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Soil salinization is more aggravating than ever before and techniques are needed to mitigate this problem; understanding salinity-fertilizer relationship is of considerable economic importance for promoting crop growth and productivity in saline soil. A pot experiment was done in a greenhouse to determine whether the N could alleviate the negative effect of different salts compositions on the growth, and physiological attributes of the two most used Sudan sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivars (Wadahmed and Tabat). The plant was subjected to the salt stress at 0, 0.3419 M NaCl, and 0.1408 M Na2SO4, and four levels of N application 0, 4, 8, and 12 g N kg-1 soil, designated as N0, N1, N2, and N3, respectively. Results showed that Na2SO4 was reduced plant height, leaf area index, number of leaves, dry weight (DW), chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll content, and increased soluble protein content, activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities by 16.4%, 29.7%, 61.5%, 28.7%, 39.6%, 12.7%, 99.7%, 34.3%, 51.8%, respectively, when compared with the non-saline treatment. The Na2SO4 salt had a more harmful effect than NaCl. This study revealed that N fertilizer was successful for alleviating the adverse impacts of both types of salt. In this study, 12 g N kg-1 soil was most effective on most of the measured parameters of two sorghum cultivars. These findings demonstrated that the N soil amendment application could alleviate the harmful impact of salinity. 'Wadahmed' was more tolerant to salinity stress than 'Tabat' during the boot stage of sorghum plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a severe environmental factor that has limited the growth and productivity of crops. Ascorbic acid (ASA) is one of the most important plant growth regulators for mitigating salt stress. A controlled experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of different salt compositions (0, 50 mM NaCl, 50 mM Na2SO4, and 50 mM NaCl+50 mM Na2SO4, designed as S0, S1, S2, and S3, respectively) and different ASA concentrations (0, 284, and 850 µ?) on the seedling growth and physiological attributes of two sorghum varieties (Wadahmed and Tabat). The present study proved significant differences between sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) varieties under saline conditions at seedling stage and 'Wadahmed' was more tolerant to salinity stress than 'Tabat'. Both types of salt induced a strong decrease in all the parameter measured, including emergence percentage (48.4%), shoot length (42.1%), root length (39.6%), total dry weight (g) (23.5%), chlorophyll (SPAD) (43.5%), and recorded the highest value of soluble protein content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content when compared with the non-saline treatment. At the S3 salinity level, emergence percentage, shoot and root length, total dry weight, soluble protein content, and MDA content were increased by 850 µ? ASA levels. Our results found that the combination of both salts showed more damage than a single salt treatment. This study indicated that exogenous addition of ASA at an appropriate level can be a useful strategy to promote early seedling growth and improve antioxidant enzymes of sorghum plants grown under different saline types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity one of environmental factor that limits the growth and productivity of crops. This research was done to investigate whether GA3 (0, 144.3, 288.7 and 577.5 μM) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 90 and 135 kg N ha−1) could mitigate the negative impacts of NaCl (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl) on emergence percentage, seedling growth and some biochemical parameters. The results showed that high salinity level decreased emergence percentage, seedling growth, relative water content, chlorophyll content (SPAD reading), catalase (CAT) and peroxide (POD), but increased soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The SOD activity was decreased by nitrogen. However, the other measurements were increased by nitrogen. The interactive impact between nitrogen and salinity was significant in most parameters except EP, CAT and POD. The seedling length, dry weight, fresh weight, emergence percentage, POD, soluble protein and chlorophyll content were significantly affected by the interaction between GA3 and salinity. The GA3 and nitrogen application was successful mitigating the adverse effects of salinity. The level of 144.3 and 288.7 μm GA3 and the rate of 90 and 135 kg N ha−1 were most effective on many of the attributes studied. Our study suggested that GA3 and nitrogen could efficiently protect early seedlings growth from salinity damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity limits germination and plant growth and development in 45 million ha worldwide. Techniques to overcome this problem are needed. This project investigated the effects of jasmonic acid (JA) (0, 5, and 10 mM JA) and humic acid (HA) (0, 3, and 6 g HA kg−1 soil) on growth and physiological parameters of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) under different NaCl salinity levels (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl, with an equivalent electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.12 dSm−1 as control treatment, 3.22, and 5.78 dSm−1, respectively). NaCl salinity reduced emergence percentage, emergence rate, salt tolerance index and seedling vigor index, all seedling growth parameters, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content. Proline content and soluble protein content were increased with salinity. At the 200 mM salinity level, seeds treated with 10 mM JA had a positive effect on emergence percentage, emergence rate, shoot length, total fresh weight, salt tolerance index, seedling vigor index, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content. At 200 mM NaCl salinity level, seeds treated with 6 g HA kg−1 soil had increased root length, total dry weight, salt tolerance index, seedling vigor index, shoot length, protein content, APX, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll in seedlings. The application of 5 mM JA combined with 6 g HA kg−1 soil was most effective in minimizing salinity stress. Our study suggested that the appropriate combined application of HA and JA could efficiently protect early seedlings from salt stress damage and alleviate abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a growing problem worldwide, and techniques are needed to mitigate this problem. This study was conducted to determine if biochar (BC) can alleviate the adverse impacts of salinity stress on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) seedling growth. Sorghum variety Kambal was sown in salinized soils at levels of 1.2, 3.1, and 7.3 dS m−1. The saline soils were treated with four BC rates of 0, 2, 4, and 8% (w/w). The test was a factorial design arranged as a completely randomized design with three replications. Seedling emergence percentage; root and shoot length; root and shoot dry weight; relative water content (RWC); and the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were affected by the interaction between salinity and BC. At the 7.3 dS m−1 salinity level, 2% BC increased seedling emergence percentage by 25.0% (P =.012). At the 7.3 dS m−1 salinity level, 4% BC level increased root and shoot length (P =.009) and RWC by 46.0, 28.0, and 19.8% respectively. At the 7.3 dS m−1 salinity level, 8% biochar decreased CAT by 50.6%. At the high salinity level, 4% BC decreased POD and SOD by 24.9 and 23.4%, respectively. Biochar amendment proved to be more useful to alleviate the effects of salinity on the seedling growth stage. These findings suggest that using BC in suitable amounts could mitigate the adverse effects of salinity, but excess BC application may have negative influences on seedling growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Salt stress adversely affected the photosynthesis and biochemical traits of forage sorghum. • Jasmonic acid and humic acid in regulating stress responses, plant growth and development. • Jasmonic acid and humic acid may be used as a tool to mitigate salinity-induced photosynthesis and biochemical parameters injury in forage sorghum Soil salinity, whether natural or induced, is one of the most serious environmental stresses limiting crop production in the world. In this study, the impacts of foliar application of jasmonic acid and soil amendment with humic acid on growth parameters, forage yield, chlorophyll content, and physiological characteristics of forage sorghum were studied to mitigate salinity in combination with different concentrations under greenhouse conditions. The plants were subjected to salinity at 0.26 (S0), 2.3 (S1), and 4.7 dS m−1 (S2), different rates of humic acid at 0, 373.21, and 746.42 kg HA ha−1, were designed as HA0, HA1, and HA3 respectively, and jasmonic acid at 0 (JA0), 5 (JA1) and 10 mM (JA2) as a foliar application. Salinity stress had detrimental effects on all the parameters and they were gradually reduced with increased salinity. Applications of humic acid and jasmonic acid mitigated the inhibitory effects of salt stress on these variables at all salinity levels. The rate of HA1 increased fresh weight, chlorophyll a and b , transpiration rate, relative humidity, stomatal conductance to CO 2 and stomatal conductance by 14.2%, 45.6%, 41.8%, 50.2%, 11.2%, 32.1% and 18.5% respectively, under S2. In addition, jasmonic acid at JA1 treatment increased plant height, elongation percentage, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a and b , relative humidity, and stomatal conductance to CO 2 under S2. Interaction between JA2 and HA1 improved all the traits except plant height, elongation percentage, and leaf area, suggesting that JA and HA can reduce the negative effects of salinity on the sorghum. In conclusion, jasmonic acid and humic acid treatments improved the forage sorghum performance under salinity conditions through anthesis stages, better photosynthetic and growth parameters, which reduced the impacts of salinity, and resulted in better plant growth and biomass production, and help the plant to improved salt tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a growing problem worldwide and techniques are needed to mitigate this problem. The experiment was conducted to examine if biochar could improve growth, physiological response, and DM yield of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) under saline conditions. Sorghum seedlings were transplanted in sandy loam soil (0-20 cm layer of a Typic Fluvaquents Entisols) treated with sodium chloride at rates of 0.26, 5.8, and 12.6 dS m-1. The saline soil was treated with four biochar rates, 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% (w/w). Plant height, fresh weight, photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were affected by the interaction between salinity and biochar. At the 12.6 dS m-1 salinity rate, 5% biochar increased plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, DM yields, A, gs, and E by 20.1%, 16.5%, 26.2%, 27.4%, 14.5%, 31.1%, and 26.7%, respectively. At the 12.6 dS m-1 salinity rate, 5% biochar decreased CAT, POD, and SOD by 56.8%, 44.8%, and 18.9%, respectively. Furthermore, among all biochar rates used in this investigation, the 5% rate had a better result for forage sorghum production. These findings demonstrated that the lowest biochar soil amendment application could alleviate the harmful impact of salinity; a high biochar application rate can have a negative influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]