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Current knowledge of the evolution of the postcranial skeleton in the genus Homo is hampered by a geographically and chronologically scattered fossil record. Here we present a complete characterization of the postcranium of the middle Pleistocene paleodeme from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) and its paleobiological implications. The SH hominins show the following: (i) wide bodies, a plesiomorphic char- acter in the genus Homo inherited from their early hominin ancestors; (ii) statures that can be found in modern human middle-latitude pop- ulations that first appeared 1.6–1.5 Mya; and (iii) large femoral heads in some individuals, a trait that first appeared during the middle Pleistocene in Africa and Europe. The intrapopulational size variation in SH shows that the level of dimorphism was similar to modern humans (MH), but the SH hominins were less encephalized than Ne- andertals. SH shares many postcranial anatomical features with Ne- andertals. Although most of these features appear to be either plesiomorphic retentions or are of uncertain phylogenetic polarity, a few represent Neandertal apomorphies. Nevertheless, the full suite of Neandertal-derived features is not yet present in the SH popula- tion. The postcranial evidence is consistent with the hypothesis based on the cranial morphology that the SH hominins are a sister group to the later Neandertals. Comparison of the SH postcranial skeleton to other hominins suggests that the evolution of the postcranium oc- curred in a mosaic mode, both at a general and at a detailed level.

In this paper we present the first results of metrical analysis of premolar and molar lengths and metacarpal length and width of Ursus spelaeus Ros.-Hein. from Coro Tracito cave, the first cave bear high mountain site in Spain. According to their dental dentition size the Coro Tracito bears can be grouped into de the ?normal sized? cave bears of Spain. Their slender metacarpal bones place them between into the Ismail paw? cave bear group. The lower dentine aspartic add razemization ratios allowd us to date the Coro Tracito cave bear population as a tardy population that probably inhabited the area at the 3 Oxigen Stage Episode

Discoveries of isolated teeth of dromeosaurid (theropod) dinosaurs from the Upper Barremian of Spain, provided the first evidence that the range of dromeosaurid extended to southern Europe in the Lower Cretaceous. We report here the dromeosaurid teeth from Vallipon (Artoles Formation) in the Iberian Chain (Teruel). The teeth of Vallipon are distinguished from other curved theropod teeth by their strong lateral compression, by the shape of their denticles and by small size. Generally denticles appear only the distal carinae of the teeth. Nevertheless some teeth have denticles on both anterior and posterior margins, although the mesial denticles are much smaller than the distal denticles

Discoveries of isolated teeth of dromeosaurid (theropod) dinosaurs from the Upper Barremian of Spain, provided the first evidence that the range of dromeosaurid extended to southern Europe in the Lower Cretaceous. We report here the dromeosaurid teeth from Vallipon (Artoles Formation) in the Iberian Chain (Teruel). The teeth of Vallipon are distinguished from other curved theropod teeth by their strong lateral compression, by the shape of their denticles and by small size. Generally denticles appear only the distal carinae of the teeth. Nevertheless some teeth have denticles on both anterior and posterior margins, although the mesial denticles are much smaller than the distal denticles

In this paper we present the first results of metrical analysis of premolar and molar lengths and metacarpal length and width of Ursus spelaeus Ros.-Hein. from Coro Tracito cave, the first cave bear high mountain site in Spain. According to their dental dentition size the Coro Tracito bears can be grouped into de the ?normal sized? cave bears of Spain. Their slender metacarpal bones place them between into the Ismail paw? cave bear group. The lower dentine aspartic add razemization ratios allowd us to date the Coro Tracito cave bear population as a tardy population that probably inhabited the area at the 3 Oxigen Stage Episode

Up to the moment, two species of Iguanodon had been cited in the Lower Cretaceous of Spain: I. cf. atherfieldensis and I. bernissartensis. In general, the size has been the diagnostic character to separate I. atherfieldensis from I. bernissartensis, and many of the spanish Iguanodon remains would be regarded as Iguanodontidae indet or Iguanodon sp. A third species (1. cf. fittoni) is situated in the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition

Up to the moment, two species of Iguanodon had been cited in the Lower Cretaceous of Spain: I. cf. atherfieldensis and I. bernissartensis. In general, the size has been the diagnostic character to separate I. atherfieldensis from I. bernissartensis, and many of the spanish Iguanodon remains would be regarded as Iguanodontidae indet or Iguanodon sp. A third species (1. cf. fittoni) is situated in the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition