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Starting from the extended mapping approach and a linear variable separation method, we find new families of variable separation solutions with some arbitrary functions for the (3+1)-dimensional Burgers system. Then based on the derived exact solutions, some novel and interesting localized coherent excitations such as embedded-solitons, taper-like soliton, complex wave excitations in the periodic wave background are revealed by introducing appropriate boundary conditions and/or initial qualifications. The evolutional properties of the complex wave excitations are briefly investigated.

Using the mapping approach via the projective Riccati equations, several types of variable separated solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional Nizhnik–Novikov–Veselov equation are obtained, including multiple-soliton solutions, periodic-soliton solutions, and Weierstrass function solutions. Based on a periodic-soliton solution, a new type of localized excitation, i.e., the four-dromion soliton, is constructed and some evolutional properties of this localized structure are briefly discussed.

For a higher-dimensional integrable nonlinear dynamical system, there are abundant coherent soliton excitations. With the aid of an improved projective Riccati equation approach, the paper obtains several types of exact solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional dispersive long-wave equation, including multiple-soliton solutions, periodic soliton solutions, and Weierstrass function solutions. From these solutions, apart from several multisoliton excitations, we derive some novel features of wave structures by introducing some types of lower-dimensional patterns.

Using an extended projective method, a new type of variable separation solution with two arbitrary functions of the (2+1)-dimensional generalized Broer-Kaup system (GBK) is derived. Based on the derived variable separation solution, some special localized coherent soliton excitations with or without elastic behaviors such as dromions, peakons, and foldons etc. are revealed by selecting appropriate functions in this paper.

The linear variable separation approach is successfully extended to (1+1)-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) type models related to Schrodinger system. Some significant types of solitons such as compacton, peakon, and loop solutions with periodic behavior are simultaneously derived from the (1+1)-dimensional soliton system by entrancing appropriate piecewise smooth functions and multivalued functions.

By means of a special Painleve–Backlund transformation and a multilinear variable separation approach, an exact solution with arbitrary functions of the (2+1)-dimensional Boiti–Leon–Pempinelli system (BLP) is derived. Based on the derived variable separation solution, we obtain some special soliton fission and fusion solutions for the higher dimensional BLP system.

With the help of an extended mapping approach, a series of new types of exact excitations with two arbitrary functions of the (2+1)-dimensional Broer–Kaup–Kupershmidt (BKK) system is derived. Based on the derived solitary wave excitation, some specific soliton fission and fusion solutions of the higher-dimensional BKK system are also obtained.

With the help of an extended mapping approach, a series of new types of exact excitations with two arbitrary functions of the (2+1)-dimensional Broer-Kaup-Kupershmidt (BKK) system is derived. Based on the derived solitary wave excitation, some specific soliton fission and fusion solutions of the higher-dimensional BKK system are also obtained.

Considering that folded phenomena are rather universal in nature and some arbitrary functions can be included in the exact excitations of many (2+1)-dimensional soliton systems, we use adequate multivalued functions to construct folded solitary structures in multi-dimensions. Based on some interesting variable separation results in the literature, a common formula with arbitrary functions has been derived for suitable physical quantities of some significant (2+1)-dimensional soliton systems like the generalized Ablowitz?Kaup?Newell?Segur (GAKNS) model, the generalized Nizhnik?Novikov?Veselov (GNNV) system and the new (2+1)-dimensional long dispersive wave (NLDW) system. Then a new special type of two-dimensional solitary wave structure, i.e. the folded solitary wave and foldon, is obtained. The novel structure exhibits interesting features not found in the single valued solitary excitations.

Starting from the known variable separation excitations of a (2+1)-dimensional generalized Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur system, rich coherent structures can be derived. The interactions among different types of solitary waves like peakons, dromions, and compactons are investigated and some novel features or interesting behaviors are revealed. The results show that the interactions for peakon-dromion, compacton-dromion, and peakon-compacton may be completely nonelastic or completely elastic.

By means of the standard truncated Painleve expansion and a variable separation approach, a general variable separation solution of the generalized Burgers system is derived. In addition to the usual localized coherent soliton excitations like dromions, lumps, rings, breathers, instantons, oscillating soliton excitations, peakons, foldons, and previously revealed chaotic and fractal localized solutions, some new types of excitations — compacton and Jacobi periodic wave solutions are obtained by introducing appropriate lower dimensional piecewise smooth functions and Jacobi elliptic functions.

Starting from a special Backlund transform and a variable separation approach, a quite general variable separation solution of the generalized (2+1)-dimensional perturbed nonlinear Schrodinger system is obtained. In addition to the single-valued localized coherent soliton excitations like dromions, breathers, instantons, peakons, and previously revealed chaotic localized solution, a new type of multi-valued (folded) localized excitation is derived by introducing some appropriate lower-dimensional multiple valued functions.

In this work, we reveal a novel phenomenon that the localized coherent structures of some (2+1)-dimensional physical models possess chaotic and fractal behaviors. To clarify these interesting phenomena, we take the (2+1)-dimensional modified dispersive water-wave system as a concrete example. Starting from a variable separation approach, a general variable separation solution of this system is derived. Besides the stable localized coherent soliton excitations like dromions, lumps, rings, peakons, and oscillating soliton excitations, some new excitations with chaotic and fractal behaviors are derived by introducing some types of lower dimensional chaotic and fractal patterns.

Starting from the standard truncated Painleve expansion and a variable separation approach, a general variable separation solution of the breaking soliton system is derived. In addition to the usual localized coherent soliton excitations like dromions, lumps, rings, breathers, instantons, oscillating soliton excitations, and previously revealed chaotic and fractal localized solutions, some new types of excitations, peakons and foldons, are obtained by introducing appropriate lower-dimensional piecewise smooth functions and multiple valued functions.

In the previous Letter (Zheng C L and Zhang J F 2002, Chin. Phys. Lett., 19 1399), a localized excitation of the generalized Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur (GAKNS) system was obtained via the standard Painleve truncated expansion and a special variable separation approach. In this work, starting from a new variable separation approach, a more general variable separation excitation of this system is derived. The abundance of the localized coherent soliton excitations like dromions, lumps, rings, peakons and oscillating soliton excitations can be constructed by introducing appropriate lower-dimensional soliton patterns. Meanwhile we discuss two kinds of interactions of solitons. One is the interaction between the travelling peakon type soliton excitations, which is not completely elastic. The other is the interaction between the travelling ring type soliton excitations, which is completely elastic.

With the help of variable separation approach, a quite general excitation of a new (2+1)-dimensional long dispersive wave system is derived. The chaotic behaviour, such as chaotic line soliton patterns, chaotic dromion patterns, chaotic-period patterns, and chaotic-chaotic patterns, in some new localized excitations are found by selecting appropriate functions.

By means of variable separation approach, quite a general excitation of the new (2 + 1)-dimensional long dispersive wave system: is derived. Some types of the usual localized excitations such as dromions, lumps, rings, and oscillating soliton excitations can be easily constructed by selecting the arbitrary functions appropriately. Besides these usual localized structures, some new localized excitations like fractal-dromion, fractal-lump, and multi-peakon excitations of this new system are found by selecting appropriate functions.

Considering that there are abundant coherent soliton excitations in high dimensions, we reveal a novel phenomenon that the localized excitations possess chaotic and fractal behaviour in some (2+1)-dimensional soliton systems. To clarify the interesting phenomenon, we take the generalized (2+1)-dimensional Nizhnik-Novikov-Vesselov system as a concrete example. A quite general variable separation solutions of this system is derived via a variable separation approach first, then some new excitations like chaos and fractals are derived by introducing some types of lower-dimensional chaotic and fractal patterns.

A simple and direct method is applied to solving the (2+1)-dimensional perturbed Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur system (PAKNS). Starting from a special Backlund transformation and the variable separation approach, we convert the PAKNS system into the simple forms, which are four variable separation equations, then obtain a quite general solution. Some special localized coherent structures like fractal dromions and fractal lumps of this model are constructed by selecting some types of lower-dimensional fractal patterns.

Using the standard truncated Painleve expansions, we derive a quite general solution of the (2+1)-dimensional generalized Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur system. Except for the usual localized solutions, such as dromions, lumps, ring soliton solutions, etc, some special localized excitations with fractal behaviour, i.e. the fractal dromion and fractal lump excitations, are obtained by some types of lower-dimensional fractal patterns.

In a recent paper [Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 49 (2008) 268], Huang et al. gave a general variable separation solution to the (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton equation via a special Backlund transformation and the variable separation approach. In terms of the derived variable separation solution and by introducing Jacobi elliptic functions, they claimed that nonelastic types of interaction between Jacobi elliptic function waves are investigated both analytically and graphically. We show that some inappropriateness or errors exist in their paper, and say nothing of the conclusion that some nonelastic types of interaction between Jacobi elliptic function waves in the (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton equation have been found.

Using an extended Riccati mapping approach,we obtain a new type of varable separation solutions for the (2+1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli system.Based on the derived solutions,two new kinds of soliton excitations,i.e.rectangle-like soliton and fractal soliton are constructed in this paper.

In this work, starting from a Painlev-Bcklund transformation and a multil inear variable separation approach, a general variable separation excitation of the three-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli system is derived first. Then based on the derived excitation, we can construct many localized structures like pe akons and compactons etc. Meanwhile, two new types of solitary waves, i.e., a b ell-like loop soliton and a peak-like loop soliton are constructed and their e volution properties of the novel localized structures are briefly discussed.