the PV system. However, experimental data or accurate characteristic data (i.e. current-voltage or I-V curve) of a PV module may not be readily available. The manufacturer of a PV system usually provides relevant information on open circuit, short circuit and maximum power points. Therefore, an alternate approach is to estimate the PV system parameters by utilizing the I-V characteristic data at these three major points. The process involves formulation and solution of complex non-linear equations from an adopted solar cell model. This paper proposes an application of an advanced adaptive differential evolution algorithm on the problem of PV module parameter estimation using minimum available information from the manufacturer datasheet by implementing single-diode and double-diode models. Linear population size reduction technique of success history based adaptive differential evolution (L-SHADE) algorithm is implemented to minimize the error of current-voltage relationships at the above-mentioned three important points defining the I-V characteristic. The algorithm facilitates evolution of solutions that result in almost zero error (< 10 − 12 ) at these three major points. All relevant parameters of the PV cell are optimized by the algorithm without any assumption or predetermination of parameters. It is observed that a set of feasible solutions (parameters) is obtained for the PV module from multiple runs of the algorithm. The fact of attaining several probable solutions from datasheet information using few other metaheuristics is also discussed in this work. Highlights • Single and double-diode circuit models of a PV module are analyzed. • Minimum datasheet information is utilized to formulate the optimization objective. • Application of an adaptive differential evolution algorithm is described in detail. • A set of probable optimal cell parameters is obtained from multiple runs. • The importance of experimental data on cell I-V characteristic is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The integrated design is used to improve the PV-TE system. • The ceramic plates are removed from the PV-TE system. • A V-type groove is used to enhance the absorption of the solar energy. • An obvious raise in the efficiency of the PV-TE system is obtained. Abstract The photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid system (PV-TE) has attracted much attention due to its ability of utilizing solar energy in full spectra. This paper uses the concept of the integrated design to improve the PV-TE system. To enhance the heat transfer, the ceramic plates of the commercial TE modules are eliminated from the PV-TE system in order to reduce the thermal resistance. To enhance the absorption of the solar energy, a V-type groove which can keep each PV cell perpendicular to its adjacent PV cells is used in the PV-TE system. An experimental setup is established to demonstrate the feasibility of the structural improvement. The results indicate that the simplified TE structure can lead to an increase in both PV efficiency and TE efficiency by enhancing the heat transfer. An obvious increase in the PV-TE efficiency caused by the V-type groove is observed in the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to find optimum size of the photovoltaic (PV) array and energy storage unit (ESU) for PV grid‐connected charging system (in office workplace) for electric vehicles (EV). It is designed in such a way that the EVs are charged at a fixed price (rather than time‐of‐use price) without incurring economic losses to the station owner. The simulation is modeled using the single diode model (for PV) and the state of charge of Li‐ion battery (for ESU and EV). The objective function of the PSO is formulated based on a financial model that comprises of the grid tariff, EV demand, and the purchasing as well as selling prices of the energy from PV and ESU. By integrating the financial model with energy management algorithm (EMA), the PSO computes the minimum number of PV modules (Npv) and ESU batteries (Nbat) for a various number of vehicles and office holidays. The resiliency of the proposed system is validated under different weather conditions, EV fleet, parity levels, energy prices, and operating period. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed system is compared with the standard grid charging system. The results suggest that with the computed Npv and Nbat, the charging price is decreased by approximately 16%, while the EV charging burden on the grid is reduced by 94% to 99%. It is envisaged that this work provides the guidance for the installers to precisely determine the optimum size of the components prior to the physical construction of the charging station. Methodology for modeling of PV‐ESU grid‐based EV charging system is described.Main features of existing popular system sizing techniques are compared.An energy management algorithm (EMA) is developed to control the charging system.Optimum sizes of PV modules and ESU batteries are determined by means of PSO.Proposed system is benchmarked against the standard grid charging system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical algorithm was developed to simulate optimal tilt angles at which maximum solar radiation was incident on south-facing photovoltaic (PV) module. A MATLAB Code was implemented to examine the relationship between solar irradiation and module tilt angles for four locations in Southern Nigeria, and the results were validated with data from Meteorological Agency of Nigeria. The Code facilitated faster computation of the optimal tilt angles, rather than manual and time consuming calculations; and ensured accurate installation of PV systems for improved efficiency and performance; thereby enhancing the prospects of solar energy utilization. The simulation algorithm was based on mathematical formulation of global solar intensity as a function of solar declination angle, hour angle, irradiation on horizontal and tilted surfaces, clearness index and diffused radiation at the location. The optimum tilt angles were determined for each month by selecting the corresponding values of angles for which the highest radiation intensities were received. The computer simulation confirmed that Calabar, Uyo, Warri and Owerri on nearly same latitudes had identical optimum monthly tilt angles; and for best performance, fixed solar PV module must be oriented to face south at optimal tilt angle equivalent to the latitude (°) of the location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT This work proposes a simplified methodology to obtain the needed data to determine and investigate the variation of photovoltaic modules performance under non-standardized environmental conditions - Standard Test Conditions and Nominal Operating Cell Temperature. This methodology uses a previously developed mathematical model in association with environmental parameters as wind speed, air temperature and irradiance in different cities, located in different regions in Brazil. These data are obtained from both SWERA project and the National Institute of Meteorology of Brazil websites, both of them with free access on the internet. The result of this methodology is the operating temperature of a commercial polycrystalline module of 330 Wp and 1.95 m², and this methodology also results in the maximum power of the module and efficiency for each set of analyzed environmental parameters. As conclusion, from the the results, it is possible to suggest the investigated environmental parameters have a significant impact on the module performance and therefore cannot be neglected.

Highlights • Performance of enhanced RC based on a commercial PV module is explored. • The potential of enhanced RC for commercial PV module on terrene is small. • Enhanced RC can be used in PV module in extraterrestrial environments. Abstract Recent research on cooling solar cells through the radiative cooling method has elicited much interest. Compared with bare silicon solar cells, modified cells with enhanced radiative cooling can reduce temperature by over 10 °C, thereby improving the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of solar cells. At present, the commercial silicon photovoltaic (PV) module is the mainstream product for PV application. Thus, investigating the effect of enhanced radiative cooling on cooling solar cells based on a commercial PV module is imperative. In this study, the effect of enhanced radiative cooling on solar cells based on a commercial PV module was explored, and the application prospect was analyzed preliminarily. A sample of PV module (referred to as "commercial structure" hereinafter) was fabricated by encapsulating a bare crystalline silicon cell with glass. The spectral property of the commercial structure was modified by adding a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film on its top surface; this structure is referred to as "modified structure" hereinafter. A comparative experiment was conducted, and results showed that the solar cell temperatures in the commercial and modified structures were almost consistent. The effects of enhanced radiative cooling on the PV module under different conditions were also analyzed theoretically through a universal mathematical model. Simulation results revealed that the solar cell temperature could only be reduced by 1.75 K even in the ideal case. Experimental and simulation results indicated that enhanced radiative cooling based on a PV module shows no specific potential for cooling solar cells in actual settings. The performance of enhanced radiative cooling for solar cells in an extraterrestrial environment was also discussed preliminarily, and the results showed that radiative cooling can be applied as an alternative method for the thermal management of solar cells in the extraterrestrial environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]