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Soy hulls from dehulling of soybeans are typically disposed of with soymeal or cattle feed. The hulls contain about 38.8% cellulose and 23.8% hemicelluloses and less than 4% lignin. The low lignin content, large volume availability, and being a "captive" feedstock make soy hulls an affordable raw material to produce C5 sugars such as arabinose and xylose from hemicelluloses. In this work, dilute acid hydrolysis of soy hulls using acid concentrations less than 1% (w/w) in solution and at different temperatures (125 °C, 140 °C, and 155 °C) was investigated to generate the kinetics data for sugar and degradation product release and study selectivity towards arabinose and xylose. The primary goal was to produce a hydrolysate rich in C5 sugars with minimal glucose and degradation products. Lower acid concentration (0.4% w/w) at 140 °C and lesser reaction time favoured selectivity towards arabinose release, while xylose release needed higher acid (0.6 to 0.8%) and longer time at the same temperature. From the kinetics data, a two-stage process was devised to achieve two separate hydrolysate streams rich in arabinose (5.00 ± 0.15 g dm−3, 78.1% of total C5 sugars) and xylose (17.20 ± 0.71 g dm−3, 87.7% of total C5 sugars). The xylose-rich stream was used to isolate xylose (powder form) under ambient process conditions using our patented process. The residual soy hulls, post the two-stage hydrolysis, showed high crystallinity with morphology analogous to microcrystalline cellulose, thus making them an effective starting material for high-value cellulose applications such as microcrystalline cellulose and polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at determining the impact of dietary soy hulls (SH) addition on growth performance, digestive tract attributes, and apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen, and phosphorus (P) in broiler chickens. Male broilers (Ross 308, n = 224) were assigned to one of four diets, including 0, 20, 40, or 60 g/kg SH, with eight replications per treatment from 0 to 21 d of age in a completely randomised design. Dietary chromic oxide was the indigestible marker for determining the apparent ileal digestibility. Data were subjected to orthogonal polynomial contrasts using the Proc GLM of SAS. Growth performance and small intestine weight and length, and gizzard content pH were not influenced (p > .05) by increasing levels of dietary SH. Increasing the dietary SH level resulted in a linear increase (p .05) by dietary SH inclusion. However, apparent ileal digestibility of DM and P increased linearly (p

This research work focuses on the utilization of waste ocean plastics with waste agro-industrial pyrolyzed biomass to develop complex shaped value-added prototypes through additive manufacturing. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)-based three-dimensional (3D) printing of recycled HDPE/PP blends was challenging due to significant warpage-related problems during printing. Reinforcing these blend plastics with fillers played a significant role in the efficient 3D printing of complex-shaped objects. In this research, a blend of these recycled HDPE (70%) (rHDPE) and recycled PP (30%) (rPP) collected from the ocean shores was reinforced with pyrolyzed soy hulls-based biocarbon (20%) to fabricate filaments employed for developing specimens through injection molding as well as FFF-based 3D printing. The design of experiments (DOE) using Taguchi method was performed to determine the optimized 3D printing parameters to obtain the defect-free printed specimens. The results suggested that the injection-molded samples showed better mechanical properties as compared with 3D printed samples. However, an improvement (34%) in Young's modulus of the 3D printed rHDPE/rPP (70/30) blend was observed in comparison with injection-molded counterparts. The 3D printed rHDPE/rPP/20% Biocarbon composite showed an improvement of ∼11 and ∼15% in Young modulus and flex modulus, respectively as compared to rHDPE/rPP. Combining ocean plastics and agro-industrial wastes could generate value-added products that would contribute to the circular economy approach for sustainable product development for different applications such as prototyping and automotive, while helping to protect ocean marine life. Two prototypes, elliptical gears with shaft and spectacle frame, have also been developed by using sustainable recycled HDPE/PP-based composites.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing corn with soy hulls on nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. Three experimental diets were tested using a 3 × 3 Latin square design using three barrows per group (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average initial body weight of 36.9 ± 4.0 kg) in individual metabolic cages. The dietary treatments were the control (CON) basal diet (corn-soybean meal based diet), whereas in the test diets, soy hulls were included at 5% (H1), 10% (H2), gradually replacing corn. The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement for digestible energy (DE) (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW0.75). Intake of crude fiber (CF) was different among treatments (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H2 diet excreted higher concentrations of dry matter (DM), and CF than pigs fed with H1 diet and basal diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H1 and H2 diets excreted higher concentrations of crude protein (CP) than pigs fed with CON diet (p < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CF from H1 and H2 diets were higher than CON diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H2 diets were significantly lower (p < 0.05) the ATTD of CP than the pigs fed with CON and H1 diets. The current data suggest that 10% inclusion soy hulls can slightly decrease CP digestibility. However, soy hulls considerably increased CF digestibility.It is concluded that 5% soy hulls may be a usable alternative to corn in growing pig diets.

This study aimed at determining the impact of dietary soy hulls (SH) addition on growth performance, digestive tract attributes, and apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen, and phosphorus (P) in broiler chickens. Male broilers (Ross 308, n = 224) were assigned to one of four diets, including 0, 20, 40, or 60 g/kg SH, with eight replications per treatment from 0 to 21 d of age in a completely randomised design. Dietary chromic oxide was the indigestible marker for determining the apparent ileal digestibility. Data were subjected to orthogonal polynomial contrasts using the Proc GLM of SAS. Growth performance and small intestine weight and length, and gizzard content pH were not influenced (p >.05) by increasing levels of dietary SH. Increasing the dietary SH level resulted in a linear increase (p <.01) in absolute empty gizzard weight. Relative gizzard weight was greater (p <.05) in birds fed on 60 g/kg SH diet compared to birds fed on 40 g/kg SH diet. Apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen was not affected (p >.05) by dietary SH inclusion. However, apparent ileal digestibility of DM and P increased linearly (p <.01) with increasing dietary SH levels. In conclusion, the addition of SH up to 60 g/kg improved the ileal digestibility of DM and P and increased gizzard weight without affecting the proportionate small intestine morphology and live performance of broiler chickens at 21 d of age. Soy hulls did not have any effect on growth Soy hulls increased the digestibility of P Soy hulls increased gizzard weight [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical properties of biocarbon vary widely with the biomass used, and the temperature and duration of pyrolysis. This study identifies the effects of feedstock characteristics and pyrolysis conditions on the production of biocarbon and the corresponding properties for industrial applications. For coffee chaff and soy hulls, ash content and carbon content increased with pyrolysis temperature and duration. Ash content increased thermal conductivity and specific heat, and decreased electrical conductivity. Change in surface area with pyrolysis conditions was dependent on type of feedstock. Increased surface area corresponded with increased thermal and electrical conductivity. Increased carbon content corresponded with increased graphitization and thermal stability and decreased surface functionality. Properties of soy hull biocarbons were found to be similar to the properties of other biocarbons with industrial applications such as incorporation into polymer composites.

Hull soluble polysaccharide (HSPS) is a novel product consisting in a mixture of polysaccharides and proteins extracted from soy hulls by using a methodology based on the extraction of citric pectins. In this work we studied the effect of the addition of two different salts (NaCl and CaCl 2 ) on the emulsifying properties of HSPS at acidic conditions. Low and high homogenization energies were used, obtaining coarse and fine emulsions, respectively. Mean droplet size, the stability against destabilizing processes (creaming, flocculation and coalescence) and the rheological properties of the emulsions were analyzed. Also, the rheology of the O/W interface was studied by using du Noüy ring geometry. Coarse HSPS emulsions were unstable to creaming, being more stable in the presence of salts. In contrast, fine HSPS emulsions showed long-term creaming stability similar to those performed with commercial citric pectin (CCP), although they differ in particle size distribution and flocculation degree. The presence of CaCl 2 reduced the mean size of droplets in fine HSPS emulsions and improved their stability to flocculation and coalescence. Significant differences were observed in the rheological behavior of O/W emulsions and interfaces of HSPS and CCP with respect to the salt addition. Our results indicate that HSPS can be used in the formulation and stabilization of acidic O/W emulsions. Besides, HSPS generates emulsions with different characteristics than those obtained with citric pectins. The use of HSPS provides a suitable alternative in food engineering contributing to the exploitation and valorization of soy hulls, which represents an important waste material in soybean processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from soy hulls by acid sulfuric hydrolysis. The resulting CNCs were characterized using TEM, AFM, WAXS, elemental analysis and TGA. The CNCs have a high crystallinity, specific surface area and aspect ratio. The aspect ratio (around 100) is the largest ever reported in the literature for a plant cellulose source. These CNCs were used as a reinforcing phase to prepare nanocomposite films by casting/evaporation using natural rubber as matrix. The mechanical properties were studied in both the linear and non-linear ranges. The reinforcing effect was higher than the one observed for CNCs extracted from other sources. It may be assigned not only to the high aspect ratio of these CNCs but also to the stiffness of the percolating nanoparticle network formed within the polymer matrix. Moreover, the sedimentation of CNCs during the evaporation step was found to play a crucial role on the mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pectin and insoluble fiber isolated from soy hulls on water-holding capacity (WHC), texture, color, and lipid oxidation of fresh and frozen/thawed beef patties. Beef patties were formulated with no dietary fiber (control), 1% soy hull pectin, insoluble fiber, or their mixture (1:1), respectively. The addition of soy hull pectin significantly decreased display weight loss and increased cook yield of both fresh and frozen/thawed beef patties. In addition, no significant difference in hardness between fresh and frozen/thawed beef patties was observed for all dietary fiber treatments. However, incorporation of insoluble soy hull fiber decreased color and lipid oxidation stabilities of both fresh and frozen/thawed beef patties. Our results indicate that the incorporation of soy hull pectin could be an effective non-meat ingredient to minimize water loss and hardness defects of frozen beef patties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to determine efficacy of a membrane filtration in soy hull pectin purification and evaluate combined effects of soy hull pectin and pre-emulsified fiber/oil (PE) on chemical composition and technological properties of low fat and low salt meat emulsions. Soy hull pectin was purified through two different methods (alcohol-washed (ASP) and membrane-filtered (MSP)). Insoluble soy hull residues after pectin extraction were incorporated with sunflower oil and water for the PE preparation. Meat emulsion was formulated with 58 % pork, 20 % ice, 20 % pork backfat, and 2 % NaCl as control. A total of six low fat and low salt meat emulsions (1 % NaCl and 10 % backfat) was manufactured with 1 % pectin (with/without ASP or MSP) and 10 % PE (with/without). The pectin content of ASP and MSP was 0.84 and 0.64 g -galacturonic acid/g dry sample, respectively. The inclusion of soy hull pectin caused similar results on chemical composition, color, cooking loss, and texture of the meat emulsions, regardless of the purification method. In addition, positive impacts of the combined treatments with soy hull pectin and PE compared to single treatments on cooking loss and texture of the meat emulsions were observed. Results suggest that membrane filtration could be an effective alternative method to purify pectin, instead of alcohol-washing, and both soluble pectin and insoluble fiber from soy hulls could be used as a functional non-meat ingredient to manufacture various low fat and low salt meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to evaluate various chemical extraction methods of soy hulls for pectin and insoluble fiber and to determine the impacts of these fibers on physico-chemical and textural properties of meat emulsion systems. Crude soy hulls (CSH), lime treated soy hulls (LSH), acid and lime treated soy hulls (ALSH), and soy hull pectin (SHP) were extracted through various successive acid and lime treatments and incorporated in pork emulsion systems. Chemical extraction increased the redness, yellowness, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and ash content of soy hulls. Similar hydration properties were observed for CSH, LSH, and ALSH. In meat emulsions, LSH and ALSH influenced positive effects on reduction in cooking loss and increase in hardness without any adverse effect on springiness and cohesiveness ( P < 0.05), and minimized color alteration. SHP resulted in a significant decrease in cooking loss and an increase in hardness. These positive effects of LSH and ALSH might be associated with the increase in ADF content and dispersibility based on observed microstructure images. Our results suggested that both pectin and insoluble fiber from soy hulls through acid and alkali hydrolysis could be used as novel functional non-meat ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soy hull has been considered a potential source of commercial pectin. The aim of the present study was to investigate its real potential as a source of pectin. Soy hull (sample 1) was extracted with 0.1 M HCl, for 45 min, at 90 °C (fraction A), conditions previously reported to result in yields and GalA in the range of commercial pectins. The extraction resulted in low uronic acid content (UA 39 %) and lower yield. Similar values were obtained using harsher conditions (boiling 0.14 M HNO 3 for 30 min and 60 min – Fractions B and C, respectively). HSQC-NMR confirmed the coextraction of galactomannans. Considering the unexpected results, three other soy hull samples (2, 3 and 4) were used for extraction. The yields and UA were in the range of 10–13 % and 26–48 %, respectively, also below published data. Prior removal of galactomannan by water extraction increased the UA content to 62 % and gave rise to a pectin with a degree of methyl-esterification (DM) of 29 %. The pectin had remarkable amount of rhamnogalacturonan I and xylogalacturonan and did not form gel with calcium. The findings using four different commercial samples did not support previously published data and demonstrated that soy hull is not suitable as a raw material for production of food grade pectins by conventional extraction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of soy-hulls (SH) inclusion in a ground corn-based diet with either distillers dry grains with solubles (DDGS) or soybean meal (SBM) as the protein source (PS), on growth and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle offered free-access hay; onehundred and nineteen crossbreed steers (initial BW 566 ± 42kg) were blocked by weight, randomly assigned to 8 pens, and fed for 104 ± 10d. Four dietary treatments were evaluated: 1) DDGS without SH inclusion, 2) DDGS and high inclusion of SH, 3) SBM and low inclusion of SH, and 4) SBM and high inclusion of SH. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous. Grass-hay was offered ad-libitum and separate from the concentrates in a different bunk (GrowSafe system). Data was analyzed as a 2×2 factorial considering the fixed effects of treatments and their interaction, and the random effects of block and steer within block. For gain to feed and kidney-pelvic-heart fat (KPH), an interaction occurred (P = 0.10) between PS and SH inclusion (Table 1 and 2, respectively). With greater inclusion of SH, feed efficiencies of steers fed SBM improved compared with feed efficiencies of steers fed DDGS. Steers fed SBM and high SH had the lower KPH content. Feeding SBM increased (P = 0.05) final body weight, tended to increase (P = 0.06) the average daily gain, and decreased (P = 0.05) hay intake compared with steers fed DDGS (Table 1). No differences were observed (P = 0.14) in carcass characteristics between PS and SH inclusion, except for backfat thickness which increased (P = 0.03) with lower SH inclusions (Table 2). These data suggest that opting for SBM as an alternative of DDGS as the protein source of ground corn-based diets, could conceivably enhance the finishing performance of feedlot steers regardless of the SH inclusion levels, and improve feed efficiency with greater levels of dietary SH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Soy hulls are an agro-industrial residue available in huge quantities throughout the world whose application deserves more attention than simply as cattle feed. This work evaluates the use of soy hulls as a source of cellulose to obtain nanocrystals by acid hydrolysis. The hydrolysis was performed at 40°C for 30 or 40min, using 30mL of H2SO4 64% for each gram of cellulose. The resulting nanocrystals were characterized by crystallinity index, morphology, surface charge and thermal stability. The results showed that the more drastic hydrolysis conditions (40min) resulted in a shorter length of nanocrystals and caused some damage on the crystalline structure of the cellulose. At an extraction time of 30min, the nanocrystals presented a high crystallinity (73.5%), an average length of 122.66±39.40nm, a diameter of 2.77±0.67nm and an aspect ratio around 44, therefore presenting a great potential as reinforcement in nanocomposite preparations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate alternative molting protocols assessing hen welfare and performance during and after molt. Hyline W-36 pullets were housed at 15 wk of age, and their egg production was obtained during this first cycle. When birds were 80 wk, the following molting treatments were applied: a conventional molt consisting of 10 d of fasting followed by cracked corn for 8 d and a pullet developer diet for 10 d; and 4 alternative molting programs: a soy hulls-based diet (12% CP, 1,455 kcal/kg of ME, and 1.38% Ca) offered for 14 d followed by cracked corn for 4 d and a pullet developer diet for 10 d; and the other 3 molt regimens consisted of feeding soy hulls for 4, 8, or 12 d followed by 10, 6, or 2 d, respectively, of a soy hulls-based diet and 4 d of cracked corn plus 10 d of a pullet developer diet. A nonmolted group of birds was fed a laying hen diet during the experimental period. Hen-day egg number was recorded daily for 56 wk (through 80-136 wk of age). The nonmolted hens showed lower hen-day production and fewer intact eggs and a higher number of cracked and shell-less eggs compared with those of the molted hens (P < 0.0001). A significant treatment by age effect (P < 0.0001) was observed for the variables of high-density lipoproteins and triglycerides. Control hens showed the lowest highdensity lipoprotein concentration and the highest triglyceride levels at 84 wk of age when compared with all treatments. The lack of difference in heterophil-tolymphocyte ratio during molt suggests little influence of molting protocols on this variable. Regardless of the treatments, molting was deleterious to bone quality. A high mobilization of Ca through bone resorption for eggshell formation could explain the results obtained. Behavioral patterns coincided with a decline in frustration activities and an increase in alertness as molt proceeded until 83 wk of age. Alternative molting diets consisting of soybean hulls were successful in providing acceptable postmolt egg production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Information is lacking in the literature on the effects of ambient cooling in combination with shearing and replacement of roughage with highly digestible byproducts on milk production in Assaf ewes. Two experiments were conducted in two sequential summer seasons. Experiment 1 measured the effects of sheep shearing and of shearing+ambient cooling during late pregnancy and lactation on lamb weight and milking performance of mature Assaf ewes. Experiment 2 measured the effects of altered dietary regime and its combination with shearing+cooling on milking performance of Assaf mature and first-lambing ewes. Experiment 1 demonstrated that ambient cooling under heat-load conditions decreases the temperature humidity index (THI) in the sheep barn by 3.8 units, and reduces lactating ewes’ respiratory rate and rectal temperature relative to non-cooled ewes. Cooling of shorn ewes during late pregnancy increased lamb weight at birth relative to the non-sheared non-cooled (control) group. Effect of cooling shorn ewes was reflected in an 8.4% increase in intake, followed by a 7.4 and 9.7% increase in yields of milk and energy-corrected milk (ECM), respectively, as compared with the non-cooled ewes. The positive effect of shearing+cooling continued after termination of cooling at 80d in milk. In Experiment 2, feeding the experimental diet to mature ewes increased intake, and yields of milk and ECM, and the dietary effect was complementary to the cooling effect. In first-lambing ewes, the diet increased milk and ECM production under the non-cooling, but not the cooling regime. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The prevalence of obesity and its associated health problems is rising to epidemic proportions throughout the world. Soy hulls, an industrial waste from oil extraction, contain a high proportion of fiber—soluble and insoluble—and may be a potential ingredient of functional foods for the prevention of obesity. However, crude soybeans, as do all legumes, present challenges to their use because of intensive antitrypsin and antichimotrypsin activity that impairs normal growth in humans and other mammals, requiring inactivation. To evaluate possible antinutritional effects of soybean hulls, diets with 10 percent fiber from soybean hulls or cellulose were offered to weanling IIMb/Beta obese rats during their prepubertal timeframe. The fact that no significant differences were found in growth, blood parameters nor in fat depots' weight and lipid content plus the proven beneficial effects on obese adult rats suggest that soy hulls may be a useful ingredient of functional foods for the prevention and treatment of human obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study measured the effects of replacing corn silage and vetch hay by soy hulls in total mixed rations (TMRs) fed to 25 pairs of cows through 90d in milk, on dry matter (DM) intake, in vivo digestibility, milk yield and composition, onset of normal estrous activity, body condition score (BCS), health and the energy balance of lactating cows. The partitioning of metabolizable energy (ME) intake between heat production (HP) and retained energy (RE) in milk and body change of each cow was measured. The two TMRs differed in the content of forage and forage aNDFom [235g/kg versus 350g/kg; and 128g/kg versus 187g/kg DM, in the experimental (EXP) and control (CON) diets, respectively]. This was reflected by an increase in voluntary DM intake by 7.2% (P=0.02) in the EXP group as compared with the CON. In vivo DM and aNDFom digestibility were 4.9% (P=0.03) and 22.7% higher (P=0.01), respectively, in the EXP group than in the CON. The higher DM intake and digestibility of the EXP TMR were reflected by a concomitant increase of 7.4% in milk yield and 10.8% in RE (P=0.01) of the EXP cows as compared with the CON. The two dietary groups expressed similar somatic cell counts, and metabolic disorders (i.e., ketosis and/or lameness), as well as pedometer activity (steps/h) suggesting similar udder health, behavior and animal welfare. A trend to an earlier return to normal ovarian activity occurred in the EXP cows as reflected by fewer days to 1st ovulation and advanced outset of estrous cycle. Despite the higher RE of the EXP cows, the HP of both groups was maintained at an upper level of 141–136MJ/cow/d during the 90d of the experiment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to measure the effect of feeding two total mixed rations (TMRs), differing in their roughage content and in vitro dry matter digestibility, on the respiratory rate, body temperature, eating behavior and energy balance of lactating cows. The partitioning of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) between heat production (HP) and retained energy (RE) of cows held under heat load conditions was measured. Forty-two lactating cows were divided into two similar sub-groups, each of 21 animals, and were fed either a control (CON) ration containing 18% roughage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or an experimental (EXP) TMR that contained 12% roughage NDF and used soy hulls as partial wheat silage replacer. The in vitro DM digestibility of the CON and EXP TMRs was 75.3 and 78.6%, respectively (P <0.05). The EXP diet reduced rectal temperature and respiratory rate of the cows while increasing their number of meals per day by 32.7% as compared with the CON fed cows, and these meals were shorter in duration and were eaten faster. The EXP diet increased total DM intake from 19.6 to 21.5 kg/cow/d, milk yield from 32.3 to 34.6 kg, and yield of energy corrected milk from 30.9 to 32.2 kg, as compared with the CON group. Cows fed the EXP TMR had increased RE in milk and body tissue, as compared with the CON group, but the diets had no effect on the measured HP that was maintained similar (121 vs. 127 MJ/cow/d) in the two groups. The measured MEI (MEI=RE+HP) and the efficiency of MEI utilization for RE production, were similar in the two dietary groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cellulose nanofibers were extracted from the agricultural residues, wheat straw and soy hulls, by a chemi-mechanical technique to examine their potential for use as reinforcement fibers in biocomposite applications. The structure of the cellulose nanofibers was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The wheat straw nanofibers were determined to have diameters in the range of 10–80nm and lengths of a few thousand nanometers. By comparison, the soy hull nanofibers had diameter 20–120nm and shorter lengths than the wheat straw nanofibers. Chemical characterization of the wheat straw nanofibers confirmed that the cellulose content was increased from 43% to 84% by an applied alkali and acid treatment. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of both fibers demonstrated that this chemical treatment also led to partial removal of hemicelluloses and lignin from the structure of the fibers. PXRD results revealed that this resulted in improved crystallinity of the fibers. After mechanical treatments of cryocrushing, disintegration and defibrillation, the thermal properties of the nanofibers were studied by the TGA technique and found to increase dramatically. The degradation temperature of both nanofiber types reached beyond 290°C. This value is reasonably promising for the use of these nanofibers in reinforced-polymer manufacturing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Every 30 days were made periodic samplings of soybean rind proceeding different lots from soybean imported of the USA with the objective to evaluate the frequency of appearance in this byproduct stored in environmental conditions.2 species of insects and 1 of mite in the soybean rind were detected on they constitute pests of economic importance and they are not group of forty object. In addition 2 species of cosmopolitan insects of sanitary importance were detected. By its high frequency of appearance, dispersion and damage that cause it considers the insect species Lasioderma serricorne (F.) like the main pest of the soybean rind stored from the economic point view. Whereas Blatella germanica (L.) and Musca domestica (L.) constitute the main pests of sanitary importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Effect of feeding pellets containing soy hulls (SH) as starchy grain substitute on milking performance was measured in Assaf lactating ewes. Eighty ewes were divided into two equal groups of forty animals each, and fed for eight weeks, one of the two experimental diets. Both diets contained 25% vetch hay and 10% wheat silage served at the feeding lane plus additive of 65% pellets served part on top of roughage in the feeding lane and part during milking. Diets differed only in the composition of the pelleted additive, being either high starch pellets in the control treatment or pellets containing 51% SH as starch replacer in the experimental group. In vitro organic matter digestibility of the two types of pellets was similar, whereas NDF digestibility and NDF content were higher in the SH pellets. The ewes fed the SH pellets demonstrated higher daily DM and NDF intake (2.71 and 1.19kg/d, respectively) as compared with the control group (2.44 and 0.71kg, respectively). This was reflected by significantly higher milk yield (2.41kg/d versus 2.10kg/d), milk fat content (6.05% versus 5.16%), and milk fat yield (0.15kg/d versus 0.11kg/d) in the experimental group as compared with the control ewes. Milk protein yields were similar in both treatments. Data suggest potential advantage of feeding the SH pellets for high producing lactating ewes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The potential of soybean hulls (SH) to replace forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in total mixed rations (TMR) of lactating cows was examined. Forty lactating cows were divided into two groups and individually fed ad libitum one of two experimental diets for 8 weeks: (I) a TMR containing 18% forage NDF, corn silage (CS TMR); and (II) a similar TMR in which the corn silage component (16.5% of dry matter, DM) was replaced by SH (SH TMR), containing only 12% forage NDF. Total NDF content was 39 and 36% in the SH TMR and CS TMR, respectively. The SH group tended (P=0.09) to eat more NDF than the CS group, but DM intake was not influenced. Average milk fat yield was higher (P=0.04) in the SH group. Findings were supported by the extent of in vitro digestibility data showing higher digestibility (P<0.05) of organic matter (OM), NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose components in the SH TMR compared to the CS diet. Although the extent of digestibility of OM and fiber components was higher in the SH TMR, than in the CS TMR, milk fatty acid (FA) profiles, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), were similar between treatments. NRC (2001) recommendations regarding minimal forage NDF inclusion in TMR of high-producing cows, can be extended to diets containing as low as 12% forage NDF under conditions similar to that of the SH TMR. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]