Search

Breynia hiemalis Huan C. Wang & Feng Yang (Phyllanthaceae), of sect. Cryptogynium (Müll.Arg.) Welzen & Pruesapan in subg. Breynia, is described from Yunnan, south-west China. It is known from only a single locality in the valley of the Yuanjiang River, and usually occurs in the understory of the savanna vegetation. It is characterized by its broadly elliptic to orbicular leaf blades, shallowly plate-like calyces of the staminate flowers, ovaries with clearly erose rim and urceolate capsules. Morphological comparisons with similar species are also presented.

A new parasitic species of eulimid gastropod, Haliella seisuimaruaesp. nov., is described from bathyal (728–978 m) waters off the Pacific coasts of Japan. It shows the closest resemblance to the type species H. stenostoma from the North Atlantic and Barents Sea in having a tall shell with an almost straight outer lip, but differs in having a junction of the parietal wall and columellar lip at 38% of the aperture height from the suture (33% in H. stenostoma), a slightly wider aperture and a more curved and extended columellar lip. The holotype of H. seisuimaruaesp. nov. was found attached to an irregular sea urchin, Brissopsis sp. cf. luzonica (Spatangoida: Brissidae). This represents the first direct observation of parasitic ecology and echinoderm host for the genus Haliella. A new replacement name, Eulima tsushimensisnom. nov., is proposed here for Eulima stenostoma A. Adams, 1861, which is preoccupied by Eulima stenostoma Jeffreys, 1858 (type of Haliella).

Because of their lifestyles, abundance, and feeding habits, infaunal marine deposit feeders have a significant impact on the ocean floor. As these animals also ingest microorganisms associated with their sediment and seawater diet, their digestive tract usually contains a diverse array of bacteria. However, while most of these microorganisms are transients, some may become part of a resident gut microbiome, in particular when sheltered from the main flow of digesta in specialized gut compartments. Here, we provide an in-depth analysis of the structure and contents of the intestinal caecum (IC), a hindgut diverticulum found exclusively in schizasterid heart urchins (Echinoidea: Spatangoida: Schizasteridae). Based on specimens of Brisaster townsendi, in addition to various other schizasterid taxa, our structural characterization of the IC shows that the organ is a highly specialized gut compartment with unique structural properties. Next generation sequencing shows that the IC contains a microbial population composed predominantly of Bacteroidales, Desulfobacterales, and Spirochaetales. The microbiome of this gut compartment is significantly different in composition and lower in diversity than the microbial population in the sediment-filled main digestive tract. Inferences on the function and evolution of the IC and its microbiome suggest that this symbiosis plays a distinct role in host nutrition and that it evolved at least 66 million years ago during the final phase of the Mesozoic.

Genus Miotoxaster Pomel, 1883 Type species. Echinospatagus breyniusanus d���Orbigny, 1854., Published as part of Schl��ter, Nils, Taherpour-Khalil-Abad, Morteza, Majidifard, Mahmoudreza, Hassanzadeh, Zinat & Taheri, Jafar, 2019, Two echinoid species from the early Aptian (Early Cretaceous) of the Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran, pp. 121-132 in Zootaxa 4656 (1) on page 126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3366776, {"references":["Pomel, A. (1883) Classification methodique et genera des echinides, vivants et fossils. A. Jourdan, Alger, 131 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11272"]}

Aceste bellidifera Thomson, 1877 Reports for the Azores: Aceste bellidifera Thomson, 1877 — $ Koehler 1909: 246–247; Mortensen 1927a: 321; García-Diez et al. 2005: 51; Mironov 2006: 115, 2014: 127. Type locality: off Gomera Island, Canaries. See: Thomson (1877: 349–351, figs. 95–96); Mortensen (1950: 332–333, figs. 224, 225). Occurrence: Atlantic, in the west recorded from the USA (c. 37°N) and the Caribbean to southern America, and Tristan da Cunha (Agassiz 1881, Serafy & Fell 1985, Mironov 2014); in the east recorded from the Iberian Basin (Mironov 2014), Morocco (Mortensen 1927b), Josephine Seamount (Mironov 2006), the Azores (Koehler 1909) and Canaries (Thomson 1877). Depth: 550– 5,400 m (Serafy & Fell 1985, Mironov 2014); AZO: 1,360 m (Koehler 1909). Habitat: buried on soft substrates, mud to sandy mud and shells (Agassiz 1881, Pawson & Pawson 2013). Remarks: the record of Aceste bellidifera in the Azores is based on a single small specimen (= 14 mm TL) identified by Koehler (1909) among the material collected by Princesse Alice (sta 703: 39°21’20”N, 31°05’45”W, 1,360 m)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Thomson, W. (1877) The voyage of the \" Challenger \": the Atlantic. Vol. 1. Macmillan, London, 424 pp.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133.","Mironov, A. N. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Echinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 120 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.12","Mortensen, T. (1950) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 1. Spatangoida I. Protosternata, Meridosternata, Amphisternata I. Palaeopneustidae, Palaeostomatidae, Aeropsidae, Toxasteridae, Micrasteridae, Hemiasteridae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 432 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Serafy, D. K. & Fell, F. J. (1985) Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Echinodermata: Echinoidea. NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 33, 1 - 27.","Mortensen, T. (1927 b) Sur les echinides recueillis par l'expedition du \" Travailleur \" et du \" Talisman. \" Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 2 (6), 21 - 34.","Pawson, D. L. & Pawson, D. J. (2013) Bathyal sea urchins of the Bahamas, with notes on covering behavior in deep sea echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 92, 207 - 213. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2013.01.023"]}

Brissopsis lyrifera lyrifera (Forbes, 1841) Reports for the Azores: Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes, 1841) — $ Koehler 1895a: 225, 1898: 7, 24, 73; Grieg 1932: 43; Nobre 1938: 132–133, fig. 57; Pereira 1997: 335; Micael & Costa 2010: 323; Micael et al. 2012: 4; García-Diez et al. 2005: 51. Type locality: Scotland, British Isles. See: Forbes (1841: 187–189); Mortensen (1951b: 380–390, pl. 30, figs. 1–4, 7–13, pl. 32, figs. 15, 20, 22, pl. 57, fig. 15); Chesher (1968: 90–96, figs. 8, 18–19; pl. 21, figs. a–b, as Brissopsis lyrifera capensis). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea and east Atlantic, from Iceland and Scandinavia (Mortensen 1907) to NW Africa (Mortensen 1927a, b, Grieg 1932), including the Azores (Koehler 1898); the subspecies B. lyrifera capensis Mortensen 1907 was reported from South Africa, the Gulf of Guinea and the Caribbean (Chesher 1966, 1968). Depth: 5– 2,250 m (Mortensen 1951 b, Mecho et al. 2014); AZO: 130 m (Koehler 1898). Habitat: buried in sand, mud to detritic substrates (Mortensen 1927a, Cherbonnier 1969). Larval stage: planktotrophic (Harvey et al. 1988). Remarks: the only known material of Brissopsis lyrifera from the Azores is restricted to a single small specimen identified by Koehler (1895a, 1898) among the material collected by Hirondelle (sta 226: 38°31’19”N, 28°34’31”W) in the channel between Pico and Faial islands, at a depth of 130 m., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Forbes, E. (1841) A history of British Starfishes and other animals of the class Echinodermata. John Van Woorst, London, 267 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2129","Koehler, R. (1895 a) Note preliminaire sur les echinides recueillis pendant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 223 - 227.","Koehler, R. (1898) Echinides et Ophiures provenant des campagnes du yacht Hirondelle (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre- Neuve). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 12, 1 - 78.","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Mortensen, T. (1951 b) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 2. Spatangoida II. Amphisternata II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Chesher, R. H. (1968) The Systematics of Sympatric Species in West Indian Spatangoids: A Revision of the Genera Brissopsis, Plethotaenia, Paleopneustes, and Saviniaster. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 7, 1 - 168.","Mortensen, T. (1907) Echinoidea (Part 2). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (2). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 200.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Chesher, R. H. (1966) The R / V Pillsbury deep-sea biological expedition to the Gulf of Guinea, 1964 - 1965, 10: report on the Echinoidea collected by the R / V Pillsbury in the Gulf of Guinea. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 4 (1), 209 - 223.","Mecho, A., Billett, D. S. M., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Aguzzi, J., Tyler, P. A. & Company, J. B. (2014) First records, rediscovery and compilation of deep-sea echinoderms in the middle and lower continental slope of the Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina, 78 (2), 281 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 03983.30 C","Cherbonnier, G. (1969) Echinodermes recoltes par la \" Thalassa \" au large de cotes d'espagne et du Golfe de Gascogne (3 - 12 AOUT 1967). Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle Paris, Serie 2, 41 (1), 343 - 361.","Harvey, R., Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Clark, A. M. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1988) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 3. Additional records. Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 54, 153 - 198."]}

Erroneous— Spatangus purpureus Müller, 1776 Reports for the Azores: Spatangus purpureus M̹ller, 1776— Agassiz 1881: 171; Bell 1892: 165–167, pl. 16, fig. 10; Mortensen 1907: 123–128, pl. 2, figs. 8, 12, 14, 16, pl. 16, figs. 1–2, 5–10, 22, 24–25, 27, 29, 31–32, 34, 1927a: 328–329, fig. 190; Koehler 1914b: 279, 1921b: 129–130, figs. 89–90; H.L. Clark 1917: 234; Nobre 1938: 127–128, fig. 55; Harvey 1956: 67; Micael et al. 2012: 4. See: Mortensen (1951b: 10–14); Schultz (2006: 427–428, figs. 802–804). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese 1965), from Iceland and Scandinavia along European and African coasts to Senegal (Mortensen 1951b); possibly also occurring in Cape Verde and Angola (Mortensen 1951a). Depth: 0–900 m (Koehler 1914b). Habitat: soft substrates, preferably on coarse sand or gravel, in which it lies wholly buried where it feeds on all sorts of bottom particles and organisms (Mortensen 1927a). Larval stage: planktotrophic (c. 3 weeks; Mortensen 1913). Remarks: Agassiz (1881) identified the species Spatangus purpureus among the material collected by H.M.S. Challenger (sta 75: 38°37’N, 28°30’W, 92–165 m) in Azorean waters (no description was given). However, the existence of such specimen(s) could not be confirmed by H.L. Clark (1925) or Mortensen (1951b). Furthermore, the only other H.M.S. Challenger specimen identified by Agassiz (1881) as belonging to this species (off Bermuda) later proved to be a misidentification (see Mortensen 1907). Thus, the presence in the Azores of S. purpureus remains unconfirmed., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on pages 174-175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Bell, F. J. (1892) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, xvii + 202 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1907) Echinoidea (Part 2). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (2). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 200.","Koehler, R. (1914 b) Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, ophiuroidea et Echnoidea. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. 1 (2). L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg, pp. 127 - 303.","Koehler, R. (1921 b) Echinodermes. Faune de France. 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris, 216 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1917) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 46, 85 - 283.","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Harvey, E. B. (1956) The American Arbacia and other sea urchins. Princeton University Press. Princeton, viii + 298. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7234","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Mortensen, T. (1951 b) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 2. Spatangoida II. Amphisternata II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951 a) Report on the Echinoidea collected by the \" Atlantide \" Expedition. Atlantide Report, 2, 293 - 303.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Mortensen, T. (1913) On the development of some British echinoderms. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 10 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540000669 X","Clark, H. L. (1925) A catalogue of the Recent sea urchins (Echinoidea) in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum and Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp."]}

Erroneous— Spatangus raschi Lovén, 1869 Reports for the Azores: Spatangus raschi Lovén, 1869 — Agassiz 1872: 159, 1881: 171; Bell 1892: 167–168, pl. 16, fig. 11; Mortensen 1907: 129–130, pl. 1, figs. 4–5, pl. 2, fig. 19, pl. 16, figs. 17, 23, 28; H.L. Clark 1917: 235; Mortensen 1927a: 329–330, figs. 192–193; Grieg 1932: 42–43. Type locality: ? Norway. See: Lovén (1869: 733–735, pl. 13); Mortensen (1927a); Schultz (2006: 429, fig. 805). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from Iceland and Scandinavia to Cap Bojador (NW Africa; Mortesen 1907, 1927b, 1951b). Depth: 146– 1,500 m (Farran 1913). Habitat: surface deposit feeder on mud to detritic substrates (Farran 1913, Nichols 1959). Remarks: Agassiz (1872) reported Spatangus raschi from the archipelago based on a specimen present in the collection of the Breslau Museum. However, Mortensen (1951b) stated that there was no record of any S. raschi specimens from the Azores ever been housed at the museum. Thus, the presence of this species in the archipelago is still to be confirmed., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Loven, S. (1869) En ny art af slagtet Spatangus fran Nordsj ˆ n. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens F ˆ rhandlingar, 9, 733 - 735.","Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 7 (1 - 4), 1 - 762.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Bell, F. J. (1892) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, xvii + 202 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1907) Echinoidea (Part 2). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (2). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 200.","Clark, H. L. (1917) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 46, 85 - 283.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp.","Farran, G. P. (1913) The deep-water Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea of the West Coast of Ireland. Department of Agriculture and technical instruction for Ireland, fisheries branch, scientific investigations, 6, 1 - 66. [1912]","Nichols, D. (1959) Changes in the Chalk heart-urchin Micraster interpreted in relation to living forms: Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions, Series B, 242, 347 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1959.0007","Mortensen, T. (1951 b) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 2. Spatangoida II. Amphisternata II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp."]}

Echinocardium flavescens (Müller, 1776) Reports for the Azores: Echinocardium flavescens (M̹ller, 1776)—? $ Barrois 1888: 110; Koehler 1914b: 279, 1921b: 136–137, fig. 95; Mortensen 1927a: 334–335, figs. 194.3, 195.4, 196.2, 197.1, 1951b: 158–160; Nobre 1938: 128–129, fig. 55; $ Tortonese 1965: 366– 367, fig. 180; Pereira 1997: 334; Micael & Costa 2010: 323; Madeira et al. 2011: 257; Micael et al. 2012: 4. See: Tortonese (1965); Schultz (2006: 413, fig. 413). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea and Northeast Atlantic, from Iceland and Scandinavia south to Portugal (Mortensen 1927a, 1927, Nobre 1938), Madeira (Jesus & Abreu 1998) and the Azores (Tortonese 1965). Depth: 5–360 metres (Tortonese 1965);? AZO: 15–30 m (Barrois 1888). Habitat: buried in gravel, sand, muddy, detritic and coralligenous bottoms (Koehler 1921b). Larval stage: planktotrophic (McEdward & Miner 2001). Remarks: Echinocardium flavescens was first reported by Barrois (1888), who noted that all his specimens though quite abundant in all the dredges between 15 and 30 meters, appeared unusually small to what he had seen in French coasts. On re-examination of Barrois’ material, Koehler (1909) disagreed with the previous author’s identification, observing that all specimens appear to be young E. cordatum and not E. flavescens (see above). However, the author also added that the animals were far too small for an accurate determination and lacked important diagnostic characters such as the pedicellaria. Nonetheless, Tortonese (1965) later examined animals coming from Faial Island and confirmed the presence of this species in the archipelago. Additionally, Barrois failed to collect Echinocyamus pusillus (= Echinocyamus angulosus) from the Azores. This author used the absence of this species from his dredges together with the minute sized that supposedly characterize the insular E. flavescens to explain that in his opinion Drouët (1861) mistook E. flavescens for Echinocyamus pusillus. During the International Workshop of Malacology and Marine Biology (2006) abundant material of both Echinocardium and Echinocyamus was retrieved from several dredges in the south coast of S„o Miguel Island. On that account, we are inclined to disagree with Barrois since both Echinocardium and Echinocyamus appear to be quite common in the Azores. Notwithstanding, E. pusillus tends to occur in coarser sediments than Echinocardium species (Nichols 1959; Higgins 1974), and this apparent biotope partitioning could explain why Barrois reported one species and failed to do so for the other (see as well remarks under E. pusillus)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Barrois, T. (1888) Liste des Echinodermes recueillis aux Acores durant les mois d'Ao r t et September 1887. Revue Biologique du Nord de la France, 1, 31 - 33 + 69 - 75 + 109 - 115.","Koehler, R. (1914 b) Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, ophiuroidea et Echnoidea. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. 1 (2). L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg, pp. 127 - 303.","Koehler, R. (1921 b) Echinodermes. Faune de France. 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris, 216 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Madeira, P., Kroh, A., Cordeiro, R., Meireles, R. & Avila, S. P. (2011) The fossil echinoids of Santa Maria Island, Azores (Northern Atlantic Ocean). Acta Geologica Polonica, 61 (3), 243 - 264.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp.","Jesus, D. & Abreu, A. D. (1998) Contribution to the knowledge of the soft bottom echinoderms of Madeira Island. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (Historia Natural), 50 (286), 59 - 69., 4 figs.","McEdward, L. R. & Miner, B. G. (2001) Larval and life-cycle patterns in echinoderms. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 1125 - 1170. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 00 - 218","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Drouet, H. (1861) Element de la Faune acoreenne. J. B. Bailliere & Fils, Lubaires de L'Academie de Medicine, Paris, 245 pp.","Nichols, D. (1959) Changes in the Chalk heart-urchin Micraster interpreted in relation to living forms: Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions, Series B, 242, 347 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1959.0007","Higgins, R. C. (1974) Specific status of Echinocardium cordatum, E. australe and E. zealandicum (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) around New Zealand, with comments on the relation of morphological variation to environment. Journal of Zoology, 173, 451 - 475. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1974. tb 04127. x"]}

Erroneous— Holanthus expergitus expergitus (Lovén, 1874) Reports for the Azores: Hemiaster expergitus Lovén, 1874 — Agassiz 1881: 186; Mortensen 1907: 97–107, figs. 16–18, pl. 2, figs. 1, 4, 18, 20, pl. 4, figs. 6–8, 10–12, pl. 15, figs. 9, 16–18, 24, 26, 30–31, 35, 38, 44–45, 47–48, 50, 1927a: 323–324, figs. 186, 187.1, 1950: 387–389; Koehler 1909: 247; Gage et al. 1985: 186; Koukouras et al. 2007: 82. Type locality: Portugal (38°07’N, 9°18’W). See: Lovén (1874: 13–17); Mortensen (1907); Mironov (2014: 127). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic (Tortonese 1965), from the Davis Strait to the Caribbean and eastwards from Iceland to Namibia, including Cape Verde (Mortensen 1907, 1927a, b, 1950, Chesher 1966, Mironov 2014); other subspecies are reported from the Pacific and Indian Oceans (Serafy & Fell 1985). Depth: 380– 4,833 m (Serafy & Fell 1985), though mainly at depths below than 1,000 m (Grieg 1932). Habitat: buried about 12 cm from the surface of soft sediment (sand, mud to ooze; Farran 1913, Grieg 1932). Remarks: Lovén (1871) stated that he had found a new Hemiaster among the material collected at the Josephine Bank. Later, in the description of the species Lovén (1974) corrects to ‘c. Lisbon’, Portugal (Josephine: 38°07’N, 9°18’W, 970 m). Agassiz (1881) commented that H.M.S. Challenger also collected specimens of a Hemiaster near Lovén’s type locality, which Agassiz referred to as ‘near the Azores’. However, none of the two H.M.S. Challenger stations were located near the archipelago, but in Canaries (sta 8, off Gomera) and Brazilian waters (sta 126: 10°46’S, 36°08’W) instead. In the species distributional overview Agassiz (1881) does not mention the Azores and place Lovén’s and H.M.S. Challenger specimens where they were originally recorded. Whether subsequent references to the archipelago are related with the initial misprint by Agassiz or to another (unreported) record, we were unable to verify., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 173, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Loven, S. (1874) Etudes sur les Echinoidees. Handlingar (Kunglia Vetenskaps-Akademiens) Ny fo ¨ ljd, 11 (7), 1 - 91.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Mortensen, T. (1907) Echinoidea (Part 2). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (2). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 200.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1985) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 2. Echinoidea and Holothurioidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 48 (4), 173 - 214.","Koukouras, A., Sinis, A. I., Bobori, D., Kazantzidis, S. & Kitsos, M. - S. (2007) The echinoderm (Deuterostomia) fauna of the Aegean Sea, and comparison with those of the neighbouring seas. Journal of Biological Research, 7, 67 - 92.","Mironov, A. N. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Echinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 120 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.12","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Mortensen, T. (1950) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 1. Spatangoida I. Protosternata, Meridosternata, Amphisternata I. Palaeopneustidae, Palaeostomatidae, Aeropsidae, Toxasteridae, Micrasteridae, Hemiasteridae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 432 pp.","Chesher, R. H. (1966) The R / V Pillsbury deep-sea biological expedition to the Gulf of Guinea, 1964 - 1965, 10: report on the Echinoidea collected by the R / V Pillsbury in the Gulf of Guinea. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 4 (1), 209 - 223.","Serafy, D. K. & Fell, F. J. (1985) Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Echinodermata: Echinoidea. NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 33, 1 - 27.","Grieg, J. A. (1932) Echinodermata. Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep sea expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 47.","Farran, G. P. (1913) The deep-water Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea of the West Coast of Ireland. Department of Agriculture and technical instruction for Ireland, fisheries branch, scientific investigations, 6, 1 - 66. [1912]","Loven, S. (1871) Om Echinoideernas byggnad. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens F ˆ rhandlingar, 28 (5), 1065 - 1111."]}

Erroneous— Anabrissus damesi (Agassiz, 1881) Reports for the Azores: Brissus damesi Agassiz, 1881: 197–200, pl. 30a, figs. 15–16; H.L. Clark, 1925: 218–219. Type locality: Brazil (9°05’S to 9°10’S, 34°49’W to 34° 53’W). See: Agassiz (1881); Mortensen (1951b: 362–362, figs. 168–169, pl. 26, figs. 4–6, pl. 41, figs. 12, 13, 15). Occurrence: known only from a specimen collected in Brazilian waters. Depth: 640 m. Habitat: soft substrates (mud). Remarks: in the batch of the original description of Anabrissus damesi (= Brissus damesi), Agassiz (1881) included a specimen from Faial Island (H.M.S. Challenger, sta. 75: 38°37’N, 28°30’W, 92–824 m), which was described by H.L. Clark (1925) as a very small juvenile form (, Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 171, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Clark, H. L. (1925) A catalogue of the Recent sea urchins (Echinoidea) in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum and Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951 b) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 2. Spatangoida II. Amphisternata II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp."]}

Palaeotropus josephinae Lovén, 1871 Reports for the Azores: Palaeotropus josephinae $ Lovén, 1874: 17–18, pl. 12, fig. 105, pl. 13, figs. 108–113, pl. 32, fig. 200; Agassiz 1881: 218; H.L. Clark 1917: 152–153; Mortensen 1927a: 322, 1950: 294–298, figs. 205, 206a, 207b, pl. 25, figs. 14, 19, 21–22, 30–33; García-Diez et al. 2005: 51; Mironov 2006: 115–117, figs. 6–7; Palaeotropus Hirondellei $ Koehler, 1895a: 226–227, 1895b: 230–231, 1898: 29–30, pl. 5, figs. 12–14, pl. 6, figs. 26–27, pl. 9, fig. 47, 1909: 244–245, pl. 30, figs. 18–23, pl. 31, figs. 4–5, 1921a: 3. Type locality: Azores (Vila Franca, S„o Miguel). See: Lovén (1874); Mortensen (1950); Mironov (2006). Occurrence: East Atlantic, known from the Bay of Biscay, the Azores Archipelago (Koehler 1909), Hyeres and tropic NE Atlantic seamounts (Mironov 2006); also reported from a seamount located north of St. Helena (11°37’S, 5°12’W; Mironov 2006). Depth: 300– 1,600 m (AZO: 500– 1,600 m; Koehler 1909, Mironov 2006). Habitat: soft to hard bottoms (mud, sand, gravel and rock; Koehler 1898, 1909). Larval stage: planktotrophic (Mortensen 1950). Remarks: Lovén (1871, 1874) described the deep-water species Palaeotropus josephinae based on material collected by Josephine expedition near Vila Franca do Campo, in the south of S„o Miguel Island. Throughout the historical bibliography this species is a constant presence in deep water tows in the Azorean deep waters. For example, Koehler (1895a, 1898) described a new species Palaeotropus hirondellei based on material collected in the Azores by Hirondelle (sta 102: 38°23'45"N, 28°31'16"W, 927 m). H.L. Clark (1917) argued that Koehler overlooked Palaeotropus josephinae described by Lovén from the same area, that both species portrayed animals of different sizes, and synonymized the two species, an opinion shared by later authors (e.g., Mortensen 1950; Mironov 2006)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Loven, S. (1871) Om Echinoideernas byggnad. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens F ˆ rhandlingar, 28 (5), 1065 - 1111.","Loven, S. (1874) Etudes sur les Echinoidees. Handlingar (Kunglia Vetenskaps-Akademiens) Ny fo ¨ ljd, 11 (7), 1 - 91.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Clark, H. L. (1917) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 46, 85 - 283.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Mortensen, T. (1950) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. Vol. 1. Spatangoida I. Protosternata, Meridosternata, Amphisternata I. Palaeopneustidae, Palaeostomatidae, Aeropsidae, Toxasteridae, Micrasteridae, Hemiasteridae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 432 pp.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133.","Koehler, R. (1895 a) Note preliminaire sur les echinides recueillis pendant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 223 - 227.","Koehler, R. (1895 b) Note preliminaire sur les echinides des premieres campagnes de la Princesse Alice. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 227 - 233.","Koehler, R. (1898) Echinides et Ophiures provenant des campagnes du yacht Hirondelle (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre- Neuve). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 12, 1 - 78.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317."]}

Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias, Ávila, Sérgio P. (2019): The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa 4639 (1): 1-231, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1

The irregular urchin, Metalia persica (Mortensen, 1940), a heart urchin of the family Brissidae, is reported for the first time from the southeastern coast of India. A single specimen was collected from fishing by-catch at Chinna Neelankarai (12º 56’ 29.7” N, 80º 15’ 36.6” E), Chennai on April 5, 2018. Metalia persica was previously recorded only from the Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf). This study records Metalia persica for the first time from Indian waters, in the Bay of Bengal, and elucidates features of the anal fasciole.

Metalia sp. Figures 68–71 Material studied. Four denuded tests: WUSL /EI/85 and EI/86, from Kamburugamuwa and WUSL /EI/138 and EI/ 139 from Negombo 1, Sri Lanka; one complete specimen, WUSL /EI/85 and three broken specimens. Description. Shape and size —Test large, robust 121.0– 144.3 mm TL; width 89–92% TL; height approximately 50% TL; test oval in outline when viewed aborally; no ambital notch in ambulacrum III. Apical system —Ethmolytic, with four large circular gonopores; madreporite expanding beyond posterior oculars; length 4–5% TL; situated anteriorly, 40–43% TL away from anterior margin. Ambulacra —Ambulacrum III narrow and flush with test, with pore pairs not differentiated to support respiratory tube feet; paired ambulacra distinctly petaloid; petals deeply sunken towards ambitus, straight; each anterior paired petal extending 92–96% of corresponding test radius; anterior paired petals forming angle of 135–145°; anterior and posterior paired petals about equal, length 39–42% TL, width 5–6% TL; angle between anterior paired petals slightly larger than angle between posterior paired petals; interporiferous zones narrow, of equal width, c. 1% TL; pores large, about equal in size, connected by deep groove; adorally well-developed phyllodes occur, featuring 17–18 pores in the anterior paired ambulacra, 8 in posterior paired ambulacra, and 10–11 in ambulacrum III. Tuberculation —Aboral surface densely packed with primary tubercles; larger tubercles inside peripetalous fasciole, bordering ambulacrum III and scattered over posterior interambulacra, usually arranged in short, oblique bands; primary tubercles on oral side larger than aboral ones; primary tubercles in plastron much smaller than those of oral interambulacra 1, 2, 3 and 4. Fasciole —Peripetalous fasciole well-developed, closely outlining petals; fasciole strongly indented between petals; subanal fasciole shield-shaped, wider than long; length 16–18% TL, width 22–27% TL; tapering to one point at posterior edge of plastron; upper part shallowly indented; usually four pore pairs enclosed on each side of subanal fasciole; anal branches extending aborally to points even with midpoint of periproct. Plastron —Narrow, elongate, width 19–20% TL, slightly keeled. Peristome —Kidney-shaped; situated anteriorly, c. 21% TL from anterior margin of test; about twice as wide as long; moderately large, length c. 6% TL, width c. 14% TL; from labrum pointed and overhanging peristome. Periproct —Vertically elongate; pointed aborally and orally; large, length 10–11% TL, width 5–7% TL; region just oral to periproct concave. Observed occurrence in Sri Lanka. Specimens were collected at 20–25 m from sand patches between patch reefs in Kamburugamuwa, southern coast, and from 27–28 m at Negombo, western coast of Sri Lanka (Fig. 71). Remarks. As noted by one of us (R. Mooi, unpublished and Askin & Mooi 2017), these specimens differ from the 10 known, extant congeners, M. angustus de Ridder, 1984, M. dicrana H.L. Clark, 1917, M. kermadecensis Baker & Rowe, 1990, M. latissima H.L. Clark, 1925, M. nobilis Verrill, 1867, M. persica (Mortensen, 1940), M. robillardi (de Loriol, 1876), M. spatagus (Linnaeus, 1758), M. sternalis (Lamarck, 1816), and M. townsendi (Bell, 1904). The new species lacks a notch in ambulacrum III, a condition that strongly differs from that in the following species: M. angustus, M. kermadecensis, M. latissima, M. persica, and M. robillardi. The lack of coalescence between the aboralmost regions of the posterior paired petals is very different from the situation seen in M. sternalis. M. townsendi differs in having a subcentral position of the apical system, and much lower anterior end of the test. Forms that lack the anterior notch, lack the coalescence, and have the apical system at least somewhat anterior, as in the new species, include M. dicrana, M. nobilis, and M. spatagus. M. nobilis, the only Metalia known from the Americas, has small petals relative to its congeners. In addition, the periproct in Metalia n. sp. is directed downwards and is not fully visible from the aboral side. This is not only unlike M. nobilis, it is not like M. spatagus either, which has a more vertical posterior region with at least part of the periproct visible in aboral view. This is also true for M. dicrana, which is distinguished from all other Metalia by its peculiar double point along the sternum just adoral to the subanal fasciole (Mooi, unpubl. data). Therefore, the specimens are very unlike M. dicrana. The Sri Lankan specimens of this new form have a very distinctive, concave region below the periproct which has not been noted in other Metalia species (Fig. 70), although it does occur to some degree in some of the species (Mooi, unpubl. data). As discovered by Askin & Mooi (2017) using molecular techniques, it would appear that this is a new species. It was depicted by van Noordenburg (2008), but remains unnamed pending further work on the abundant material at the California Academy of Sciences and the Natural History Museum, Vienna. Variation in the path of the peripetalous fasciole was noted in collected specimens. WUSL/IE/E85 shows shallow aborally-curved segments in interambulacrum 4, and one sharply defined indentation in interambulacrum 1 (Fig. 68, A)., Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, Taxonomy and distribution of irregular echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Sri Lanka, pp. 1-100 in Zootaxa 4541 (1) on pages 78-83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4541.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2617460, {"references":["Askin, R. & Mooi, R. (2017) The heart of the problem: Phylogenetic systematics of burrowing sea urchins in the genus Metalia (Echinoidea: Spatangoida). Integrative and Comparative Biology, 57 (Supplement 1), e 7.","Clark, H. L. (1917) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini, Echinoneidae, Nucleolitidae, Urechinidae, Echinocorythidae, Calymnidae, Pourtalesiidae, Palaestomatidae, Aeropsidae, Palaeopneustidae, Hemiasteridae, and Spatangidae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 46, 81 - 283.","Mortensen, T. (1940) Echinoderms from the Iranian Gulf. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea. Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran, Part 2, 55 - 112.","Herdman, W. A., Herdman, J. B. & Bell, F. J. (1904) Report on the Echinoderma collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. The Royal Society, London, pp. 137 - 150.","van Noordenburg, H. (2008) Sea Urchins of the Philippines. Part I. The Irregulars. Artificial Harmonics, Utrecht, 153 pp."]}

The earliest information on Sri Lankan echinoid species belonging to the Irregularia dates back to Alexander Agassiz (1872). However, the current knowledge of diversity and distribution of irregular echinoids from Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) remains sparse. In addition, there are no recent taxonomic studies or biodiversity surveys for irregular echinoids, and no illustrated field-guides or reference collections are available specifically for Sri Lanka. To address these gaps, left open for more than 100 years since the work of Clark (1915), this study was conducted as an island-wide systematic sampling survey. Over 200 echinoid specimens were collected from 24 localities in Sri Lankan coastal waters by snorkelling and SCUBA diving down to 33 m depth. The collected specimens were identified using existing keys and authenticated with specimens available at the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria. The present study records 22 irregular echinoid species belonging to 15 genera and nine families in four orders. Among the identified irregular echinoids, six species, Echinocyamus megapetalus H.L. Clark, 1914, Fibularia ovulum Lamarck, 1816, Fibulariella angulipora Mortensen, 1948, Echinodiscus cf. truncatus L. Agassiz, 1841, Peronella oblonga Mortensen, 1948 and Brissus cf. agassizii Döderlein, 1885, are new records for Sri Lanka. Four unidentified, possibly new species belonging to the genera Fibularia, Jacksonaster and Metalia are reported, but kept in open nomenclature until more material becomes available. At present, the diversity of irregular echinoids from Sri Lanka now stands at 37 species representing 11 families in four orders. A dichotomous key is presented for all Sri Lankan irregular echinoids.

Nacospatangus altus (A. Agassiz, 1864) Figures 74–75 1864 Maretia alta A. Agassiz: p. 360. 1951 Pseudomaretia alta (A. Agassiz).—Mortensen: p. 58–62; pl. 3: figs. 12–14, 16–20; pl. 46: figs. 1–6, 8–11, 13, 19, 20. Material studied. Five denuded specimens: WUSL /EI/82, EI/83, EI/116, and EI/117, from Kamburugamuwa, and WUSL /EI/115, from Mount Lavinia, Sri Lanka. Description. Shape and size —Test thin and fragile; medium-sized, 32.7–46.95 mm TL; width 73–80% TL, greatest width about halfway along length; outline of anterior end gently curved with very inconspicuous anterior notch; TH 42–45% TL, highest point along posterior interambulacrum 5 which forms a sharp keel; posterior end obliquely truncated in lateral view; oral side flat but sternum rises into a conspicuous keel at its posterior end; ambitus sharply curved from aboral to oral surface. Apical system —Ethmolytic, with three gonopores (no gonopore in genital plate 2); posterior pore pair larger than anterior gonopore; madreporite not conspicuously extending beyond posterior oculars; situated anterior of centre, c. 33% TL (SD=1, N=6) from anterior margin. Ambulacra —Ambulacrum III narrow, very slightly sunken; paired petals with unequal poriferous zones, nearly closed, pores in single pore pair equal in size, slightly pointed at inner ends, pore series converging distally; adapical pore pairs rudimentary in both anterior and posterior paired petals; poriferous zones of anterior paired petals highly unequal, in anterior paired petal, posterior poriferous zone (petal IIa, IVb) usually 7–9 pore pairs longer than anterior poriferous zone (petal IIb, IVa); in posterior paired petals (petals I, V), length difference not as pronounced and posterior poriferous zones (petal Ia, Vb) usually a single pore pair shorter than anterior ones (petal Ib, Va) (however, largest examined specimen [WUSL/EI/82] shows equal pore pair numbers in both anterior and posterior poriferous zones); length of rudimentary area of anterior poriferous zones (petal IIb, IVa) greater than posterior poriferous zones (petal IIa, IVb) of anterior paired petal, c. 17% and 3% TL respectively; length of rudimentary area of anterior (Ib, Va) and posterior poriferous zones (petal Ia, Vb) of posterior paired petal nearly equal, c. 8% TL respectively. Tuberculation —Aboral interambulacra uniformly and densely covered by small secondary tubercles, except for a few enlarged primary tubercles in interambulacra 1, 2, 3, and 4; aboral interambulacrum 5 without enlarged primary tubercles; in aboral interambulacra 2 and 3, many enlarged primary tubercles present along adjoining anterior ambulacrum; these tubercles without sunken areoles; two series (or exceptionally three) of enlarged tubercles along interambulacra 1 and 4 on each side starting anteriorly from very close to posterior poriferous zones of anterior paired petals, first series consists of 3–4 and rarely 5 enlarged primary tubercles just aboral to ambitus (Fig. 74C, D); second series 1–2 tubercles just above first series; rarely third series with a single enlarged primary tubercle; these tubercles non-crenulate with deeply sunken areoles; oral interambulacra with non-crenulate primary tubercles, mamelon of tubercles eccentric; these primary tubercles smaller than tubercles on aboral interambulacra 1 and 4, and larger than tubercles on aboral interambulacra 2 and 3; tubercles on adoral interambulacrum 5 smaller than other tubercles on oral interambulacra; larger tubercles present along adjoining ambulacra. Plastron —Narrow, width c. 16% TL (SD=0.43, N=6); sternal plates tuberculate except for small part along anterior end; sternal plates forming conspicuous median keel towards posterior end; labrum arrow, slightly elevated at peristome with narrow posterior prolongation. Fasciole —Subanal fasciole well-developed, heart-shaped, adoral end pointed, adapical fasciole following lower edge of periproctal cavity; height of subanal fasciole approximately 21% TL (SD=1.1, N=6) and width approximately 28% TL (SD=0.7, N=6); usually encloses three pore pairs on each side, exceptionally, four pore pairs in each side of largest specimens examined (WUSL/EI/82); no anal branches. Peristome —D-shaped; oblique; moderately large, length 9–12% TL, width 15–17% TL; 24–25% TL from anterior margin. Periproct —Large, length 12–19% TL, width 14–19% TL; fully visible in oral view.. Geographic range. Indo-West Pacific, from Islands of West Indian Ocean (Clark 1925a), Mauritius (De Loriol 1883), Sri Lanka (Clark 1915), Bay of Bengal (Koehler 1914), East Indies (de Meijere 1904) to Philippine Islands (Mortensen 1948e; Mortensen 1951) and China & South Japan (Agassiz 1872). Bathymetric range. 1.5–204 m (Mortensen 1951). Observed occurrence in Sri Lanka. Specimens were collected from sand patches between patch reefs on the western and southern coasts of Sri Lanka, at a depth of 20–30 m (Fig. 75). Remarks. The number of the distal pore pairs in the anterior series of the anterior paired petals is variable. Out of six specimens, only one (WUSL/EI/127, 38.0 mm TL) has 5 distal pore pairs, while four specimens have 8 distal pore pairs and the largest examined specimen has 9. Mortensen (1951: 59) observed 5–6 distal pore pairs in the anterior series of the anterior petals in his specimens, even though he had examined specimens up to a size of 54 mm. Likewise, number of enlarge primary tubercles is variable: some of the examined materials (WUSL/EI/116, 34.2 mm TL; WUSL/EI/83, 37.3 mm TL; WUSL/EI/127, 37.95 mm TL) and (WUSL/EI/82, 46.95 mm TL) have seven and eight large tubercles in interambulacrum 4 respectively. This differs from Mortensen’s (1951) observations. These features suggest intraspecific variation and can thus only be used in conjunction with the additional characters listed above., Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, Taxonomy and distribution of irregular echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Sri Lanka, pp. 1-100 in Zootaxa 4541 (1) on pages 86-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4541.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2617460, {"references":["Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp.","De Loriol, P. (1883) Catalogue raisonne des Echinodermes recueillis par MV de Robillard a l'ile Maurice. Memoires de la Societe de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, 28, 1 - 64.","Clark, H. L. (1915) The echinoderms of Ceylon other than holothurians. Spolia Zeylanica, 10, 83 - 102.","Koehler, R. (1914) Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 8, An Account of the Echinoidea I. Spatangides. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 258 pp.","de Meijere, J. C. H. (1904) Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Expeditie, 43, 1 - 252.","Mortensen, T. (1948 e) Contributions to the Biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Report on the Echinoidea collected by the United States Fisheries Steamer \" Albatross \" during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Part 3: The Echinoneidae, Echinolampidae, Clypeastridae, Arachnidae, Laganidae, Fibulariidae, Urechinidae, Echinocorythidae, Palaeostomatidae, Micrasteridae, Palaepneustidae, Hemiasteridae, and Spatangidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin, 100, 93 - 140.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea V. 2. Spatangoida. 2. Amphisternata. II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 7 (Pt. 1 - 2, 3 & 4) i-xii + 1 - 378, pls. 1 - 49 (1872), 379 - 628 + 1, pls. 50 - 77 (1873) & 629 - 762, pls. 78 - 94 (1874)."]}

Lovenia elongata (Gray, 1845) Figures 72, 73 1845 Spatangus elongata Gray: p. 436; pl. 6: fig. 2. 1951 Lovenia elongata (Gray).—Mortensen: p. 97–104; pl. 7: figs. 1–10; pl. 8: fig. 1; pl. 12: fig. 5; pl. 47: figs. 10–23. Material studied. Four denuded specimens: WUSL /EI/118, from Velvatithurai and WUSL /EI/19, EI/20, and EI/ 21, from Silavathurai, Sri Lanka. Description. Shape and size— Test fragile, medium-sized, 41.7–44.9 mm TL; greatest width just anterior to apical system, width 77–79% TL; test narrowing towards posterior end; outline of test nearly pear-shaped, anterior end with a very conspicuous anterior notch; oral side almost flat towards sternum, posterior end of sternum convex; greatest TH near posterior end, 37–44% TL; interambulacrum 5 forming a low keel aborally; posterior end deeply sunken, forming anal funnel; posterior end obliquely truncated in lateral view. Apical system —Ethmolytic, with four gonopores; posterior gonopores slightly larger than anterior pair; subcentral, c. 38% TL (SD=4.3, N=4) from anterior margin; madreporite conspicuously extending beyond posterior oculars. Ambulacra —Ambulacrum III narrow and very slightly sunken relative to other ambulacra, pore pairs small; adjoining interambulacral plates bearing two oblique, transverse series of tubercles on each plate; paired petals nearly closed with unequal poriferous zones; pores in pore pairs about equal in size, slightly pointed at inner end; posterior paired petals longer than anterior ones; adapical pore pairs rudimentary in both anterior and posterior paired petals; poriferous zones of anterior paired petals strongly unequal, posterior poriferous zones (IIa, IVb) usually 3 to 7 pore pairs and about 1.4 to 2 times longer than anterior zones (IIb, IVa); in posterior paired petals length difference not as pronounced, posterior poriferous zones (Ia, Vb) usually a single pore pair shorter than anterior ones (Ib, Va); posterior series of anterior paired petals and anterior series of posterior paired petals meet in middle of test. Interambulacra —Aborally, large tubercles with very deeply sunken areoles present in interambulacra 1 to 4, concentrated in anterior half of test; deeply sunken areoles create prominent swelling on inside of test (so-called “ampullae”); 19–25 large tubercles present in left half, 22–28 tubercles in right half on aboral surface; aborally, 9–14 and 11–14 large tubercles in interambulacrum 1 and 2 respectively; orally large primary tubercles arranged along antero-lateral margin. Plastron —Narrow; anterior third of sternal plates naked; labrum elongated and narrow. Fascioles —Internal fasciole usually double or even triple at anterior end; subanal fasciole broad, bilobed and leading into anal funnel; width 37–45% TL; usually containing 6–9 pore pairs on each side; no anal branches; 7–11 and 7–9 large tubercles with deeply sunken areoles present within left and right halves of subanal fasciole respectively. Peristome —Reniform; moderately large, length c. 10% TL, width about 17% TL; c. 25% TL from anterior margin of test. Periproct —Length 12–19% TL, width 13–16% TL; situated in a deep invagination on posterior face of test; periproct fully visible in oral view. Geographic range. Indo-West Pacific, from East Arabia & Madagascar (Mortensen 1951), Red Sea (Fourtau 1904), South East Arabia (Mortensen 1948c), Persian Gulf (), Maldives area (Koehler 1914), Sri Lanka (Herdman et al. 1904), Bay of Bengal (Koehler 1914), East Indies (de Meijere 1904), North Australia (Clark 1938) to NSW (Miskelly 2002), Philippine Islands (Mortensen 1948e; Mooi & Munguia 2014), China & South Japan (Chang & Wu 1957). Bathymetric range. Tidal zone to 94 m (Mortensen 1951). Observed occurrence in Sri Lanka. Specimens were collected from Silavathurai on sand patches between patch reefs on the north-western coast (at 10 m depth) and from the Velvatithurai fish landing site, on transported and discarded by fishermen, on the northern coast of Sri Lanka. In addition, this species was observed in Trincomalee (at 3 m depth), on the eastern coast and Mulathiv, on the northern coast of Sri Lanka (Fig. 73). This species was first recorded from Sri Lanka by Döderlein (1888). Bathymetric range of this species in Sri Lanka is 3–73 m. Remarks. The aboral primary spines are usually yellowish with violet bands. This species can be easily distinguished from Nacospatangus altus by its anterior notch, the presence of four gonopores, numerous sunken primary tubercles on the oral and aboral side, the plastron without a prominent keel, and the bilobed subanal fasciole., Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, Taxonomy and distribution of irregular echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Sri Lanka, pp. 1-100 in Zootaxa 4541 (1) on pages 83-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4541.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2617460, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea V. 2. Spatangoida. 2. Amphisternata. II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Fourtau, R. (1904) Contribution a l'etude des Echinides vivant dans le Golfe de Suez. Bulletin de l'Institut Egyptien, IV, Serie, 5, 407 - 446.","Mortensen, T. (1948 c) Report on the Echinoidea of the Murray Expedition. II [Irregular Echinoidea]. Scientific Reports on the John Murray Expedition, 9, 1 - 15.","Koehler, R. (1914) Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 8, An Account of the Echinoidea I. Spatangides. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 258 pp.","Herdman, W. A., Herdman, J. B. & Bell, F. J. (1904) Report on the Echinoderma collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. The Royal Society, London, pp. 137 - 150.","de Meijere, J. C. H. (1904) Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Expeditie, 43, 1 - 252.","Clark, H. L. (1938) Echinoderms from Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of the Harvard College, 55, 1 - 596.","Miskelly, A. (2002) Sea urchins of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Capricornica Publications, Lindfield, 179 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1948 e) Contributions to the Biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Report on the Echinoidea collected by the United States Fisheries Steamer \" Albatross \" during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Part 3: The Echinoneidae, Echinolampidae, Clypeastridae, Arachnidae, Laganidae, Fibulariidae, Urechinidae, Echinocorythidae, Palaeostomatidae, Micrasteridae, Palaepneustidae, Hemiasteridae, and Spatangidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin, 100, 93 - 140.","Mooi, R. & Munguia, A. (2014) Sea Urchins of the Philippines. In: Williams, G. C. & Terrence, M. G. (Eds.), The Coral Triangle: The 2011 Hearst Philippine Biodiversity Expedition. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, pp. 213 - 235.","Chang, F. Y. & Wu, B. L. (1957) The echinoids of Kwangtung Province. Bulletin of the Institute of Marine Biology, Academia Sinica, 1, 1 - 80.","Doderlein, L. (1888) Echinodermen von Ceylon. Bericht uber die von den Herren Dres Sarasin gesammelten Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea und Echinoidea. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 3, 821 - 846. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1933"]}

Metalia sternalis (Lamarck, 1816) Figures 66, 67 1816 Spatangus sternalis Lamarck: p. 31. 1951 Metalia sternalis (Lamarck).—Mortensen: p. 535–537; pl. 64: figs. 13, 17, 19, 22. Material studied. Seven denuded tests: WUSL /EI/70 and EI/71, from Baththalangunduwa 2 and WUSL /EI/122, EI/123, EI/124, EI/125, and EI/126 from Silavathurai, Sri Lanka. Description. Shape and size —Test large, 60.6–84.5 mm TL; width 89–92% TL; height 55–59% TL; outline of test elliptical to slightly angular in aboral view, with anterior slope more steeply angled forward than the posterior slopes to the periproct; slightly truncated posteriorly; anterior notch deep and broad. Apical system —Ethmolytic, with four large circular gonopores; posterior paired pores about 1.5 times larger than anterior ones; madreporite expanding beyond posterior oculars; situated anteriorly, 30–37% TL from anterior margin. Ambulacra —Ambulacrum III narrow and depressed aborally; paired ambulacra distinctly petaloid, deeply sunken towards margin, broad, elongate, somewhat rounded and closed distally; anterior paired petals extend laterally forming an angle of c. 175° from each other, c. 65% of TW; petal III length c. 33% TL (SD=2.3, N=7); interporiferous zone broad, of equal width in each petal; respiratory pores large, pores within one pair about equal in size, connected by deep groove; posterior paired petals 1.25 times longer than anterior ones; adapically posterior paired petals narrow; at about one quarter petal length, inner pore pairs rudimentary; posterior paired petals coalescing, elongate, slightly diverging posteriorly; at about half petal length, two poriferous zones are equal width, up to petal tip. Interambulacra —Aboral interambulacrum 5 raised, slightly convex to flat; but not keeled, not projecting above periproct; posterior end almost vertically truncated; interambulacra densely packed with perforate crenulate primary tubercles, larger tubercles inside peripetalous fasciole, particularly along petals; adapically no primary tubercles in interambulacrum 5 between posterior paired petals. Fasciole —Peripetalous fasciole well-developed, closely outlining petals, with indentations between petals; subanal fasciole broad, shield-shaped, wider than long; length 26–29% TL and width 31–39% TL; left and right halves joining at point near posterior edge of plastron; five to six pore pairs inside subanal fasciole on each side; anal branches present, extending aborally to points even with adapical margin of periproct. Plastron —Narrow, elongate, width 25–31% TL, slightly keeled. Peristome —Kidney-shaped; very close to anterior edge, 19–27% TL from anterior margin of test; about twice as wide as long; moderately large, length 8–10% TL, width 17–19% TL; labrum narrow and wide. Periproct —Elongate along anterior-posterior axis; pointed above and below; large, length 15–20% TL and width 8–11% TL. Geographic range. Indo-West Pacific, from Islands of West Indian Ocean (Bell 1884), Mauritius (De Loriol 1883), East Africa & Madagascar (Mortensen 1948c), Red Sea (Fourtau 1904), India (Bell 1888), Bay of Bengal (Clark 1925a), East Indies (de Meijere 1904), North Australia (Clark 1925a) to NSW, Australia (Miskelly 2002), Philippine Islands (Mortensen 1948e; Mooi & Munguia 2014), China & South Japan (Döderlein 1885), South Pacific Islands (Agassiz 1872) and Hawaiian Islands (Agassiz 1872). Bathymetric range. Littoral zone to 90 m (Mortensen 1951). Observed occurrence in Sri Lanka. Specimens were collected from a sandy bottom with sea grass beds in Silavathurai and Baththalangunduwa, north-western coast of Sri Lanka, at depth range of 10–20 m (Fig. 67). This species was first recorded from Sri Lanka by Clark (1915). Remarks. M. sternalis can be distinguished from Metalia sp. by having a coalescence between the aboralmost regions of the posterior paired petals., Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, Taxonomy and distribution of irregular echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Sri Lanka, pp. 1-100 in Zootaxa 4541 (1) on pages 75-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4541.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2617460, {"references":["Bell, F. J. (1884) Echinodermata. Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H. M. S. \" Alert \", London, 1881 - 2, 117 - 177, 509 - 512, pls. 8 - 17 & 45.","De Loriol, P. (1883) Catalogue raisonne des Echinodermes recueillis par MV de Robillard a l'ile Maurice. Memoires de la Societe de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, 28, 1 - 64.","Mortensen, T. (1948 c) Report on the Echinoidea of the Murray Expedition. II [Irregular Echinoidea]. Scientific Reports on the John Murray Expedition, 9, 1 - 15.","Fourtau, R. (1904) Contribution a l'etude des Echinides vivant dans le Golfe de Suez. Bulletin de l'Institut Egyptien, IV, Serie, 5, 407 - 446.","Bell, F. J. (1888) Report on a collection of echinoderms made at Tuticorin, Madras, by Mr. Edgar Thurston, C. M. Z. S., Superintendent, Government Central Museum, Madras. Proceedings of the Zoological Journal of London, 1888, 383 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1888. tb 06719. x","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp.","de Meijere, J. C. H. (1904) Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Expeditie, 43, 1 - 252.","Miskelly, A. (2002) Sea urchins of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Capricornica Publications, Lindfield, 179 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1948 e) Contributions to the Biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Report on the Echinoidea collected by the United States Fisheries Steamer \" Albatross \" during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Part 3: The Echinoneidae, Echinolampidae, Clypeastridae, Arachnidae, Laganidae, Fibulariidae, Urechinidae, Echinocorythidae, Palaeostomatidae, Micrasteridae, Palaepneustidae, Hemiasteridae, and Spatangidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin, 100, 93 - 140.","Mooi, R. & Munguia, A. (2014) Sea Urchins of the Philippines. In: Williams, G. C. & Terrence, M. G. (Eds.), The Coral Triangle: The 2011 Hearst Philippine Biodiversity Expedition. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, pp. 213 - 235.","Doderlein, L. (1885) Seeigel von Japan und den Liu-Kiu Inseln. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 51, 73 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1569","Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 7 (Pt. 1 - 2, 3 & 4) i-xii + 1 - 378, pls. 1 - 49 (1872), 379 - 628 + 1, pls. 50 - 77 (1873) & 629 - 762, pls. 78 - 94 (1874).","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea V. 2. Spatangoida. 2. Amphisternata. II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1915) The echinoderms of Ceylon other than holothurians. Spolia Zeylanica, 10, 83 - 102."]}

Brissus cf. agassizii D��derlein, 1885 Figures 62���64 1885 Brissus Agassizii D��derlein: p. 108���109. 1951 Brissus (Allobrissus) Agassizii D��derlein. ���Mortensen: p. 520���522; pl. 33: fig. 7; pl. 34: fig. 2; pl. 35: figs. 1, 6���8; pl. 62: figs. 9, 10, 12, 16���21, 23���28. Material studied. Six denuded tests: WUSL /EI/75, EI/76, EI/77, EI/79, and EI/81 from Silavathurai, WUSL /EI/80 from Baththalangunduwa 2. Description. Shape and size ���Test medium, 27.9���52.1 mm TL; width 72.9���73.8% TL; height 52���59% TL; outline elliptical, without anterior depression; anterior end rounded in lateral view; posterior end of test ovoid and not pointed when viewed from above. Apical system ���Ethmolytic, madreporite extending beyond posterior oculars; with four gonopores; posterior pair larger than anterior pair; situated anteriorly, c. 20% TL (SD=0.8) from anterior margin. Ambulacra ���Ambulacrum III narrow and flush, pore pairs small, simple isopores; paired ambulacra distinctly petaloid; petals sunken, narrow, closed distally; anterior paired petals extending laterally almost 180�� to each other, spanning c. 46% of TW; posterior paired petals 126% longer than anterior paired petals; mean petal lengths of anterior paired petals and posterior paired petals 31% and 39% TL respectively; interporiferous zones very narrow; anterior paired petals slightly curved anteriorly at the tips; posterior paired petals slightly divergent at an angle of 44�� and curved laterally at the tips; inner and outer pores elliptical, more or less equal in size; distinctly conjugate; ridges between consecutive pore pairs low with 3���5 small tubercles; anterior paired ambulacra bear well-developed phyllodes; periplastronal areas narrow and naked, but also forming phyllodes near peristome. Interambulacra ���Aboral side convex; posterior interambulacrum raised but not keeled, not projecting above periproct; posterior end nearly vertically truncated; densely packed with perforate, crenulate primary tubercles, larger tubercles inside peripetalous fasciole especially along ambulacrum III and anterior part of test. Fascioles ���Peripetalous fasciole well-developed, closely outlining petals with strong indentation between petals; subanal fasciole broad, bilobed and kidney shaped, width of fasciole 43���47% TL concavity in outline directed towards periproctal region; usually encloses five pore pairs on each side; no anal branches (Fig. 63). Plastron ���Wide, 39���45% TL. Peristome ���Kidney-shaped; about twice as wide as long; moderately large, length 9���13% TL, width 18���21% TL; located anteriorly, anterior margin of peristome c. 15% TL (SD=0.4) from anterior margin of test; labrum short and wide, thickened, rounded and downturned. Periproct ���Vertically elongate; teardrop-shaped, outline pointed aborally and orally; large, 1.5 times longer than wide, length 18���22% TL, width 12���15% TL. Geographic range. Indo-West Pacific, from Green Head to Swain Reefs (Miskelly 2002), Japan (Mortensen 1951) and Philippine (van Noordenburg 2008). Bathymetric range. Intertidal zone to 120 m (Miskelly 2002). Observed occurrence in Sri Lanka. Denuded specimens were collected from a sandy bottom with sea grass beds in Silavathurai and Baththalangunduwa, north-western coast of Sri Lanka at a depth range of 9���20 m. In addition, this species was observed in Kalmunai, on the eastern coast of Sri Lanka (Fig. 64). Remarks. In examined specimens, relative peristome size decreases during growth. This indicates negative allometry for the peristome, which is common throughout the Irregularia. Test height of this species was observed to decrease with growth. In addition, width of the subanal fasciole decreases relative to test length. Average ratio between the subanal fasciole width and periproct width is 3.5 for the studied specimens (SD=0.12, N=4). This ratio was higher than that in specimens of B. agassizii (3.0 [SD=0.02, N=3, based on NHMW 2008z0168/0028, 0 0 29 and 0030]), or B. unicolor (2.8 [SD=0.44, N=7, based on NHMW 2006z0300/0002a, 0002b, 0002c, 0002d, 0002e, 2009z0207/0001 and 2015/0529/0001] examined at the Natural History Museum Vienna). The largest specimen (collected from Hiriketiya, southern coast of Sri Lanka) with a TL of 80.9 mm had six pore pairs in the right lobe of the subanal fasciole and five in the left lobe, indicating that the number of pore pairs in the subanal fasciole can vary with test length. In addition, this specimen���s apical system was very close to the anterior margin (9% TL from anterior edge) and the test broader (81% TL). The Sri Lankan Brissus (B. cf. agassizii) specimens clearly do not belong to B. latecarinatus as the periproct is not overhung by the posterior interambulacrum. The posterior end is almost vertically truncated, so that the periproct is not fully visible from the oral side. In addition, aboral interambulacrum 5 is not strongly carinate. In the Sri Lankan material, the periproct is not broadly oval, but elongate and pointed, and the plastron is about half the test width. B. cf. agassizii also tends to have five pore pairs on each side of the subanal fasciole even in the smallest (27.8 mm) specimen. The apical system is placed more anteriorly in the Sri Lankan specimens than in B. latecarinatus. Although, the specimens collected in Sri Lanka are more similar to B. agassizii, the test is high compared to that species. However, this feature appears to be quite variable and relative test height decreases with growth in the studied specimens. In addition, the posterior petals are shorter than in typical B. agassizii. A specimen (WUSL/EI/74, TL 53.1 mm, Fig. 65) collected from Hikkaduwa Beach had the major features of a Brissus but differed from typical Brissus by the confluent nature of its posterior paired petals (giving a similar appearance as in Metalia sternalis or Brissalius). Different interpretations for this specimen are possible: 1) the peculiar morphology could be the result of abnormal growth, or 2) this could be a new species of Brissus. Until additional specimens showing this peculiar feature are found, we favour interpretation 1 and refrain from identifying the specimen to species., Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, Taxonomy and distribution of irregular echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Sri Lanka, pp. 1-100 in Zootaxa 4541 (1) on pages 70-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4541.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2617460, {"references":["Doderlein, L. (1885) Seeigel von Japan und den Liu-Kiu Inseln. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 51, 73 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1569","Miskelly, A. (2002) Sea urchins of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Capricornica Publications, Lindfield, 179 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea V. 2. Spatangoida. 2. Amphisternata. II. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","van Noordenburg, H. (2008) Sea Urchins of the Philippines. Part I. The Irregulars. Artificial Harmonics, Utrecht, 153 pp."]}

Family Brissidae Gray, 1855 Genus Plagiobrissus Pomel, 1883, Published as part of Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Dias, Thelma L��cia Pereira, 2018, Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4529 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2612564, {"references":["Pomel, A. (1883) Classification methodique et Genera des Echinides vivantes et fossiles. Theses presentees a la Faculte des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le Grade de Docteur es Sciences Naturelles 503. Adolphe Jourdan, Alger, 131 pp. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 43038 (accessed 23 May 2011)"]}

Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1777) Echinus cordatus Pennant, 1777: 69, pl. 34, fig. 75. Spatangulus pusillus Leske, 1778: 230, pl. 38, fig. 5. Spatangus arcuarius Lamarck, 1816: 32. Echinocardium sebae Gray, 1825: 430. Echinocardium pusillus Gray, 1825: 430. Echinocardium australe Gray, 1851: 131. Echinocardium zealandicum Gray, 1851: 152 –157. Amphidetus kürtzii Girard, 1852: 213 –214. Amphidetus novaezelandiae Perrier, 1869: 176. Echinocardium cordatum Mortensen, 1951: 152 –156, pl. 28, figs 6–7.― Tommasi, 1966a: 18, figs 35–39.― Magalhães et al., 2005: 63. Material examined. No specimens from Brazil were obtained for analysis. Complementary material: 1 spm, Gulf of Naples, Italy [EqMN315] Description (modified from Chesher 1966 and Manso 2004). Test cordiform, rather thin, truncated, swollen at the posterior region, covered by short, slender, and vitreous spines. Apical system ethmolytic, with four gonopores. Ambulacrum III strongly sunken, with ambulacral pores arranged irregularly, becoming bigger from apical system towards oral surface. Spines from the margin of ambulacrum III larger than remaining aboral spines. Anterior petals longer than posterior petals. Subanal fasciole and inner fasciole well-developed. Three pairs of pore-bearing plates inside subanal fasciole. Peristome ventral, kidney-shaped, wider than long. Labrum short, bordered by two pairs of ambulacral plates. Amphisternous plastron swollen, covered by long, curved spines, with tips spatulate. Periproct oval on vertical truncate face, covered by plates that diminish in size from margin to center. Pedicellariae. Ophicephalous pedicellariae more abundant around the periproct and tridentate pedicellariae distributed over entire test. Fistulate pedicellariae short, lacking a neck, with a crown of spines of variable sizes at the base of the stalk. Valves (shape similar to an Erlenmeyer flask) with proximal base long (corresponding to about a little over half the length of the valve) and broad, blade short and narrow, ending in a small oval foramen with a denticulate margin, and a large area of muscle insertion. Tridentate pedicellariae with stalk and neck short (both equal in length) and head long. Valves with proximal region short and blade long, with margin serrate. Colour. Brown, yellowish or pinkish. Naked test white. Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Baker & Rowe 1990). In Tropical West Atlantic E. cordatum is only found in Brazil (Solís-Marín et al. 2013). In Brazil from BA (Tommasi 1966a; Magalhães et al. 2005). From depths of 0 to 230 m (Solís-Marín et al. 2013), with densest populations occurring at depths of 40 m (Duineveld & Jenness 1984). Remarks. Presently 12 extant species of Echinocardium are known, only three of which occur in the West Atlantic Ocean (E. cordatum, E. laevigaster A. Agassiz, 1869 and E. mortenseni Thiéry, 1909). Echinocardium cordatum differs from E. mortenseni (Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean), in the latter having an oval to circular, short inner fasciole and subanal fasciole absent. It differs from E. laevigaster (Florida and Gulf of Mexico) mainly by having a narrow, shallow ambulacrum III. The taxonomic status of E. cordatum has been the focus of heated discussion. Some authors detect strong resemblances with E. fenauxi Péquignat, 1963 (Chenuil & Féral 2003) from the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that E. cordatum is a cryptic species complex (Egea et al. 2016). Despite several attempts, both morphological and genetic, to resolve the taxonomy of this species (e.g. Higgins 1974; Chenuil & Féral 2003; Féral et al. 1995; Laurin et al. 1994), its status remains confused. Féral et al. (1998) analysed specimens of E. cordatum from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and did not detect genetic differentiation. Gordon (1927) and Duineveld & Jenness (1984) provide an excellent account of the ontogenetic development of E. cordatum. Ecological notes. This species lives buried in the sediment, mostly in fine to muddy sand and mud in depths from 10 to 20 cm (Tommasi 1966a; Chenuil & Féral 2003). It feeds on decomposing material (Nichols 1959). According to Rolet et al. (2012), E. cordatum is the best-studied spatangoid regarding ecology and physiology, especially in New Zealand, Japan, and the Mediterranean Sea. In Brazil, the species is apparently rare, having been recorded only in estuarine habitats (Baía de Todos os Santos and Baía de Aratú) (Magalhães et al. 2005)., Published as part of Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira, 2018, Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4529 (1) on pages 49-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2612564, {"references":["Pennant, T. (1777) British Zoology, vol. IV. Crustacea. Mollusca. Testacea, i-viii, 1 - 154. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 127011 (accessed 3 May 2011)","Leske, N. G. (1778) Iacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum. Accesserunt lucubratiuncula de aculeis echinorum marinorum et spicilegium de belemnitis. Edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonymis auctorem aucta. Officina Gleditschiana, Lipsiae, 278 pp.","Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une Introduction offrant la Determination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1825) An attempt to divide the Echinida or sea-eggs into natural families. Annales de Philosophie, 26, 423 - 431. Available from: https: // archive. org / stream / annalsofphilosop 10 lond page / 430 / mode / 2 up (accessed 26 April 2017)","Gray J. E. (1851) Descriptions of some new genera and species of Spatangidae in the British Museum. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2 (7), 130 - 134. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 48970 page / 156 / mode / 1 up (accessed 26 April 2017)","Girard, J. P. (1852) Descriptions of two new genera and two new species of Planaria. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 4, 210 - 214. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 35742 page / 218 / mode / 1 up (accessed 26 April 2017)","Perrier, E. (1869) Recherche sur les pedicellaires et les ambulacres des asterides et des oursins. Theses presentees a la Faculte des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le Grade de Docteur es Sciences Naturelles Victor Masson et fils, Paris, 5 - 188. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 49472 page / 186 / mode / 1 up (accessed 26 March 2017)","Mortensen, T. (1951) Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. Part 2. Spatangoida 2. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Tommasi, L. R. (1966 a) Lista dos Equinoides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Serie Oceanografia Biologica, 11, 1 - 50.","Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65","Chesher, R. H. (1966) Redescription of the echinoid species Paraster floridiensis (Spatangoida: Schizasteridae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 16 (1), 1 - 19.","Manso, C. L. C. (2004) Echinodermata da Bacia de Camamu, Bahia, Brasil. Biologia Geral e Experimental, 5 (1), 19 - 25. Available from: http: // www. biologiageralexperimental. bio. br / temas / echinodermata / 1. pdf (accessed 20 November 2012)","Baker, A. N. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1990) Atelostomatid sea urchins from Australian and New Zealand waters (Echinoidea: Cassiduloida, Holasteroida, Spatangoida, Neolampadoida). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 4, 281 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9900281","Solis-Marin, F. A., Alvarado, J. J., Abreu-Perez, M., Aguilera, O., Alio, J., Bacallado-Aranega, J. J., Barraza, E., Benavides- Serrato, M., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Betancourt-Fernandez, L., Borges, M., Brandt, M., Brogger, M. I., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Buitron-Sanchez, B. E., Campos, L. S., Cantera, J., Clemente, S., Cohen-Renjifo, M., Coppard, S., Costa-Lotufo, L. V., del Valle-Garcia, R., Diaz, Y., Diaz de Vivar, M. E., Diaz-Martinez, J. P., Duran-Gonzalez, A., Epherra, L., Escolar, M., Francisco, V., Freire, C. A., Garcia-Arraras, E., Gil, D. G., Guarderas, P., Hadel, V. F., Hearn, A., Hernandez, J. C., Hernandez-Delgado, E. A., Herrera-Moreno, A., Herrero-Perezrul, M. D., Hooker, Y., Honey-Escandon, M. B. I., Lodeiros, C., Luzuriaga, M., Manso, C. L. C., Martin, A., Martinez, M. I., Martinez, S., Moro-Abad, L., Mutschke, E., Navarro, J. C., Neira, R., Noriega, N., Palleiro-Nayar, J. S., Perez, A. F., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Prieto-Rios, E., Reyes, J., Rodriguez, R., Rubilar, T., Sancho-Mejia, T., Sangil, C., Silva, J. R. M. C., Sonnenholzner, J. I., Ventura, C. R., Tablado, A., Tavares, Y., Tiago, C. G., Tuya, F. & Williams, S. M. (2013) Appendix. In: Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, pp. 543 - 654.","Duineveld, G. C. A. & Jenness, M. I. (1984) Differences in growth rates of the sea urchin Echinocardium cordatum as estimated by the parameter o of the von Bertalanffy equation applied to skeletal rings. Marine Ecology, 19, 65 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 019065","Agassiz, A. (1869) Preliminary report on the Echini and star-fishes dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef, by L. F. de Pourtales, Assist. U. S. Coast Survey. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1 (9), 253 - 308. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6587785 page / 262 / mode / 1 up (accessed 11 November 2016)","Thiery, P. (1909) Rectifications de nomenclature. Revue critique de paleozoologie, 136 - 137. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 103217 page / 152 / mode / 1 up (accessed 25 July 2011)","Pequignat, E. (1963) Sur un nouvel Echinocardium le Ligurie et de Provence. Echinocardium fenauxi n. sp. Doriana, 3 (138), 1 - 9.","Chenuil, A. & Feral, J. P. (2003) Sequences of mitochondrial DNA suggest that Echinocardium cordatum is a complex of several sympatric or hybridizing species: A pilot study. In: Feral, J. P. & David, B. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research 2001: proceedings of the 6 th European Conference on Echinoderm Research, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp. 15 - 21.","Egea, E., David, B., Chone, T., Laurin, B., Feral, J. P. & Chenuila, A. (2016) Morphological and genetic analyses reveal a cryptic species complex in the echinoid Echinocardium cordatum and rule out a stabilizing selection explanation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 94 (Part A), 207 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.07.023","Higgins, R. C. (1974) Specific status of Echinocardium cordatum, E. australe and E. zealandicum (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) around New Zealand, with comments on the relation of morphological variation to environment. Journal of Zoology, London, 173, 451 - 475. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1974. tb 04127. x","Feral, J. P., Poulin, E., Derelle, E., Gallardo, S. & Chambon, C. (1995) Genetic differentiation of Echinocardium cordatum as revealed by allozymes and RNA sequencing. In: Emson, R., Smith, A. & Campbell, A. (Eds.), Echinoderm research 1995. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 41 - 42.","Laurin, B., Feral, J. P., David, B. & Derelle, E. (1994) Phylogeny of the spatangoid echinoid Echinocardium: morphological versus molecular approach. In: David, B., Guille, A., Feral, J. P. & Roux, M. (Eds.), Echinoderms through time. Proceedings 8 th International Echinoderm Conference. Balkema, Rotterdam and Dijon, pp. 739 - 745.","Feral, J. P., Poulin, E. & Oubelkheir, K. (1998) Geographic and genetic differentiation of Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant) - The current state of a complex question: The status of Echinocardium fenauxi (Pequignat). In: Mooi, R. & Telford, M. (Eds.) Echinoderms: San Francisco: Proceedings of the 9 th International Echinoderm Conference. Balkema, Rotterdam, San Francisco, California, pp. 647 - 649.","Gordon, I. (1927) The Development of the calcareous test of Echinocardium cordatum. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 215, 255 - 313. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1927.0006","Nichols, D. (1959) The histology of the tube-feet and clavulae of Echinocardium cordatum. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 100 (1), 73 - 87.","Rolet, G., Ziegler, A. & Ridder, C. (2012) Presence of a seawater-filled caecum in Echinocardium cordatum (Echinoidea: Spatangoida). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92 (2), 379 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531541100143"]}

Moira atropos (Lamarck, 1816) Figure 15 A–J Spatangus atropos Lamarck, 1816: 32. Echinocardium atropos Gray, 1825: 8. Schizaster atropos L. Agassiz & Desor, 1846: 22. Schizaster lachesis Girard, 1850: 368. Moera atropos A. Agassiz, 1863: 278. Moira atropos A. Agassiz, 1872: 146, pl. 23.― Tommasi, 1958a: 5 –6, pl. 1, fig. 3.― Brito, 1962: 6; 1968: 30, pl. 15, figs 5– 6.― Bernasconi, 1955: 65 –67, pl. 4, figs 1–2.― Oliveira et al., 2010: 11, fig. 4h. Moira atropus H.L. Clark, 1933: 89.― Tommasi, 1966a: 19, figs 40, 80, pl. 5a. Moira (Moira) atropos Mortensen, 1951: 329.― Devaney, 1974: 127, 158. Material examined. Sergipe: 2 spms, Atalaia Beach, Aracaju [UFSITAB-118]. Complementary material: 1 spm, São Sebastião Beach, São Paulo, X.1955 [MZUSP, without voucher]; 1 spm, 22°30′S 41°23′W, Rio de Janeiro, 25.X.1963 [EqMN333]. Description. Test subspherical or elliptical, covered with short, glassy and often curved spines (TL = 25 to 36.4 mm; TH = 19.3 to 31 mm; TW = 21 to 25.3 mm) (Fig. 15 A–C). Apical system ethmolytic. Two gonopores. Anterior ambulacra (II, III and IV) narrower and longer than posterior ambulacra (I and V) (Fig. 15A, D). Ambulacrum III deeply sunken and broader than the others (Fig. 15A, D). Other ambulacra also deeply sunken, forming slit-like depressions on aboral surface (Fig. 15A, D). Peripetalous fasciole well-developed, bordering margin of petals (Fig. 15A, D). Lateroanal fasciole well-developed, often appearing as black line (Fig. 15F). Posterior region of test truncate (Fig. 15 A–F). Periproct oval and longitudinal (Fig. 15G). Peristome kidney-shaped (Fig. 15B, E), covered by six or seven large plates. Labrum expanded, almost covering peristome (Fig. 15E). Amphisternous plastron covered by long and spatula-shaped spines (Fig. 15B). Crenulate and perforate tubercles (Fig. 15 D–G). Pedicellariae. Pedicellariae not observed, as only naked tests were available. The following descriptions were obtained from the literature. Globiferous pedicellariae with long and slender valves, curving abruptly at the tip. Foramen surrounded by six small teeth. Tridentate pedicellariae with curved and slender valves (Tommasi 1958a). Chesher (1963) provided excellent illustrations of this character (Fig. 15 H–J). Colour. Light brown or yellowish to white (Hendler et al. 1995). The spines, where more thickly clustered, are brownish (A. Agassiz 1869). Fasciole often dark red-brown, horseshoe-shaped, and partially encircling apical system (Hendler et al. 1995). Naked test white (Fig. 15 D–G). Distribution. North Carolina, South Carolina, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, Belize, Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Guadalupe, Haiti, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil (H.L. Clark 1925; Borrero-Pérez et al. 2002, 2012; Alvarado et al. 2008; Smithsonian Database). In Brazil from SE, RJ and SP (Tommasi 1958a; Oliveira et al. 2010). From depths of 0 to 445 m, more common in less than 50 m depth (Serafy 1979; Laguarda-Figueras et al. 2005b). Remarks. Five extant species of Moira are known, of which only M. atropos occurs in the Atlantic Ocean. According to Chesher (1963), adults may reach a maximum TL of 60 mm. In the present study, only adults were observed, lacking variations. Moira atropos is a very characteristic and easily identifiable species due to the strongly sunken petals. Ecological notes. This species lives buried up to 15 cm in mud or mud-sand bottoms (del Valle García et al. 2005; Chesher 1963). It is a detritus feeder, extending the tubefeet of ambulacrum III in the direction of the surface through a tunnel constructed with sediment (Chesher 1963). Moira atropos is frequently recorded together with Schizaster spp. and Brissopsis elongata Mortensen, 1907. Among its main predators are the asteroid Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) and the margate fish Haemulon album Cuvier (Hendler et al. 1995). The species is rarely collected, probably due to its burrowing habit. According to Brito (1962), this is a relative common species in São Sebastião, Santos, and Cananéia (São Paulo). However, in northeastern Brazil it is apparently rare. According to Chesher (1963), M. atropos lacks a mechanism to carry genital products from the neighbourhood of the genital pores to the water overlying the burrow. Therefore, this heart urchin likely ascends to the surface at fairly frequent intervals and there releases any available ripe sperm or eggs (Moore & Lopez 1966). Moore & Lopez (1966) reported a significant correlation between spawning of M. atropos and lunar phases, with peak spawning occurring immediately after a full moon. According to Tommasi (1958a) the genital pores only appear in specimens larger than 57 mm TL. However, we observed specimens of 24.76 mm with open genital pores., Published as part of Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira, 2018, Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4529 (1) on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2612564, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une Introduction offrant la Determination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1825) An attempt to divide the Echinida or sea-eggs into natural families. Annales de Philosophie, 26, 423 - 431. Available from: https: // archive. org / stream / annalsofphilosop 10 lond page / 430 / mode / 2 up (accessed 26 April 2017)","Agassiz, L. & Desor, P. J. E. (1846) Catalogue raisonne des familles, des genres, et des especes de la classe des echinodermes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Troisieme Serie, Zoologie, 6, 305 - 374. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 47986 page / 311 / mode / 1 up (accessed 5 March 2017)","Girard, C. (1850) Observations upon Planarian Worms, with descriptions of several new species of Echinoderms. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 363 - 368.","Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1, 17 - 28.","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 7 (3), 379 - 628.","Tommasi, L. R. (1958 a) Os Equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidae (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do bentos costeiro. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Oceanografia Biologica, 2, 1 - 27.","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de Catalogo dos Equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Bernasconi, I. (1955) Equinoideos y Asteroideos de la Coleccion del Instituto Oceanografico de la Univerdidad de San Pablo. Primera contribucion. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 6 (1 - 2), 51 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241955000100002","Oliveira, J. P., Oliveira, J. & Manso, C. L. C. (2010) Inventario da colecao de equinodermos do LABIMAR, Campus Prof °. Alberto Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Scientia Plena, 6 (12), 1 - 14.","Clark, H. L. (1933) A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indies Islands. New York Academy Science Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, 16, 1 - 147.","Tommasi, L. R. (1966 a) Lista dos Equinoides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Serie Oceanografia Biologica, 11, 1 - 50.","Mortensen, T. (1951) Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. Part 2. Spatangoida 2. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Devaney, D. M. (1974) Shallow-water Echinoderms from British Honduras, with a description of a new species of Ophiocoma (Ophiuroidea). Bulletin of Marine Science, 24 (1), 122 - 164.","Chesher, R. H. (1963) The morphology and function of the frontal ambulacrum of Moira atropos (Echinoidea: Spatangoida). Bulletin of Marine Science, 13 (4), 549 - 573.","Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. & Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1869) Preliminary report on the Echini and star-fishes dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef, by L. F. de Pourtales, Assist. U. S. Coast Survey. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1 (9), 253 - 308. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6587785 page / 262 / mode / 1 up (accessed 11 November 2016)","Clark, H. L. (1925) A catalogue of the recent sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London. The Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp.","Borrero-Perez, G. H., Solano, D. O. & Benavides-Serrato, M. (2002) Lista revisada de los erizos (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) del mar Caribe Colombiano. Biota Colombiana, 3 (1), 141 - 148. Available from: http: // icn. unal. edu. co / publicaciones / art / 206 / 3 - N 1 / Erizos. pdf (accessed 31 March 2017)","Borrero-Perez G. H., M. Benavides-Serrato y C. M. Diaz-Sanchez (2012) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Holothuroidea, Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar N ° 30, Santa Marta, 1 - 250.","Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56 (Supplement 3), 37 - 55.","Serafy, D. K. (1979) Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises. V (III): Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Florida Department of Natural Resources, St. Petersburg, Florida, 120 pp.","Laguarda-Figueras, A., Gutierrez-Castro, A. I., Solis-Marin, F. A., Duran-Gonzalez, A. & Torres-Veja, J. (2005 b) Equinoideos (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) del Golfo de Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 69 - 108.","del Valle Garcia, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Abreu Perez, M., Laguarda-Figueras, F. & Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) neritico-betonico del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 9 - 28.","Mortensen, T. (1907) The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. Vol. IV. Part. 2. Echinoidea (II). H. Hagerup, Copenhagen, 200 pp. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 19694216 page / 45 / mode / 1 up (accessed 7 November 2016)","Say, T. (1825) On the species of the Linnaean genus Asterias inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 151 - 154.","Moore, H. B. & Lopez, N. N. (1966) The ecology and productivity of Moira atropos (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine Science, 16 (4), 648 - 667. Available from: http: // www. ingentaconnect. com / content / umrsmas / bullmar / 1966 / 00000016 / 00000004 / art 00002 (accessed 11 November 2016)"]}

Schizaster floridiensis (Kier & Grant, 1965) Figure 9 E–K Schizaster (Paraster) floridiensis Kier & Grant, 1965: 50 –54, pl. 13, figs 4–6, pl. 14, figs 1–9. Paraster floridensis Chesher, 1966: 1 –19, figs 1–6.― Manso, 2004: 20 –21, fig. 1.― Magalhães et al., 2005: 63.― Oliveira et al., 2010: 11. Material examined. Photographic record. Description (modified from Chesher 1966, Manso 2004 and Smith & Stockley 2005). Test small, fragile, subglobular, almost as broad as long, slightly larger than high, and vertically truncate posteriorly (Fig. 9 F–G). Test covered by slender, hyaline, and and often curved spines (Fig. 9 F–G), with slightly spatulate tips. Apical system ethmolytic, with four large gonopores. Anterior genital pores about half the size of posterior pores. Anterior paired petals (ambulacra II and IV) slightly curved and two to three times longer than posterior petals (ambulacra I and V) (Fig. 9E). Ambulacrum III forms a strongly sunken furrow extending toward peristome (Fig. 9E) that lacks primary spines. Peripetalous and lateroanal fascioles well-developed (Fig. 9G). Peripetalous fasciole crosses ambulacrum III (Fig. 8E), and anteriorly over plates 2.a.4 and 2.b.4 [4, 4:: 5+6/7, 6(7):: 10]. Lateroanal fasciole begins close to ambulacra II and IV and extends towards of periproct [–, –:: 5, 4(5):: 5+4] (Fig. 9E, G). Plates of ambulacra I and V without spines (Fig. 9F). Peristome narrow, three times as broad as long (Fig. 9F). Labrum extends to second plate of interambulacrum 5. Plastron amphisternous, covered by long, narrow spines, spatulate (Fig. 9F). Periproct large, oval, located almost vertically. Pedicellariae. Globiferous and tridentate pedicellariae distributed over entire test. Rostrate pedicellariae found near periproct (Fig. 9H). Globiferous pedicellariae with stalk, without a neck, valves with two end teeth (Fig. 9J, K). Tridentate pedicellariae with valve having an enlarged and serrate tip (Fig. 9I). Valve of rostrate pedicellariae with a narrow, serrate and spatulate blade (Chesher 1966). Chesher (1966) provides illustrations of all the pedicellariae of this species (Fig. 9 H–K). Colour. Test light pink to yellowish (Hendler et al. 1995). The fascioles and tube feet of petals red, tube feet of anterior groove yellow-orange (Hendler et al. 1995; Manso 2004). Distribution. Gulf of Mexico, Florida, Bahamas, Bermudas, Belize, Puerto Rico, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Panama, Venezuela, and Brazil (Hendler et al. 1995; Lessios 1998; Manso 2004; Alvarado 2011; Rodríguez-Barreras et al. 2013; Solís-Marín et al. 2013). In Brazil, from BA and RJ (Manso 2004; Oliveira et al. 2010). From depths of 2 to 45 m (Manso 2004). Remarks. The genus Schizaster contains nine extant species, of which only three are recorded from the tropical Atlantic [S. doederleini (Chesher, 1972), S. orbignyanus A. Agassiz, 1880 and S. floridiensis]. The first two range from the Gulf of Mexico to Venezuela and the latter has Rio de Janeiro as its southern limit. Schizaster floridiensis differs from S. doederleini by its rounded test, presence of less numerous pore-pairs in petal III, a shorter distance from the periproct to the lateroanal fasciole, and a larger petaloid. Schizaster floridiensis also differs from its congener S. orbignyanus, which has two genital pores and ambulacrum III more depressed and larger. According to Chesher (1966), details are lacking for several important taxonomic characters in the original description given by Kier & Grant (1965). Thus, Chesher (1966) redescribed the species and furnished an excellent discussion on variations found in S. floridiensis. Ecological notes. This species lives burrowed in sandy and muddy sediments, at depths of about 25 cm into the sediment (Chesher 1966). Schizaster floridiensis frequently occurs in association with S. doederleini and other fragile, burrowing spatangoids (Hendler et al. 1995). Manso (2004) recorded S. floridiensis together with the ophiuroid Amphioplus camamuensis Manso, 2004, from Baía de Camamu (Bahia)., Published as part of Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira, 2018, Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4529 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2612564, {"references":["Kier, P. M. & Grant, R. E. (1965) Echinoid distribution and habits, Key Largo Coral Reef Preserve, Florida. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 149, 1 - 68.","Chesher, R. H. (1966) Redescription of the echinoid species Paraster floridiensis (Spatangoida: Schizasteridae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 16 (1), 1 - 19.","Manso, C. L. C. (2004) Echinodermata da Bacia de Camamu, Bahia, Brasil. Biologia Geral e Experimental, 5 (1), 19 - 25. Available from: http: // www. biologiageralexperimental. bio. br / temas / echinodermata / 1. pdf (accessed 20 November 2012)","Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65","Oliveira, J. P., Oliveira, J. & Manso, C. L. C. (2010) Inventario da colecao de equinodermos do LABIMAR, Campus Prof °. Alberto Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Scientia Plena, 6 (12), 1 - 14.","Smith, A. B. & Stockley, B. (2005) Fasciole pathways in spatangoid echinoids: a new source of phylogenetically informative characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144, 15 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00161. x","Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. & Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp.","Lessios, H. A. (1998) Shallow water echinoids of Cayos Cochinos, Honduras. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 46 (Supplement 4), 95 - 101.","Alvarado, J. J. (2011) Echinoderm diversity in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 41, 261 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 010 - 0053 - 0","Rodriguez-Barreras, R., Sabat, A. M. & Calzada-Marrero, J. R. (2013) The new list of shallow water echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) for Puerto Rico. Marine Biodiversity Records, 6, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 175526721300026","Solis-Marin, F. A., Alvarado, J. J., Abreu-Perez, M., Aguilera, O., Alio, J., Bacallado-Aranega, J. J., Barraza, E., Benavides- Serrato, M., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Betancourt-Fernandez, L., Borges, M., Brandt, M., Brogger, M. I., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Buitron-Sanchez, B. E., Campos, L. S., Cantera, J., Clemente, S., Cohen-Renjifo, M., Coppard, S., Costa-Lotufo, L. V., del Valle-Garcia, R., Diaz, Y., Diaz de Vivar, M. E., Diaz-Martinez, J. P., Duran-Gonzalez, A., Epherra, L., Escolar, M., Francisco, V., Freire, C. A., Garcia-Arraras, E., Gil, D. G., Guarderas, P., Hadel, V. F., Hearn, A., Hernandez, J. C., Hernandez-Delgado, E. A., Herrera-Moreno, A., Herrero-Perezrul, M. D., Hooker, Y., Honey-Escandon, M. B. I., Lodeiros, C., Luzuriaga, M., Manso, C. L. C., Martin, A., Martinez, M. I., Martinez, S., Moro-Abad, L., Mutschke, E., Navarro, J. C., Neira, R., Noriega, N., Palleiro-Nayar, J. S., Perez, A. F., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Prieto-Rios, E., Reyes, J., Rodriguez, R., Rubilar, T., Sancho-Mejia, T., Sangil, C., Silva, J. R. M. C., Sonnenholzner, J. I., Ventura, C. R., Tablado, A., Tavares, Y., Tiago, C. G., Tuya, F. & Williams, S. M. (2013) Appendix. In: Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, pp. 543 - 654.","Chesher, R. H. (1972) A new Paraster (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) from the Caribbean (Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 86). Bulletin of Marine Science, 22, 10 - 25.","Agassiz, A. (1880) Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea in 1878 - 79, and along the Atlantic Coast of the United States during summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer \" Blake \". IX. Preliminary report on the Echini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 8, 69 - 84. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 95375 page / 81 / mode / 1 up (accessed 31 July 2017)"]}

The class Echinoidea contains among the best-known echinoderms. The group has left the most complete fossil record of this phylum, and contains about 1000 living species, of which 51 are recorded along the Brazilian coast. Although the first record of echinoids in Brazil was made 369 years ago, the knowledge of this fauna remains quite unsatisfactory from a taxonomic and ecological point of view, particularly in the north and northeastern regions of the country. This study provides the first annotated list of echinoids from northeastern Brazil. The studied material largely belongs to collections of the Federal University of Paraíba (CIPY), Federal University of Sergipe (LABIMAR-UFS), Federal University of Bahia (MZUFBA), University of São Paulo (MZUSP), and National Museum of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ). Thirty-two species from 29 genera, 18 families, and 10 orders were identified. Descriptions of species are provided. Highest diversities of Echinoidea were encountered for the states of Bahia (19 spp.), Alagoas (11 spp.), Paraíba (10 spp.), Ceará (7 spp.), Rio Grande do Norte (7 spp.), and Pernambuco (6 spp.). On the basis of the data analysed, Maranhão (2 spp.), Piauí (2 spp.), and Sergipe (3 spp.) have the lowest diversity. Sandy substrates and depths below 10 m were the least sampled areas over the continental shelf. Although the studied species are common, some taxonomic problems were encountered and discussed. We also provide ecological information and comments on status of the species from the studied region. As a result of this inventory, we were able to provide the first assessment of the echinoid fauna of northeastern Brazil.

Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1791) Figure 17 A–K Echinus grandis Gmelin, 1791: 3200. Spatangus pectoralis Lamarck, 1816: 29. Eupatagus pectoralis D’Archiac & Haime, 1853: 217. Metalia pectoralis A. Agassiz, 1872: 361. Plagiobrissus pectoralis Pomel, 1883: 30. Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) grandis Cooke, 1942: 54. Plagiobrissus grandis H.L. Clark, 1917: 207.― Mortensen, 1951: 496 –498, pl. 11–41, 63. figs 13–16.― Tommasi, 1958a: 2, 7, pl.1, fig. 4; 1959: 602, 603; 1966a: 20, pl. 5b.― Brito, 1962: 6; 1968: 30–31, pl. 15, fig. 1.– Martins et al., 2018: 536, figs 14–15. Material examined. Alagoas: Photographic record (R.B. Moura, personal observation). Bahia: 1 spm, Busca Vida Beach, Guarajuba, Camaçari, 01.V.1993 [UFBA00522]. Description. Test oval, rounded anteriorly and truncate posteriorly (TL = 103.6 mm; TH = 30.8 mm; TW = 12.3 mm), covered by spines (Fig. 17 A–C). Long and slender spines borne on large primary tubercles occur between petals (Fig. 17A). Apical system ethmolytic. Petaloid large, with long petals. Ambulacrum III slightly depressed. Peripetalous fasciole well-developed. Peristome kidney-shaped, covered by large plates, with small spines (Fig. 17B) and triphyllous pedicellariae. Subanal fasciole well-developed, with anal fascioles stretching aborally on either side of periproct. Spines from oral surface of test expanded at base. Spines of plastron numerous and slenderer than on rest of oral surface. Flat oral surface (Fig. 17B). Periproct small. Narrow amphisternous plastron. Pedicellariae. Small three-valved pedicellariae without stalk or neck on ambulacra at margins of the plastron. Ophicephalous pedicellariae with long stalk, short neck, and short bottle-shaped valves (Fig. 17F, I). Triphyllous pedicellariae with short valves and large blade (Fig. 17G, H). Tridentate pedicellariae with short stalks and without a neck. Valves narrow, broadened at the base and narrowing toward the tip (Fig. 17J). Colour. Living specimens are brown. Naked test white. Distribution. Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Jamaica, Antilles, Panama, Colombia, and Brazil (H.L. Clark 1925; Hendler et al. 1995; del Valle García et al. 2005). In Brazil from AL, BA, SP, and SC, including Trindade Island (ES) (H.L. Clark 1925; Tommasi 1958a; Martins et al. 2018). This is the first record of this species in Alagoas State. From depths of 1 to 210 m, but most common in less than 50 m (Serafy 1979). Remarks. The genus Plagiobrissus contains three extant species [P. africanus (Verrill, 1871), P. pacificus H.L. Clark, 1940b and P. grandis] (Kroh & Mooi 2016). Plagiobrissus grandis differs from P. africanus, an endemic species from the African coast, by the well-developed labrum, which is composed of two sternal plates of equal size. According to Kier (1975), young individuals of P. grandis can be easily confused with young specimens of Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816). However, the presence of long, sharp, white spines on the aboral surface of P. grandis readily distinguishes them, as does the more flattened test of the latter. Kier (1975) described detailed morphological variations in the ontogenetic development of P. grandis. In the present study, a single adult was examined that is insufficient to indicate variations. Ecological notes. Plagiobrissus grandis lives buried in sandy areas where seagrass and algae are sparse or absent (Hendler et al. 1995; del Valle García et al. 2005). Serafy (1979) recorded this species from bottoms formed by shell fragments and quartz sand. According to Kier & Grant (1965), P. grandis is typically found buried at a depth of 50 mm. When buried, P. grandis raises and exposes its long aboral spines, presumably as a defence against predators (Hendler et al. 1995). According to Moore (1956) the gastropods Cassis tuberosa and C. madagascariensis spinella Clench (presently accepted as Cassis madagascariensis Lamarck) are its main predators., Published as part of Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira, 2018, Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4529 (1) on pages 47-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2612564, {"references":["Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Vermes. In: Gmelin, J. F. (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Editio Decima Tertia, Aucta Reformata. Tome 1, Pars 6 (Vermes). G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 3910. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 83098 5 (accessed 13 September 2016)","Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une Introduction offrant la Determination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","D'Archiac, A. D. & Haime, J. (1853) Description des animaux fossiles du groupe nummulitique de l'Inde precedee d'un resume geologique et d'une monographie des Nummulites. Gide & J. Baudry, Paris, 373 pp. Available from: http: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 6516664 j / f 13. item. r =. zoom (accessed 25 October 2016)","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 7 (3), 379 - 628.","Pomel, A. (1883) Classification methodique et Genera des Echinides vivantes et fossiles. Theses presentees a la Faculte des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le Grade de Docteur es Sciences Naturelles 503. Adolphe Jourdan, Alger, 131 pp. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 43038 (accessed 23 May 2011)","Cooke, C. W. (1942) Cenozoic irregular echinoids of eastern United States. Journal of Paleontology, 16, 1 - 62.","Clark, H. L. (1917) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. The Echinoneidae, Nucleolitidae, Urechinidae, Echinocorythidae, Calymnidae, Pourtalesiidae, Paleostomatidae, Aeropsidae, Palaeopneustidae, Hemiasteridae, and Spatangidae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 46 (2), 81 - 283. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30650376 page / 167 / mode / 1 up (accessed 14 September 2016)","Mortensen, T. (1951) Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. Part 2. Spatangoida 2. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Tommasi, L. R. (1958 a) Os Equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidae (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do bentos costeiro. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Oceanografia Biologica, 2, 1 - 27.","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de Catalogo dos Equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Martins, L., Souto, C., Braga, J. & Tavares, M. (2018) Echinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil, with new records and remarks on taxonomy and species composition. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98 (3), 521 - 555. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315416001569","Clark, H. L. (1925) A catalogue of the recent sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London. The Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp.","Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. & Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp.","del Valle Garcia, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Abreu Perez, M., Laguarda-Figueras, F. & Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) neritico-betonico del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 9 - 28.","Serafy, D. K. (1979) Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises. V (III): Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Florida Department of Natural Resources, St. Petersburg, Florida, 120 pp.","Verrill, A. E. (1871) Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. 8. Additional observations on Echinoderms, chiefly from the Pacific coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Acadademy of Arts and Sciences, 1 (8), 568 - 593.","Clark, H. L. (1940 b) Eastern Pacific Expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXI. Notes on Echinoderms from the West Coast of Central America. Zoologica, 25 (3), 331 - 352.","Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2016) World Echinoidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / echinoidea (accessed 3 September 2016)","Kier, P. M. (1975) The Echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 206, 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.206","Kier, P. M. & Grant, R. E. (1965) Echinoid distribution and habits, Key Largo Coral Reef Preserve, Florida. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 149, 1 - 68.","Moore, D. R. (1956) Observation of predation on echinoderms by three species of Cassididae. The Nautilus, 69, 73 - 76."]}

Agassizia excentrica A. Agassiz, 1869 Figure 16 A–G Agassizia excentrica A. Agassiz, 1869: 276, pl. 11, figs 23–24.― Tommasi, 1972: 32 –33, fig. 66.― Manso, 2004: 21, fig. 2af.― Magalhães et al., 2005: 63.― Ventura et al., 2007a: 352.― Manso et al., 2008: 184 –185, figs 6e–f.― Oliveira et al., 2010: 11. Material examined. Bahia: 1 spm, 12°56′13″S 38°33′55″W, 56 m [UFBA00369]; 2 spms, Busca Vida Beach, Guarajuba, Camaçari, I.2010, 37 m [UFBA01195]; 1 spm, Busca Vida Beach, Guarajuba, Camaçari, II.2008, 45 m [UFBA01196]; 2 spms, Busca Vida Beach, Guarajuba, Camaçari, II.2011, 37 m [UFBA01304]; 1 spm, Baía de Camamu [UFSITAB-124]; 1 spm, without locality data, 07.XII.1978 [MZUSP, without voucher]; 1 spm, without locality data [MZUSP, without voucher]. Description. Test small, oval or rounded, covered by long, slender, vitreous spines (TL = 7.4 to 15.3 mm; TH = 5.3 to 11 mm; TW = 6 to 13 mm) (Fig. 16 A–C). Apical system ethmolytic, displaced towards posterior region of test (Fig. 16A, D, G). Four gonopores, posterior pores subtly larger than anterior pores (Fig. 16G). Ambulacrum III weakly depressed, with very small podial pores (Fig. 16A, D). Ambulacra II and IV weakly sunken, with two columns (one is rudimentary) of pore-pairs and three times longer and slightly slenderer than ambulacra I and V (Fig. 16A, D). Ambulacra I and V slightly more sunken than anterior paired ambulacra (II and IV), with equally developed columns of pore-pairs (Fig. 16A, D). Peripetalous fasciole well-developed and adjacent to paired petals (I, II, IV and V) (Fig. 16A, C, D). Lateroanal fasciole present (Fig. 16C, F). Cluster of long spines close to periproct. Periproct circular and longitudinal (Fig. 16D), covered by plates of variable sizes and shapes, larger plates close to edge and smaller plates towards center. Peristome large, D-shaped, covered by many plates (Fig. 16B, E). Labrum short and wide (Fig. 16E), in broad contact with sternal plates, and not projecting strongly towards peristome. Amphisternous plastron, with many primary tubercles. Plastron spines large and spatulate (Fig. 16B, E). Crenulate and perforate tubercles (Fig. 16 D–F). Aboral tuberculation fine, uniform, and dense (Fig. 16D). Oral tubercles also dense and uniform (Fig. 16E). Tube feet with spinules of variable shapes. Pedicellariae. Ophicephalous pedicellariae distributed over entire test. Ophicephalous pedicellariae short and without a neck. Valves short, proximal region large, blade narrow with denticulate margin, which enlarges towards the tip, forming a foramen with denticulate margin. Colour. Spines pinkish gray, darkest at the bases, in living specimens (A. Agassiz 1883). Yellowish in alcohol. Naked test white. Distribution. Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Belize, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Honduras, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil (A.H. Clark et al. 1921; Tommasi 1972; Borrero-Pérez et al. 2002, 2012; Alvarado et al. 2008; Solís-Marín et al. 2013). In Brazil from BA (Manso 2004). From depths of 43 to 900 m (Pawson et al. 2009). Remarks. The genus Agassizia presently consists of only two extant species [A. excentrica and A. scrobiculata Valenciennes, 1846] (Kroh & Mooi 2016). Agassizia excentrica is the only species in the genus recorded from the Atlantic Ocean. A. Agassiz (1869), in the original description, says that he was not sure that his specimen did not belong to A. porifera (Ravenel, 1848) (fossil). Nevertheless, A. Agassiz (1869) presented a brief description of his new species and the features he used to distinguish it from other known species at that time, but did not provide illustrations. Although A. excentrica is well established taxonomically, a reanalysis of its type series and a redescription of this species is still needed. Few individuals were analyzed in the present paper, all of which were similar in size and without observed variations. A. Agassiz (1883, 1904) provided an extended discussion on the ontogenetic development of morphological characters of A. excentrica. Ecological notes. Agassizia excentrica lives buried in sandy or sand-mud substrates. According to Lewis (1963), this species appears to have typical bottom feeding habits and ingests loose bottom material at random. This is a very rare species for which data on ecology and evolutionary biology are scarce. Along the Brazilian littoral, it has been found in fine sediments together with the ophiuroids Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1854), Amphioplus camamuensis Manso, 2004 and Amphiodia pulchella (Lyman, 1869) (Manso 2004; Manso et al. 2008)., Published as part of Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira, 2018, Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4529 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2612564, {"references":["Agassiz, A. (1869) Preliminary report on the Echini and star-fishes dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef, by L. F. de Pourtales, Assist. U. S. Coast Survey. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1 (9), 253 - 308. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6587785 page / 262 / mode / 1 up (accessed 11 November 2016)","Tommasi, L. R. (1972) Equinodermes da regiao entre o Amapa (Brasil) e a Florida (E. U. A.). II. Echinozoa. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, Sao Paulo, 21, 15 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241972000100002","Manso, C. L. C. (2004) Echinodermata da Bacia de Camamu, Bahia, Brasil. Biologia Geral e Experimental, 5 (1), 19 - 25. Available from: http: // www. biologiageralexperimental. bio. br / temas / echinodermata / 1. pdf (accessed 20 November 2012)","Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007 a). Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de Invertebrados Marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258.","Manso, C. L. C., Alves, O. F. S. & Martins, L. R. (2008) Echinodermata da Baia de Todos os Santos e da Baia de Aratu (Bahia, Brasil). Biota Neotropica, 8 (3), 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032008000300017","Oliveira, J. P., Oliveira, J. & Manso, C. L. C. (2010) Inventario da colecao de equinodermos do LABIMAR, Campus Prof °. Alberto Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Scientia Plena, 6 (12), 1 - 14.","Pinheiro, L. S., Coriolano, L. N., Costa, M. F. & Dias, J. A. (2008) O nordeste brasileiro e a gestao costeira. Revista de Gestao Costeira Integrada, 8, 5 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.5894 / rgci 58","Agassiz, A. (1883) Report on the Echini. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877 - 78) in the Caribbean Sea (1878 - 79), and along the Atlantic coast of the United States (1880), by the U. S. Coast survey steamer \" Blake \". XXIV. Part I. Cambridge. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 10 (1), 1 - 94. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30719676 page / 104 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 October 2016)","Borrero-Perez, G. H., Solano, D. O. & Benavides-Serrato, M. (2002) Lista revisada de los erizos (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) del mar Caribe Colombiano. Biota Colombiana, 3 (1), 141 - 148. Available from: http: // icn. unal. edu. co / publicaciones / art / 206 / 3 - N 1 / Erizos. pdf (accessed 31 March 2017)","Borrero-Perez G. H., M. Benavides-Serrato y C. M. Diaz-Sanchez (2012) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Holothuroidea, Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar N ° 30, Santa Marta, 1 - 250.","Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56 (Supplement 3), 37 - 55.","Solis-Marin, F. A., Alvarado, J. J., Abreu-Perez, M., Aguilera, O., Alio, J., Bacallado-Aranega, J. J., Barraza, E., Benavides- Serrato, M., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Betancourt-Fernandez, L., Borges, M., Brandt, M., Brogger, M. I., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Buitron-Sanchez, B. E., Campos, L. S., Cantera, J., Clemente, S., Cohen-Renjifo, M., Coppard, S., Costa-Lotufo, L. V., del Valle-Garcia, R., Diaz, Y., Diaz de Vivar, M. E., Diaz-Martinez, J. P., Duran-Gonzalez, A., Epherra, L., Escolar, M., Francisco, V., Freire, C. A., Garcia-Arraras, E., Gil, D. G., Guarderas, P., Hadel, V. F., Hearn, A., Hernandez, J. C., Hernandez-Delgado, E. A., Herrera-Moreno, A., Herrero-Perezrul, M. D., Hooker, Y., Honey-Escandon, M. B. I., Lodeiros, C., Luzuriaga, M., Manso, C. L. C., Martin, A., Martinez, M. I., Martinez, S., Moro-Abad, L., Mutschke, E., Navarro, J. C., Neira, R., Noriega, N., Palleiro-Nayar, J. S., Perez, A. F., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Prieto-Rios, E., Reyes, J., Rodriguez, R., Rubilar, T., Sancho-Mejia, T., Sangil, C., Silva, J. R. M. C., Sonnenholzner, J. I., Ventura, C. R., Tablado, A., Tavares, Y., Tiago, C. G., Tuya, F. & Williams, S. M. (2013) Appendix. In: Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, pp. 543 - 654.","Pawson, D. L., Vance, D. J., Messing, C. G., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Mah, C. L. (2009) Echinodermata of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico: origin, waters, and biota. Vol. 1. Biodiversity. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, pp. 1177 - 1204.","Valenciennes, A. (1846) Atlas de Zoologie Gide et Cie Ed., Paris, [Zoophytes]. In: Du Petit Thouars, 1846. Voyage autour du monde sur la fregate la Venus, pendant les annees 1836 - 1839, 1846. [not paginated]","Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2016) World Echinoidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / echinoidea (accessed 3 September 2016)","Ravenel, E. (1848) Echinidae, recent and fossil, of South Carolina. January 1848. Burges and James. Burges & James, Charleston, SC, 31 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63046","Agassiz, A. (1904) Reports on an exploration off the West coast of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexandre Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commision Steamer \" Albatross \", during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. Commanding. XXXII. The Panamic deep sea echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 31, 1 - 243. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4365045 page / 7 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 October 2016)","Lewis, J. B. (1963) The food of some deep-water Echinoids from Barbados. Bulletin of Marine Science, 13 (2), 360 - 363. Available from: http: // www. ingentaconnect. com / content / umrsmas / bullmar / 1963 / 00000013 / 00000002 / art 00013 (accessed 10 October 2016)","Stimpson, W. (1854) Two new species of Ophiolepis, from the southern coast of the United States. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 4, 224 - 226. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 8870934 page / 232 / mode / 1 up (accessed 29 August 2017)","Lyman, T. (1869) Preliminary report on the Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae dredged in deep water between Cuba and Florida Reef. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1 (1 - 13), 309 - 354."]}

Here we use synchrotron radiation-based micro-computed tomography (SRµCT) images of type specimens to confidently place Cassidulus malayanus in a new genus (Kassandrina gen. nov.) that would not have been discovered with traditional techniques, and to describe a new species of Cassidulus (Cassidulus briareus sp. nov.) from Australia and designate a neotype for Cassidulus caribaearum. We also provide remarks describing the taxonomic history of each taxon and a diagnostic table of all living cassidulid species, and extend the known geographic and bathymetric range of C. caribaearum and C. malayanus. Besides rendering novel morphological data, the SRµCT images provide significant insights in the evolution of bourrelets of these cassiduloid echinoids.

Atesa la bona conservació, en general, de les conquilles de calcita dels Echinoidea fòssils, es poden estudiar amb relativa facilitat. Tot i això, el coneixement de la rica fauna d’equínids de la conca del Maestrat està molt lluny de completar-se. Encara resulta més paradoxal que just l’ordre dels Spatangoida -que és, amb diferència, el més ric de la conca, en diversitat d’espècies i en nombre d’exemplars-, siga el més desconegut. Darrerament, però, sota l’impuls de dues institucions, Ateneu de Natura i l’Associació Paleontològica i Mineralògica d’Onda, estan proliferant els estudis i les publicacions sobre equinologia de la conca del Maestrat. S’han descrit 7 espècies noves d’equinoïdeus i s’ha millorat el coneixement sobre la classe. Però queda molta tasca per fer. Aquest estudi s’insereix en un projecte global d’estudiar tota la fauna fòssil d’Echinoidea de la conca del Maestrat. En aquest treball, es descriu una espècie nova del gènere Heteraster (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) de l’Aptià inferior de la subconca sedimentària de Morella: H. guali sp. nov. És la segona espècie fòssil d’equínid descrita al municipi de Vallibona. La descripció acaba amb assignacions incertes o indefinides sobre aquesta espècie i en precisa la distribució estratigràfica: Aptià inferior, formació Margues del Forcall, membre Margues de Morella la Vella; biozones d’ammonits: Deshayesites deshayesi i Dufrenoyia furcata i la distribució geogràfica a distints municipis dins de la subconca de Morella. El treball suposa una millora en el sentit que resol les incògnites sobre una espècie concreta. És un pas endavant. Tanmateix, l’objectiu ambiciós final continua sent establir un coneixement prou complert de la fauna d’equínids fòssils de la conca que permeta bastir en el futur una biozonació en base als equinoïdeus. També comporta un avanç en el coneixement de l’evolució del gènere Heteraster arreu del món, ja que, considerant el ric registre de la conca del Maestrat, aquest ha de jugar un paper clau en la seua comprensió completa The generally good state of conservation of the calcite fossil shells of Echinoidia allows them to be studied with relative ease. Despite this, our knowledge of the rich fauna of equinoids in the Maestrat Basin is far from complete. It is even more paradoxical that the order Spatangoida, by far the richest in terms of diversity of species and number of specimens found in the basin, is also the least understood. Lately, however, under the auspices of Ateneu de Natura and the Associació Paleontologica i Mineraligica d’Onda, studies and publications on equinology in the Maestrat Basin have been proliferating. 7 new species of equinoids have been described and our knowledge of the class has been enhanced, although there remains a lot of work to do. This paper forms part of a comprehensive project to study the entire fossil fauna of Echinoidea in the Maestrat basin and specifically describes a new species of the Heteraster genus (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) from the early Aptian of the Morella sub-basin: H. guali sp. nov. It is the second species described from the municipality of Vallibona. The description ends with uncertain or indefinite assignments on this species and specifies the stratigraphic distribution: early Aptian, Marls of the Forcall formation, Marls of Morella la Vella member; ammonites biozones: Deshayesites deshayesi and Dufrenoyia furcata and the geographical distribution to different municipalities within the Morella sub-basin. This work is a step forward in the sense that it resolves some questions on a specific species. However, the ambitious final objective is still to establish a sufficiently complete knowledge of the fossil equine fauna in the basin that would allow a biozonation based on equinoids to be constructed in the future. It also advances our understanding of the evolution of the Heteraster genus around the world and, given the rich record found in the Maestrat Basin, this must play a key role in its complete comprehension.

Heteraster guali sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Aptian of the Maestrat BasinAtesa la bona conservació, en general, de les conquilles de calcita dels Echinoidea fòssils, es poden estudiaramb relativa facilitat. Tot i això, el coneixement de la rica fauna d’equínids de la conca del Maestrat estàmolt lluny de completar-se. Encara resulta més paradoxal que just l’ordre dels Spatangoida -que és, ambdiferència, el més ric de la conca, en diversitat d’espècies i en nombre d’exemplars-, siga el més desconegut.Darrerament, però, sota l’impuls de dues institucions, Ateneu de Natura i l’Associació Paleontològica iMineralògica d’Onda, estan proliferant els estudis i les publicacions sobre equinologia de la conca del Maestrat.S’han descrit 7 espècies noves d’equinoïdeus i s’ha millorat el coneixement sobre la classe. Però quedamolta tasca per fer. Aquest estudi s’insereix en un projecte global d’estudiar tota la fauna fòssil d’Echinoideade la conca del Maestrat.En aquest treball, es descriu una espècie nova del gènere Heteraster (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) de l’Aptiàinferior de la subconca sedimentària de Morella: H. guali sp. nov. És la segona espècie fòssil d’equínid descritaal municipi de Vallibona. La descripció acaba amb assignacions incertes o indefinides sobre aquestaespècie i en precisa la distribució estratigràfica: Aptià inferior, formació Margues del Forcall, membre Marguesde Morella la Vella; biozones d’ammonits: Deshayesites deshayesi i Dufrenoyia furcata i la distribuciógeogràfica a distints municipis dins de la subconca de Morella.El treball suposa una millora en el sentit que resol les incògnites sobre una espècie concreta. És un pas endavant.Tanmateix, l’objectiu ambiciós final continua sent establir un coneixement prou complert de la faunad’equínids fòssils de la conca que permeta bastir en el futur una biozonació en base als equinoïdeus. Tambécomporta un avanç en el coneixement de l’evolució del gènere Heteraster arreu del món, ja que, considerantel ric registre de la conca del Maestrat, aquest ha de jugar un paper clau en la seua comprensió completa.The generally good state of conservation of the calcite fossil shells of Echinoidia allows them to be studiedwith relative ease. Despite this, our knowledge of the rich fauna of equinoids in the Maestrat Basin is far from complete. It is even more paradoxical that the order Spatangoida, by far the richest in terms of diver- sity of species and number of specimens found in the basin, is also the least understood.Lately, however, under the auspices of Ateneu de Natura and the Associació Paleontologica i Mineraligica d’Onda, studies and publications on equinology in the Maestrat Basin have been proliferating. 7 new spe- cies of equinoids have been described and our knowledge of the class has been enhanced, although there remains a lot of work to do.This paper forms part of a comprehensive project to study the entire fossil fauna of Echinoidea in the Maestrat basin and specifically describes a new species of the Heteraster genus (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) from the early Aptian of the Morella sub-basin: H. guali sp. nov. It is the second species described from the municipality of Vallibona. The description ends with uncertain or indefinite assignments on this species and specifies the stratigraphic distribution: early Aptian, Marls of the Forcall formation, Marls of Morella la Vella member; ammonites biozones: Deshayesites deshayesi and Dufrenoyia furcata and the geographicaldistribution to different municipalities within the Morella sub-basin.This work is a step forward in the sense that it resolves some questions on a specific species. However, theambitious final objective is still to establish a sufficiently complete knowledge of the fossil equine fauna inthe basin that would allow a biozonation based on equinoids to be constructed in the future. It also advancesour understanding of the evolution of the Heteraster genus around the world and, given the rich recordfound in the Maestrat Basin, this must play a key role in its complete comprehension.

Spatagobrissus mirabilis H.L Clark, 1923 Fig. 71 A���C. Spatagobrissus mirabilis H.L. Clark, 1923: 402 ���2002. Pl XXIII; A.M. Clark, 1977: 480; Mortensen, 1951: 492 ���494. Pl. XXVIII, Figs 10���12. Pl. LX, Fig. 8; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 250; Schultz, 2010: 403, Figs 757���761. Material examined. MBC-A 022292; MBC-A 022331; A22646; MBC-A 022336; MBC-A 022342; MBC- A 022346; MBC-A 022348; MBC-A 022636; MBC-A 022648; MBC-A077972; MBC-A077973; MBC-A023377; A23401; A22962. Identification. Test large, with round outline, pointed at posterior end, aboral side somewhat sloping; petals broad, short, closed distally, with peripetalous fasciole running at distal ends. Spines short and numerous. Live specimen brown in color, denuded test white. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 110 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to West and South coast regions of South Africa, at 20���32 m depth (Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976). Remarks. Samples from the Iziko Museum collection extend previously known distribution westwards to False Bay. Species combines features of genera Spatangus and Brissus of which the petals, mouth and posterior part of test resembles Spatangus spp. whilst the presence of the peripetalous fasciole and position of periproct resembles Brissus spp. (H.L. Clark 1923). Differs from Eurypatagus parvituberculatus in the test slightly sloping on upper-side, by presence of conspicuous peripetalous fasciole and by having shorter petals., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, A. M. (1977) The South African Museum's Meiring Naude cruises. 4. Echinoderms. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (6), 133 - 147.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp."]}

Echinocardium capense Mortensen, 1907 Fig. 68 A���D. Echinocardium flavescens: A. Agassiz, 1881: 175; Bell, 1904: 174. Echinocardium capense: D��derlein, 1910:248; H.L. Clark, 1923: 405. Pl. XIII; H.L Clark, 1924: 15; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 232; Schultz, 2010: 416, Fig. 785. Material examined. MBC-A 022294; MBC-A 022303; MBC-A027879. Identification. Test oval, with short spines. Apical disc somewhat sunken, saddle-like in appearance. Anterior aboral ambulacra flushed; petals not widened at short internal fasciole, parallel. Anal fasciole and subanal fasciole joined. Preserved specimen brown. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 50 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to West and South coasts of South Africa, at 55���310 m depth (D��derlein 1910; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976). Remarks. According to David & Laurin (1996), this species has been synonymized with the Mediterranean E. mortenseni and the Japanese E. lymani, however, Mironov (2006) has suggested that more information on pedicellarial variation amongst these species is needed before such conclusions are confirmed. We thus retain it for the present as a valid species., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1907) The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. Vol. 4. No. 2. Echinoidea. Part 2. Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, 200 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","David, B. & Laurin, B. (1996) Morphometrics and cladistics: measuring phylogeny in the sea urchin Echinocardium. Evolution, 50 (1), 348 - 359.","Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic; onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133."]}

Gymnopatagus magnus A. Agassiz & H.L. Clark, 1907c Fig. 72 A���C. G ymnopatagus magnus: Mortensen, 1951: 447 ���449. Pl. XXVI, Figs 7���9. Pl. XXVII, Figs 8���10. Pl. LXI, Figs 19���26; A.M. Clark, 1977 *: 139, 145���146; Schultz, 2010: 693, Figs 1176���1179. Material examined. MBC-A 022887 Identification. Test heart-shaped, relatively low, highest at apical disc, sloping towards posterior end; somewhat distally closed petals. Preserved specimen yellowish, denuded test light brown. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 111 mm. Global distribution. Japan to Indian Ocean, East coast of South Africa; at 730���2350 m depth (Schultz 2010). Remarks. Distinguished from Spatagobrissus mirabilis by its frontal notch., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Agassiz, A. & Clark, H. L. (1907 c) Preliminary report on the Echini collected in 1906, from May to December, among the Aleutian Islands, in Bering Sea, and along the coasts of Kamchatka, Saghalin, Korea, and Japan, by U. S. Fish Commission steamer \" Albatross \", in charge of Lieut. - Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., commanding. B ulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 51, 107 - 139.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, A. M. (1977) The South African Museum's Meiring Naude cruises. 4. Echinoderms. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (6), 133 - 147.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp."]}

Brissopsis lyrifera capensis Mortensen, 1907 Fig. 65 A–D. Brissopsis lyrifera: A. Agassiz, 1881: 189; Bell, 1904: 175; Döderlein, 1906: 256 –258. Pl. XXXIV, Figs 4–8, Pl. XLIX, Figs 1– 2; H.L. Clark, 1923: 401; H.L. Clark, 1924: 12 –13; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 213 –214; Mortensen, 1951: 387 –389. Pls. XXX, Figs. 1–4, 7–13, Pl. XXXII, Figs 15, 20, 22; Pl. LVII, Fig. 15; Schultz, 2010: 381, Figs 720–721. Brissopsis lyrifera var capensis: Döderlein, 1910: 248. Brissopsis lyrifera capensis: Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 249. Material examined. MBC-A077919; MBC-A077927; MBC-A077910; MBC-A077917; MBC-A077928; MBC- A077923; MBC-A077932; MBC-A077915; MBC-A077914; MBC-A077924; MBC-A077916; MBC-A077930; MBC-A077921; MBC-A077926; MBC-A 022334; MBC-A 022335; MBC-A 022337; MBC-A 022338; MBC- A 022339; MBC-A 022347; MBC-A023305; MBC-A027735; MBC-A077922; MBC-A077912; MBC-A077921; MBC-A077925; MBC-A077918; MBC-A077913; MBC-A077913; MBC-A077911; A23073; A23087; MBC- A077929; MBC-A077931; A23083. Identification. Test heart-shaped; petals straight and divergent. Petals with reduced inner pores. Anterior ambulacrum with differentiated pores, associated with tube feet. Apical disc ethmolytic, with four gonopores. Peripetalous and bilobed subanal fascioles present; apical disc being sub-central; sternal plates tuberculated. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 70 mm. Global distribution. Eastern Atlantic from Norway to Iceland, along European coasts of Mediterranean and southward to Canary Islands and West Africa (Mortensen, 1951; Schultz 2010) at 5–1400 m (Döderlein 1910; Mortensen 1951; Schultz 2010), West and East coast regions of South Africa, Remarks. Samples identified through this study extend previously known distribution eastwards towards Richards Bay and Sodwana Bay. According to Mortensen (1951) there are variations in the size of the posterior petals amongst South African and Atlantic-Mediterranean species. Thus B. lyrifera (Forbes 1841) was separated into two subspecies B. lyrifera capensis (South African subspecies) and B. lyrifera lyrifera (Atlantic- Mediterranean subspecies), Furthermore, B. lyrifera capensis has pedicellariae densely packed in the posterior ambulacrum and around the peristome, seldom on the aboral side; whereas pedicellariae are found on the aboral side in the midline of the interambulacrum, in the case of B. lyrifera lyrifera., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1907) The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. Vol. 4. No. 2. Echinoidea. Part 2. Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, 200 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Forbes, E. A. (1841) A History of British Starfishes and other Animals of the Class Echinodermata. John van Voorst, London, 267 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2129"]}

Brisaster capensis (Studer, 1880) Fig. 74 A–D. Schizaster fragilis: A. Agassiz, 1881: 201 –202; Bell, 1904: 175 Brisaster fragilis: H.L. Clark, 1923 *: 399–400. Pl. XIII; H.L. Clark, 1924: 12; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 206 –207. Brisaster capensis: Döderlein, 1910: 248; Mortensen, 1951: 286 –288. Pl XXV, Figs 4–10; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 248; Schultz, 2010: 791, Fig. 1367. Material examined. MBC-A077984; MBC-A077985; A 22295; MBC-A077983; A22333; MBC-A077986. Identification. Test low, heart-shaped, truncated posteriorly, with distinctive anterior groove; genital pores three. Marginal and peripetalous fascioles well developed. Global maximum size. Maximum length 50 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to West coast of South Africa, at 122–400 m depth (Döderlein 1910; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976)., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 64-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Studer, T. (1880) Ubersicht uber die wahrend der Reise SMS \" Gazelle \" um die Erde. 1874 - 76 gesammelten Echinoiden. Monatsbericht der Koniglich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1880, 861 - 885.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp."]}

Schizaster lacunosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 75 A–D. Schizaster ventricosus: A. Agassiz, 1872 –1874: 158, 614. Schizaster japonicus: A. Agassiz, 1881: 202, Pl. XXXVI, Figs 8–13. Pl. XLIII, Fig. 26. Pl. LXV, Figs 7–10; Döderlein, 1906: 254. Schizaster lacunosus: H.L. Clark, 1924: 12; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 210; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 248. Ova (Aplospatangus) lacunosus: Schultz, 2010: 443, Fig. 826. Material examined. MBC-A 022232; MBC-A 022888; MBC-A 022889; MBC-A023318; MBC-A027744; MBC- A027745; MBC-A077988; MBC-A077987; MBC-A077767; MBC-A077990; MBC-A077989. Identification. Test heart-shaped, pointed towards the end, very high posteriorly, with indented anterior ambulacra, adjoining interambulacra rising as vertical wall covering frontal pore-pairs, posterior interambulacra keeled forming a hook above periproct; genital pores two. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 82 mm. Global distribution. Japan, East Coast of Africa extending to South coast of South Africa, Northeast Australia (Mortensen 1951), at 5–198 m depth. Remarks. Samples identified through this study extend previously known distribution southwards to off Port Elizabeth; and illustrate that species may be found in deeper waters of 198 m than the previously thought 90 m. Very similar to Brisaster capensis, but differs in number of gonopores, of which S. lacunosus has two and B. capensis three. Other differences that distinguish the two species are the posterior keel and the two vertical walls formed by the adjoining anterior interambulacra in S. lacunosus. Schultz (2010) reported this species as Ova (Aplospatangus) lacunosus on the basis of fossil type known to have four gonopores, thus resulting in the genus Schizaster being synonymized with Paraster and species with two gonopores being transferred to genus Ova. However, this change has not been implemented on the WED database and this study follows the taxonomic naming of the WED database., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3, 1 - 378.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp."]}

Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1777) Fig. 69 A–E. Amphidotus cordatus: Forbes, 1841: 190 –193. Echinocardium cordatum: A. Agassiz, 1872: 109; 349. Pl. XIX, Figs 10–17. Pl. XX, Figs 5–7; Döderlein, 1910: 248; H.L. Clark, 1923 *: 405. Pl. XIII; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 232 –233; Mortensen, 1951: 152 –157. Pl. XVIII, Figs 6, 7. (1–3, 8); Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 251 –252; Schultz, 2010: 411 –412, Figs 772–774; Branch et al., 2010: 236, Fig. 106.5. Echinocardium australe. A. Agassiz, 1872 –74: 109; 580. Pl. XXXVII, Fig. 15; Bell, 1904: 174. Material examined. MBC-A077941; MBC-A 022287; MBC-A 022288; MBC-A 022289; MBC-A 022293; MBC- A023309; MBC-A023402; MBC-A027879; MBC-A077955; MBC-A077956; MBC-A077959; MBC-A077963; MBC-A077961; MBC-A077962; MBC-A077958; MBC-A077957; MBC-A077960; MBC-A077954; A27739; A6457; MBC-A077965; MBC-A077966; MBC-A077967; MBC-A077968; MBC-A077969; MBC-A077970; MBC-A077971; MBC-A078006; A 22354; A 22355; MBC-A 022287; MBC-A 022288; MBC-A 022289; MBC- A 022293. Identification. Test moderately high, with deep anterior notch. Apical disc posteriorly positioned. Anterior ambulacrum distinctively sunken, two-series of irregularly arranged, large pores, associated with tube feet; paired petals sunken, wide at internal fasciole, tapering distally. Periproct opening at truncated end, variable in shape. Internal fasciole conspicuously long, subanal fasciole shield-shaped, with four pore-pairs, pointed at end; anal fasciole extending along periproct, onto upper side, separated from subanal fasciole. Spines uniform. Live specimen brownish, denuded test white. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 90 mm. Global distribution. From northern Norway along European coasts into Mediterranean and Morocco, South Africa, Japan, New Zealand and southern Australia; from littoral to 500 m (Döderlein 1910; Schultz 2010). Remarks. Samples identified through current study extend previously known distribution northwards towards Sodwana Bay. Differs from E. capense in large shield shape internal fasciole and frontal notch., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Pennant, T., (1777) British Zoology. Vol. 4. Crustacea, Mollusca, Testacea. Benjamin White, London, 156 pp.","Forbes, E. A. (1841) A History of British Starfishes and other Animals of the Class Echinodermata. John van Voorst, London, 267 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2129","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3, 1 - 378.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Branch, G. M., Griffiths, C. L., Branch, M. L. & Beckley, L. (2010) Two Oceans: a Guide to the Marine Life of southern Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 456 pp.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175."]}

* Lovenia elongata (Gray, 1825) Fig. 70 A–C. Lovenia elongata: A. Agassiz, 1872 –74: 139, 575. Pl. XIX, Figs 1–4, Pl. XXV, Fig. 3. Pl. XXVI, Fig. 35–36. Pl. XXXVII, Figs 18–19, Pl. XXXVIII, Figs 27–28; Alcock & Anderson, 1894: 195; Döderlein, 1906: 265. Pl. XLVIII, Fig. 5; Döderlein, 1910: 248; Mortensen, 1951: 97 –104. Pl. VII, Figs 1–10. Pl. VIII, Fig. I. Pl. XII, Fig. 5. Pl. XLVII, Figs 10–23; H.L. Clark, 1923: 404; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 230; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 252; Richmond, 1997: 300 –301; Schultz, 2010: 419, Fig. 789; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 55 –56. Pl. II, Fig. I. Material examined. SAMC-A28213; SAMC-A28215; SAMC-A28216; SAMC-A28219; A27738. Identification. Test delicate, elongated, conspicuous anterior notch. Apical disc subcentral, with four gonopores. Peristome kidney-shaped; labral plate narrow, elongated; sternal plates appearing naked, posteriorly tuberculated. Anterior ambulacrum somewhat indented, with pore-pairs differentiated; paired petals, wide at internal fasciole, narrowing towards distal ends. Primary tubercles large, with deep areoles. Periproct positioned at upper side of posterior invagination. Spines long, aboral ones particularly elongate and banded. Denuded test white, live specimen brown to reddish. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 85 mm. Global distribution. Red Sea along East African coast to Mozambique and East coast of South Africa, and from south Japan to east coast of Australia, from littoral to 183 m (Döderlein 1910; Mortensen 1951; Schultz 2010). South African records: Noted as a new South African record by Filander & Griffiths (2014), but in fact previously recorded by Döderlein (1910) from off Umhloti River (Natal) at 155–183 m. However, that historic record was not captured in Filander & Griffiths (2014). Remarks. May be mistaken for Eurypatagus parvituberculata, however, differs in having an anterior notch and deep aboral areoles., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 61-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1825) An attempt to divide the Echinida, or sea eggs, into natural families. Annals of Philosophy, 26, 423 - 431.","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3, 1 - 378.","Alcock, A. & Anderson, A. R. S. (1894) Natural history notes from HM Indian marine survey steamer '' Investigator' ', commander CF Oldham, RN, commanding. Series II, No. 14. An account of a recent collection of deep sea Crustacea from the Bay of Bengal and Laccadive Sea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 63, 141 - 185.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56."]}

* Metalia robillardi (de Loriol, 1876) Fig. 66 A–C. Metalia robillardi: Clark & Rowe, 1971: 166; Schultz, 2010: 394, Fig. 742; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 55. Pl. II, Fig. H. Material examined. SAMC-A28231. Identification. Large, oval test; anterior side steep, with deep notch. Apical disc anteriorly positioned, with four gonopores. Anterior ambulacra narrow, somewhat sunken, simple pore-pairs; anterior petals directed posteriorly, posterior petals more flexed. Oral side with short, narrow labrum, slightly covering peristome; large periproct at short posterior end. Subanal fasciole with five (to six) pores on either side. Preserved specimen white, with short spines. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 125 mm. Global distribution. East coast of South Africa, Australia, Mauritius, Réunion and Madagascar (Schultz 2010); at 2–50 m depth. Remarks. Records collected in this study show that this species inhabits deeper waters than the previously reported 14 m (Filander & Griffiths 2014). Distinguished from Brissopsis lyrifera capensis by anterior part of test distinctively raised; by anterior petals being directed downwards and by white color., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Loriol, P. de. (1876) Echinodermes. Memoires de la Societe de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, 24, 59 - 673.","Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 238.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56."]}

Eurypatagus parvituberculatus (H.L. Clark, 1924) Fig. 67 A���D. Maretia parvituberculatus H.L. Clark, 1924: 13 ���15. Pl IV; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 227. Eurypatagus parvituberculatus: Mortensen, 1950: 260 ���262. Pl XVII, Figs I, 5���7. Pl XVIII, Figs 9, 11. Pl XIX, Figs 2, 11, 19; Schultz, 2009: 733, Figs 1248���1251. Material examined. MBC-A 022343; MBC-A077995; MBC-A077933; MBC-A077933; MBC-A077934; MBC- A077935; MBC-A077938; MBC-A077939; MBC-A077948; MBC-A077949; MBC-A077942; MBC-A077944; MBC-A077943; MBC-A077953; SAMC-A23706; MBC-A077950; MBC-A077937; MBC-A077936; MBC- A077947; MBC-A077952; MBC-A077945; MBC-A077946; MBC-A077951; MBC-A077940. Identification. Test outline ovoid, flat, without frontal notch. Apical disc anteriorly positioned. Peristome kidney-shaped. Aboral primary tubercles large, crenulated and perforated. Oral side flat, phyllodes well-developed, labral plate long, separated from sternal plates by adjacent ambulacral plates, sternal plates short, tubercles with large areoles laterally bordering naked space. Spines long. Red-brownish in color, with partially white spines. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 75 mm. Global distribution. East coast of South Africa and Mauritius (Mortensen 1950; Schultz 2009), at 30���325 m depth Remarks. Samples identified through this study show that species can be found in shallower waters of 30 m than the previously thought 50 m., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1950) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 1. Spatangoida. I. Protosternata, Meridosternata, Amphisternata I. Palaeopneustedae, Palaeostomat'idea, Aeropsidae, Toxosteridae, Micrasteridae, Hemiasteridae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 432 pp.","Schultz, H. (2009) Sea-Urchins II, Worldwide Irregular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 849 pp."]}

Spatangus capensis D��derlein, 1905 Fig. 73 A���D. Spatangus capensis: D��derlein, 1906: 261 ���263. Pl. XXXIII, Fig. 1, Pl. XLVIII, Fig. 4; D��derlein, 1910: 247, 258; H.L. Clark, 1923 *: 404. Pl. XIII; H.L. Clark, 1924: 13; H.L. Clark, 1925a: 224; Mortensen, 1951: 16. Pl. I, Figs 1���3; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 253; Schultz, 2010: 430. Material examined. MBC-A 022269; MBC-A 022351; MBC-A 022352; A22298; A22342; A22349; MBC- A 022353; MBC-A 022358; MBC-A023319; MBC-A077979; MBC-A077974; MBC-A077976; MBC-A077982; A23091; A23319; SAMC-A23080; MBC-A077981; MBC-A077975; MBC-A077977; A23081; A 24692; MBC- A077980; MBC-A077978; A 23319. Identification. Test heart-shaped; lacking tubercles in ambulacrum outside petals, small primary tubercles rarely found towards ambitus in anterior ambulacra, no tubercles in posterior ambulacra; spines short; purple in color. Global maximum size. Maximum test length 125 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to West and South coast regions of South Africa, at 37���500 m depth (Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976). Remarks. Differs from Spatagobrissus mirabilis in lacking peripetalous fascioles and having an anterior frontal notch., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Doderlein, L. (1905) Ueber Seeigel der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Z oologischer Anzeiger, 282, 621 - 624.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1951) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. 2. Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. III. Spatangidae, Loveniidae, Pericosnizidae, Schizateridae, Brissidae. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp."]}

Family: Brissidae Brissopsis atlantica mediterranea Mortensen, 1913 Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes, 1841) Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778), Published as part of Despalatovi��, Marija, Cvitkovi��, Ivan & ��uljevi��, Ante, 2017, Checklist of the echinoderm fauna of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 101-116 in Zootaxa 4353 (1) on page 107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1064560

Family: Schizasteridae Ova canaliferus (Lamarck, 1816), Published as part of Despalatovi��, Marija, Cvitkovi��, Ivan & ��uljevi��, Ante, 2017, Checklist of the echinoderm fauna of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 101-116 in Zootaxa 4353 (1) on page 107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1064560

Family: Spatangidae Spatangus purpureus O.F. M��ller, 1776, Published as part of Despalatovi��, Marija, Cvitkovi��, Ivan & ��uljevi��, Ante, 2017, Checklist of the echinoderm fauna of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 101-116 in Zootaxa 4353 (1) on page 107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1064560

Background Research on echinoderms in Mexico began in the late nineteenth century. We present a dataset that includes the taxonomic and geographic information of irregular echinoids from Mexico, housed in four collections: 1) Colección Nacional de Equinodermos “Ma. Elena Caso Muñoz” from the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (ICML), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); 2) Invertebrate Zoology Collection, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States of America (USA); 3) Invertebrate Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, University of Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA and 4) Invertebrate Zoology, Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. New information A total of six orders, 17 families, 35 genera and 68 species are reported, 37 distributed in the Pacific coast and 31 in the Atlantic coast, none of them was found in both coasts. The most diverse region is the Gulf of California (S=32); the most diverse order is Spatangoida with 31 species reported in mexican waters.

Thirty echinoid species (18 regular and 12 irregular) and an undetermined species belonging to 14 genera are studied from the Turonian-Santonian sequence (14 species from Turonian, two species from Turonian-Santonian and 14 species from Coniacian-Santonian) of Abu Roash, Wadi Dakhl and Wadi Abu Qaada, Egypt. Two new species are established: Thylechinus (Thylechinus) sinaiensis n. sp. from the Turonian of Wadi Abu Qaada and Toxaster dakhlensis n. sp. from the Turonian of Wadi Dakhl. Orthopsis ovata (Coquand, 1862), which is known in other parts of the Tethyan region, is reported for the first time from Egypt. The rank of one subspecies is raised to species level: Coenholectypus roachensis (Fourtau, 1914) n. stat. The generic name of three species is changed: Echinobrissus humei Fourtau, 1906 is changed to Petalobrissus humei (Fourtau, 1906) n. comb.; Periaster duncani (Fourtau, 1906) and Periaster roachensis Gauthier, 1900 are transfered to the genus Mecaster Pomel, 1883. The ontogenetic changes o...

Holmes, F. C. 2011. A new species of Peribrissus (Echinoidea, Spatangoida) from the middle Miocene of South Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 68: 29–35. A new species of spatangoid echinoid from the middle Miocene Glenforslan Formation cropping out in the Murray River cliffs near Blanchetown, South Australia, is described and assigned to the genus Peribrissus. Peribrissus janiceae sp. nov. is only the third species of this genus to be recorded, and the first to occur outside the Mediterranean area of Europe and North Africa. Brief references are made to the similarity of certain features in Prenaster, Pericosmus and Peribrissus, which have caused confusion with identification in the past.

Mitter, Heinz, A, Upper (2015): Bemerkenswerte Käferfunde aus Oberösterreich XIII (Insecta: Coleoptera). Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (1): 691-706, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415246, {"references":["BENSE U. (1995): Bockkafer. Illustrierter Schlussel zu den Cerambyciden und Vespreiden Europas, Weikersheim.","CYMOREK S. (1969): 66. Famile: Lyctidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","CYMOREK S. (1969): 67. Familie: Bostrychidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","DALLA TORRE K.W. v. (1879): Die Kaferfauna von Oberosterreich. Systematisches Verzeichnis der in Oberosterreich bisher beobachteten Kafer. - 10. Jber. Ver. Natkde. in Oesterr. ob der Enns zu Linz: 1-125.","ENDRODI- YOUNGA S. (1971): 18. Familie: Scydmaenidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 3, Krefeld.","ERMISCH K. (1969): 79. Familie: Mordellidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","FRANZ H. (1970): Die Nordostalpen im Spiegel ihrer Landtierwelt 3, Innsbruck.","FRANZ H. (1974): Die Nordostalpen im Spiegel ihrer Landtierwelt 4, Innsbruck.","FREUDE H. (1971): 12. Familie: Silphidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 3, Krefeld.","FREUDE H. (1976): 1. Familie: Carabidae (Laufkafer). - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 2, Krefeld.","FRIESER R. (1981): 90. Familie: Anthribidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 10, Krefeld.","GEISER E. (2001): Die Kafer des Landes Salzburg. Monographs on Coleoptera, Vol. 2.","HARDE K.W. (1966): 87. Familie: Cerambycidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 9, Krefeld.","HORION A. (1949): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 2, Frankfurt a.M.","HORION A. (1956): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 5, Tutzing.","HORION A. (1958): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 6, Uberlingen.","HORION A. (1974): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 12, Uberlingen.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 70. Familie: Oedemeridae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 80. Familie: Serropalpidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 82. Familie: Alleculidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 83. Familie: Tenebrionidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KLOIBER J. (1956): Das Vorkommen der Curculioniden im Linzer Raum und in einigen anderen oberosterreichischen Landesteilen. - Naturkundl. Jb. Stadt Linz 1956: 241-292.","KLOIBER J. (1957): Das Vorkommen der Curculioniden im Linzer Raum und in einigen anderen oberosterreichischen Landesteilen. - Naturkundl. Jb. Stadt Linz 1957: 91-161.","KOLLER F. (1961): Die Bockkafer (Cerambycidae) Oberosterreichs mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Grossraumes von Linz. - Naturk. Jb. Stadt Linz 1961: 235-276.","LOHSE G.A. (1964): 23. Familie: Staphylinidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mittleuropas 4, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1967): 55. Familie: Cryptophagidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1969): 68. Familie: Anobiidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1971): 9. Familie: Hydrophilidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 3, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 30. Familie: Melyridae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 31. Familie: Cleridae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 34. Familie: Elateridae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A.LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 36. Familie: Eucnemidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 41. Familie: Eucinetidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1983): 93. Familie: Curculionidae, 11. Unterfamilie: Cleoninae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 11, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1983): 93. Familie: Curculionidae, 18. Unterfamilie: Notarinae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A, LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 11, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1983): 93. Familie: Curculionidae, 28. Unterfamilie: Ceutorhynchinae. - In: FREUDE H. HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 11, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. & W. LUCHT (1992): 66. Familie: Lyctidae. - In: FREUDE H. HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 13 (2. Supplementband), Krefeld.","LUCHT W. (1998): 32.a Familie: Trogossitidae. - In: LUCHT W. & B. KLAUSNITZER, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 15 (4. Supplementband), Jena.","MANDL K. (1965): Die Arten der Gattung Carabus L. im Raum von Linz und ihre Verbreitung in den unrigen Gebieten von Oberosterreich. - Naturk. Jb. d. Stadt Linz 1965: 203-255.","MITTER H. (1981): Zur Verbreitung einiger Arten der Familie Serropalpidae in Oberosterreich (Coleoptera, Serropalpidae). - NachrBl. bayer. Ent. 30: 79-80.","MITTER H. (2000): Die Kaferfauna Oberosterreichs (Coleoptera: Heteromera und Lamellicornia). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 8: 3-192.","MITTER H. (2000): Verbreitung und Biologie der Eucnemidae und Lissomidae (Coleoptera, Elateroidea) in Oberosterreich. - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 9: 39-45.","MITTER H. (2001): Die Kaferfauna des Naturschutzgebietes \"Staninger Leiten\" (Oberosterreich, Unteres Ennstal). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 10: 415-437.","MITTER H. (2001): Bestandsanalyse und Okologie der nach FFH-Richtlinie geschutzten Kafer in Oberosterreich (Insecta, Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 10: 439-448.","MITTER H. (2002): Vergleichende Untersuchung der Kaferfauna an drei Halbtrockenrasen im Unteren Steyrtal (Keltenweg, Kreuzberg, Kuhschellenboschung Neuzeug, Oberosterreich). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 11: 5-34.","MITTER H. (2007): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich IX (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 17: 169-194.","MITTER H. (2008): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich X (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 18: 297-303.","MITTER H. (2009): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich XI (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 19: 339-346.","MITTER H. (2012): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich XII (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 22: 69-82.","MULLER- MOTZFELD G. (Hrsg.) (2004): Bd. 2 Adephaga 1: Carabidae (Laufkafer). - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W., LOHSE G.A. & B. KLAUSNITZER, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 2, 2. Aufl., Heidelberg/Berlin.","MOHR K.H. (1966): 88. Familie: Chrysomelidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 9, Krefeld.","REDTENBACHER L. (1874): Fauna Austriaca, 3. Aufl., Wien.","SCHUH R., CALDARA R., PLONSKI I.S., GEISER E. & M.A. JACH (2011): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Osterreich (XVIII) (Coleoptera). - Koleopt. Rdsch. 81: 327-332, Wien.","SPORNRAFT K. (1967): 50. Familie: Nitidulidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld.","STEFFAN A.W. (1979): 42. Familie: Dryopidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","VOGT H. (1967): 59. Familie: Mycetophagidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld.","VOGT H. (1967): 60. Familie: Colydiidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld."]}

Plagionotus detritus LINNAEUS, 1758) Larve meist in Eiche, seltener in anderen Bruthölzern. M a t e r i a l: Steyregg, SW-Hang des Pfenningberges, 17.6. und 19.6.2012, in Anzahl auf geschlagenem Eichenholz, leg. H. Mitter. Begleitarten waren Plagionotus arcuatus und Xylotrechus antilope. Ä l t e r e F u n d e: Kremsmünster und Bad Hall (DALLA TORRE 1879); Umgeb. St.Valentin, NÖ., 2008 (Dauber). Im OLML keine Nachweise aus Oberösterreich., Published as part of Mitter, Heinz & A, Upper, 2015, Bemerkenswerte Käferfunde aus Oberösterreich XIII (Insecta: Coleoptera), pp. 691-706 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (1) on page 702, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5415246, {"references":["DALLA TORRE K. W. v. (1879): Die Kaferfauna von Oberosterreich. Systematisches Verzeichnis der in Oberosterreich bisher beobachteten Kafer. - 10. Jber. Ver. Natkde. in Oesterr. ob der Enns zu Linz: 1 - 125."]}

This paper presents a checklist of echinoderm species in the Adriatic Sea. The checklist is based on the review of the available literature data, with temporal coverage from the end of the 18th century to the present day, including the most recent investigations of benthic communities. A total of 108 species have been recorded: 2 species from class Crinoidea, 23 species from class Asteroidea, 22 species from class Ophiuroidea, 22 species from class Echinoidea and 39 species from class Holothuroidea. Non-indigenous echinoderm species have not been observed.