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L'Allemagne et la France se caractérisent par deux modèles différents d'organisation politique et administrative: un État fédéral d'un côté du Rhin et un État unitaire de l'autre, bien qu'il se soit décentralisé au cours des quarante dernières années. Ainsi, les régions françaises ont les capacités d'action réduites en comparaison des Länder. Au niveau local, c'est par la fusion des communes que la trame administrative a été renforcée en Allemagne, tandis que la France choisissait l'intercommunalité. À la stabilité politico-administrative allemande s'oppose l'évolution continue de l'organisation locale et régionale française, confrontée à une succession de lois, dont le rythme s'est accéléré au fil du temps. Il en va de même pour la planification territoriale, cadrée dès l'origine par la Loi fondamentale en Allemagne, mais qui a connu beaucoup plus d'évolutions du côté français, même si la LOF (1967) et la loi SRU (2000) en représentent deux étapes fondamentales. Des deux côtés, la dimension stratégique de cette planification s'est renforcée, et chacun a développé ses outils pour la conduite des projets urbains. Germany and France offer two different models of political and administrative organisation: a federal state on one side of the Rhine and a unitary state on the other, albeit one that has become more decentralised over the last 40 years. Thus, the French régions have reduced capacities for action compared to the Länder. At the local level, the administrative structure was strengthened in Germany by merging municipalities, whereas France chose to use intermunicipal structures. In contrast to the political and administrative stability in Germany, local and regional organisation in France is constantly evolving, faced with a succession of laws, the pace of which has accelerated over time. The same applies to spatial planning, which has been framed from the outset by the German Grundgesetz (GG - Basic Law), but which has undergone much more evolution on the French side, even if the loi d'orientation foncière (LOF - Basic Land Act) of 1967 and the loi solidarité et renouvellement urbain (SRU - Law on Urban Solidarity and Renewal) (2000) represent two fundamental stages. In both countries, the strategic dimension of planning has been strengthened, and each side has developed its own tools for the management of urban projects.

Ce chapitre se penche sur les différences institutionnelles en France et en Allemagne. La stabilité du cadre institutionnel allemand contraste avec la série de réformes institutionnelles qui se sont étalées sur des décennies, voire un demi-siècle, en France. Alors qu'en Allemagne, la transformation a pris la forme d'adaptations successives, en France, les diverses réformes ont été vivement débattues et parfois même contestées. Les métropoles et les régions sont souvent au centre de ces discussions en France. Ces contrastes entre stabilité et changement se retrouvent aussi bien dans les systèmes d'aménagement du territoire que dans la position du plus haut niveau d'autorité territoriale (régions en France et Länder en Allemagne). Partant des orientations politiques nationales des deux pays, les auteurs évoquent les différentes unités territoriales, leurs domaines de compétence et leurs multiples instruments de planification. Ils abordent également les processus de démocratisation, de participation et de métropolisation, le rôle de l'Union européenne et les crises successives comme moteurs du développement des deux systèmes. This chapter concentrates on institutional differences in France and Germany. The stability of the German institutional setting contrasts with the series of institutional reforms that have stretched over decades or even half a century in France. While in Germany transformation has taken the form of successive adaptations, in France the diverse reforms have been hotly debated and sometimes even contested. Often the metropolises and regions form the focus of such discussions in France. These contrasts between stability and change can also be seen in both spatial planning systems and the position of the highest level of territorial authority (régions in France and Länder in Germany). Starting from the national policy guidelines in both countries, the authors describe different territorial units, their areas of responsibility and their manifold planning instruments. They also address processes of democratisation, participation and metropolisation, the role of the European Union and various crises as drivers of the development of both systems.

La situation, les orientations de développement et les perspectives des villes petites et moyennes en Allemagne et en France sont comparées et les similitudes et différences au sein des systèmes de places centrales et de l'aménagement du territoire des deux pays sont discutées. Avec des approches différentes de la définition, ces villes ont reçu une attention renouvelée dans les deux pays au cours des dernières années, bien qu'avec des priorités différentes. La discussion porte sur les situations et les axes de développement de ces villes dans les systèmes de centralité respectifs, les perspectives de développement futur en ce qui concerne le renforcement des fonctions de centralité, l'attrait de ces villes en tant que lieux d'habitation et sites économiques, ainsi que les contextes du développement régional rural et des services d'intérêt général. En outre, les aspects de la recherche sur les villes petites et moyennes ainsi que les approches de l'aménagement spatial dans les deux pays sont abordés. The situation, development lines and perspectives of small and medium-sized towns in Germany and France are compared and similarities and differences within the central place systems and the spatial planning of both countries are discussed. With different approaches to definition, these towns have received new attention in both countries in recent years, albeit with different focal points. The discussion covers the positions and lines of development of these towns in the respective central place systems; the perspectives of their future development regarding the strengthening of central place functions, their attractiveness as residential and economic locations, and contexts of rural regional development and services of general interest. In addition, aspects of research on small and medium-sized towns as well as approaches to spatial policy in both countries are addressed.

Umstrukturierungen in der Krankenhauslandschaft, insbesondere Schließungen sowie Zusammenlegungen kleinerer Klinikstandorte zu Zentralkliniken jenseits Zentraler Orte, stellen Herausforderungen an die wohnortnahe Versorgung und eine zukunftsfähige Raumstruktur. Die Förderung und der Erhalt gleichwertiger Lebensbedingungen sowie die Sicherung der Daseinsvorsorge im Hinblick auf ein leistungsfähiges und effektives Standortsystem der Krankenhaus- und Gesundheitsversorgung sind infrage gestellt. Es bedarf einer stärkeren raumordnerischen Steuerung sowie einer vorausschauenden, länderübergreifenden und kriterienbasierten Krankenhausplanung. Ein Ansatz zur Effizienzsteigerung ist die Stärkung der sektorenübergreifenden und interdisziplinär fachübergreifenden Versorgung. Für die Gestaltung der künftigen Krankenhauslandschaft sind neben raumordnerischen Kriterien insbesondere die Anforderungen der verschiedenen Nutzer/innengruppen zu berücksichtigen. Zudem bedarf es digitaler Daten für detaillierte Versorgungs- und Erreichbarkeitsanalysen als Planungsgrundlage. Current development trends in the restructuring of the hospital landscape, in particular the mergers of smaller hospitals into central hospitals beyond the central-places system, pose challenges for a sustainable spatial structure. The objectives of spatial planning and development are to ensure the provision of public services, the promotion and preservation of equal living conditions, and an efficient and effective system of hospital and health care locations. This requires spatial planning and governance, which should be based on the central-place system, as well as on a forward- looking, cross-state and criteria-based hospital planning. One approach to increase efficiency is an intersectoral and interdisciplinary care. In addition to regional planning criteria, the requirements of the various user groups are important for the designing of the future hospital landscape. In addition, digital data is required for detailed supply and accessibility analyses as a basis for planning.

In recent decades the challenges of globalisation, European integration and strengthened regionalisation have led to a reassessment of metropolitan regions. In Germany, the guiding principles issued by the Conference of Ministers for Spatial Planning in 2006 provided an occasion on which to rethink the role of border regions in the context of the discourse on metropolises. The metropolitan potential of border regions is far from fully exploited. This is particularly true in relation to cross-border spatial development. The concept of metropolitan border regions could be a promising way of intensifying cross-border cooperation and territorial integration. A precondition for this is that metropolisation strategies are proactively pursued using key measures and that existing structures of cooperation are further developed towards 'metropolitan' governance.

This chapter describes the process by which a cross-border metropolitan region develops, using the example of the Greater Region. Between 2008 and 2010 the idea of a cross-border, polycentric metropolitan region in the Greater Region was investigated and further developed within the ESPON project 'Metroborder'. In recent years, driven by policy declarations, strategic approaches for implementing this metropolitan region have been developed. A Spatial Development Strategy of the Greater Region with a focus on the metropolitan dimensions of the sub-regions provides the foundation for this. The issue of governance in relation to the crossborder interactional area (in the narrower conception of this area) is also discussed.

A transdisciplinary case study focuses on a particular phenomenon in its social, cultural, economic and ecological context. Transdisciplinary means, first of all, that people from different fields - such as science, administration, art or business - conduct research together on socially relevant problems, learn from each other and develop interventions. Cases can be understood as boundary objects, which allow participants' perspectives to be identified and discussed. An approach to transdisciplinary research that is sensitive to differences can help to better understand and shape spatial transformation processes. In-between spaces that exist between disciplines, sectors, fields of work and living environments offer the potential to examine spatial processes from different perspectives and to question what is usually taken for granted as well as non-sustainable ways of thinking and acting. The conceptual contributions are illustrated using examples from a transdisciplinary case study in the district of Oldenburg with actors from science, art, the regional administration and civil society.

A group of members of the AlpPlan Alpine spatial planning network elaborated this position paper. It contains assessments and recommendations related to key spatial challenges of transnational relevance in the Alpine region. It generally refers to the entire Alpine macroregion (EUSALP perimeter). However, some issues are particularly relevant to the core Alpine area, defined by the Alpine Convention perimeter. The paper is addressed to spatial planners, decision makers and all stakeholders involved in sustainable territorial development of the Alpine region. The specific circumstances, spatial planning systems and instruments in the various Alpine states and regions differ to some extent. Therefore, the recommendations should always be interpreted in the respective national, regional or local context.

Cross-border, transnational regional development in the Rhine-Alpine EU transport corridor represents an ongoing challenge. With 18 partners from five countries, the Rhine-Neckar regional association (Verband Region Rhein-Neckar, VRRN) therefore initiated an EU-funded project along the corridor to tackle the task. The INTERREGfinanced project used the acronym 'CODE24' and developed a joint strategy for developing the Rhine-Alpine Corridor from the perspective of the regional-municipal level. To ensure the continuation of this successful cooperation beyond the running time of the project, a new, permanent organisation was founded: the Interregional Alliance for the Rhine-Alpine Corridor. A European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) was chosen as the legal form. The organisation was founded on 24 April 2015 in Mannheim and was the first EGTC established in Germany, which now comprises 19 members.

This paper describes an initial theoretical and conceptual approach relating crossborder cooperation to European spatial development and the associated theories, based on approaches from political science. This is discussed as a field of application for European spatial development, which is influenced by a number of factors. Of these, European integration, new regionalism and governance are discussed in detail.

A Great Transformation from fossil-based unsustainability to post-fossil sustainable development is on the horizon. This article provides an introduction to the research and debate on the sustainability transformation, with a special focus on the spatial dimension. Examples of current approaches and research are presented. Spatially orientated transformation research requires a view of the temporal processes.

This introductory article has three goals. First, it briefly introduces Bavaria's border areas. Second, the paper introduces three institutional and political perspectives to explain the governance arrangements and processes in the border areas, namely institutional ambiguity, reterritorialisation and multi-level mismatches. Further, the article discusses current developments from a functional perspective by reflecting on processes of convergence, metropolisation and 'tunnel effects'. Third, the article outlines the implications of the results for Bavarian federal state planning.

Die Braunkohlenplanung im Rheinischen, im Mitteldeutschen und im Lausitzer Revier bildet eine Kernaufgabe der Raumordnungsplanung auf Landes- und regionaler Ebene. Mit dem 1994 als "Informationskreis Braunkohlenplanung" gegründeten Fachgremium unter dem Dach der ARL - Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft besteht eine qualifizierte Austauschplattform, die sich ausgehend von den Erfahrungen im Rheinland und vom Strukturbruch in den neuen Ländern der frühen 1990er Jahre über neue fachliche und rechtliche Anforderungen zwischen Umsiedlungen, Wasserhaushaltsfragen, Umweltprüfung, Energiewende und Gemeinwohl durchgängig mit der Materie befasst. Der politisch eingeleitete Ausstieg aus der Braunkohlenverstromung in einem Zeitfenster zwischen "idealerweise 2030" und spätestens Ende 2038 in Kopplung mit dem Strukturwandel bildet vor dem Hintergrund dynamischer Entwicklungen und geopolitischer Ereignisse eine Herausforderung, die durch die "handelnden Akteure" sowohl aus landesund regionalplanerischer Sicht als auch aus der Perspektive der Regionalentwicklung zu bewältigen ist. Mit diesem Positionspapier erfolgt eine länder- und revierübergreifende Bestandsaufnahme mit Ableitung von Handlungserfordernissen zur Braunkohlenplanung als Grundlage für Schlussfolgerungen zum tiefgreifenden Prozess von nationaler Tragweite. Dessen Facetten unterliegen laufenden Veränderungen und bedürfen proaktiver Strategien, um Chancen und Potenziale zu erschließen und Fehlentwicklungen frühzeitig und wirksam vorbeugen zu können.

The integration of spatial identity is seen to be a crucial factor for successful place branding. However, spatial identity is often insufficiently conceptualised. In light of this, this article presents a theory-based approach to using spatial identity in an applied context such as place branding. This is done using the example of the Regiobranding research project. This project systematically surveyed landscape identity - a specified variant of spatial identity. Starting from social-constructivist approaches to landscape, landscape identity is presented as an individual and social interpretation of landscape distinctiveness and character and the associated place attachments. In the empirical part, individual interpretations of landscape identity are qualitatively recorded in a rural case study region and evaluated across all the cases. This cross-case analysis visualises the appropriated identity-forming landscape, in other words, the reference points that are repeatedly interpreted as distinctive or characteristic in relation to the space and/or that are frequently activated as components of individual place attachments. The results show an extensive range of different reference points: those interviewed describe these reference points in various ways, connect them, and use them as cognitive/emotional reference points. Furthermore, the cross-case analysis revealed contradictory patterns of interpretation. Our empirical findings highlight that landscape identity is predominantly an individually constructed reality, which is neither unambiguous nor without contradictions. Against this background, specific actions are recommended for using landscape identity in place branding processes.

Alpine open spaces are becoming noticeably scarcer. In the Alps, this applies to the inherently limited area of permanent settlement, which in the case of Tyrol covers only 11.8%. The population is growing in many of the valleys and with it the infrastructure it requires. However, the open spaces, situated at altitudes above the settlements, are also being successively broken up and exploited through technical facilities (e.g. cable cars, hydro-electric facilities) or increasingly intensive types of use (e.g. e-mountain bikes). The preservation of open spaces began in Bavaria as early as 1972 with the implementation of the Alpine Plan, which established spatial planning objectives. The Alpine Plan divided Bavaria's Alpine region into three zones of varying traffic intensity, a true legislative innovation. Zone C was intended for nature conservation, which was still in its infancy at that time, and also aimed to reduce natural Alpine hazards. Primarily, however, this planning initiative was related to the role of the landscape as a setting for recreation in open spaces, i.e. leisure and tourism activities in natural surroundings. Today, there are similar initiatives of varying success in South Tyrol (Italy), Austria and Switzerland. This paper aims to analyse, compare and describe these initiatives and to critically assess how they are formulated, how they work, and how they are implemented by planners. The focus is on comparing analyses of approaches for preserving open space for people (local residents and their traditional economic activities, but also visitors) and the natural heritage. Present-day regional and spatial planning practices related to Alpine open spaces in the Germanspeaking and Swiss Alpine regions are presented and critically evaluated and future options for harmonising approaches across the borders are discussed.

Aktuelle räumliche Entwicklungsdynamiken und die Aufwertung der Herstellung gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse und Arbeitsbedingungen durch die Aufnahme als Staatsziel in die Bayerische Verfassung stellen die Landesentwicklungspolitik vor große Herausforderungen. Soll die Raumordnung diese Anforderungen erfüllen, muss sie institutionell in die Lage versetzt werden, die notwendige Koordinationsleistung der Fachpolitiken (horizontal) und in der Mehrebenenverflechtung (vertikal) zu erbringen. Sie muss inhaltlich wieder Steuerungs- und Gestaltungskraft erhalten und in ihren Instrumenten Glaubwürdigkeit und Stringenz wiedergewinnen (Zentrale-Orte-Konzept, Begrenzung der Flächenneuinanspruchnahme). Instrumentelle Ergänzungen sollen es der Landesentwicklung ermöglichen, neue Handlungsbedarfe aufzugreifen (Vorrang- und Vorbehaltsgebiete für Landwirtschaft und Landschaft, Ausweisung von Entwicklungskernen im ländlichen Raum und Anregung interkommunaler grundzentraler Versorgungsverbünde zur Stabilisierung der Alltagsversorgung und wohnortnahen Daseinsvorsorge). Moderne Landes- und Regionalplanung bedarf einer intensiven Einbindung der Öffentlichkeit, neuer Formate der Partizipation sowie ausgedehnter Spielräume für Innovationen und Experimente. Dazu muss sie finanziell und personell ausreichend ertüchtigt werden. Ihre Organisationsform muss zumindest in den Verdichtungsräumen überdacht und möglichst durch Direktwahlen der Planungsverbände aufgewertet werden. Aktuelle Erkenntnisse aus der Pandemie und der eskalierenden Klima- und Biodiversitätskrise zeigen jedoch, dass ein noch wesentlich tiefgreifenderes Umsteuern erforderlich ist. Regional development policy is facing major challenges from current spatial development trends and the inclusion of equivalent living and working conditions as a state objective in the Bavarian constitution, which has enhanced the significance of this goal. If spatial planning is to meet these requirements, it must be institutionally enabled to provide the necessary coordination of sectoral policies (horizontally) and multi-level interdependencies (vertically). In terms of substance, spatial planning must regain the power to steer and shape policy, and planning instruments must regain credibility and stringency (central place concept, limitation of land take). The addition of new instruments should enable regional and federal-state development to meet new needs for action (priority and reserve areas for agriculture and landscape, designation of development cores in rural areas, and encouragement of inter-municipal associations for basic supplies to stabilise provision of everyday supplies and services of general interest close to the home). Modern federal-state and regional planning requires the intensive involvement of the public, new formats of participation and extensive scope for innovation and experiments. To this end, it must be adequately funded and well-equipped with personnel. Its organisational form must be reconceived, at least in urban areas and, if possible, upgraded through the direct election of planning associations. Furthermore, current lessons learnt from the pandemic and the escalating climate and biodiversity crisis show that a much more far-reaching change of direction is required.

Mit der Energiewende wird Energieerzeugung auf Grundlage erneuerbarer Energien dezentral und flächenintensiv. Bei der Solarenergie sind vorrangig Innenbereichspotenziale zu erschließen. Gleichwohl drängen Freiflächen-Photovoltaikanlagen zur solartechnischen Stromerzeugung zunehmend als neue Nutzung in den Außenbereich. Aufgrund dort vielfach auftretender Flächennutzungskonkurrenzen und Konflikte bedarf es einer aktiven raumplanerischen Steuerung. Dafür ist die regionale Planungsebene mit ihrem querschnittsorientierten, überörtlichen Betrachtungsansatz bei noch hinreichend gebietsscharfer Maßstäblichkeit besonders gut geeignet. Ihre planerischen Werkzeuge können je nach Steuerungsintention und der jeweiligen regionsspezifischen Handlungserfordernisse gezielt eingesetzt werden, wenn auch die Rechtsgrundlagen in Teilen dafür noch geschärft werden müssen. Neben förmlich-verbindlichen Steuerungsansätzen können auch informelle Ansätze einen Beitrag zur geordneten Entwicklung von FPV liefern. In the course of the energy transition, energy generation based on renewable energies is becoming decentralised and land-intensive. In the case of solar energy, the priority is to develop the potentials of settlements for this land use. At the same time, ground-mounted photovoltaic systems for solar electricity generation are increasingly penetrating into greenfield areas outside of settlements. Due to the frequent competition and conflicts between land uses that occur in such areas, active spatial planning is required. The regional planning level is particularly well-suited for this purpose thanks to its cross-sectional, supra-local approach at a spatial scale that is sufficiently precise. Its planning tools can be used in a targeted manner in line with the management intention and the regional requirements, even if some honing of the legal foundations remains necessary. In addition to formally binding planning, informal approaches can also contribute to the orderly development of ground-mounted photovoltaic systems.

This chapter concentrates on institutional differences in France and Germany. The stability of the German institutional setting contrasts with the series of institutional reforms that have stretched over decades or even half a century in France. While in Germany transformation has taken the form of successive adaptations, in France the diverse reforms have been hotly debated and sometimes even contested. Often the metropolises and regions form the focus of such discussions in France. These contrasts between stability and change can also be seen in both spatial planning systems and the position of the highest level of territorial authority (régions in France and Länder in Germany). Starting from the national policy guidelines in both countries, the authors describe different territorial units, their areas of responsibility and their manifold planning instruments. They also address processes of democratisation, participation and metropolisation, the role of the European Union and various crises as drivers of the development of both systems.

In the context of demographic change and the associated shrinking and aging of the population, the safeguarding of public services in rural areas faces great challenges. Rural border areas find themselves in a unique situation due to their location, and must overcome additional challenges if they want to cooperate with their neighbours in the provision of public services. This paper examines cross-border cooperation in public service provision in rural areas of the Greater Region. The area examined here comprises the German territorial authorities on the German-French border within the Greater Region. An analysis of the responsibilities for and understanding of public services in Germany and France, a concise inventory of education and healthcare services, a written survey of German territorial authorities in the German-French border area, and case studies of projects (e.g. INTERREG A projects) are used to demonstrate the successes, problems and opportunities of cross-border approaches.

Raumordnung war von Anfang an - und ist bis heute - auf Koordination angelegt. Dieser gesellschaftspolitische Handlungsansatz zur Verwirklichung des Gleichwertigkeitspostulates als ständige Aufgabe zur Herstellung der räumlichen Gerechtigkeit erwuchs aus der Erkenntnis, dass Handlungen in verschiedenen Politikbereichen koordiniert werden müssen, sollen sie sich nicht gegenseitig beeinträchtigen oder gar blockieren. Koordination ist demzufolge zu verstehen als Prozess der Zusammenführung von Planungen und Handlungen verschiedener fragmentierter Politikbereiche zur Veränderung gesellschaftlicher Problemlagen - via strategischer Planung. Von zentraler Bedeutung ist dabei die institutionelle Verankerung eines Monitoring- und Controllingsystems - als Herzstück strategischer Planung - zur Gewährleistung der Anpassungs- und Innovationsfähigkeit des Planungssystems als Voraussetzung einer jeweils adäquaten Aufgabenwahrnehmung. Spatial planning has always been based on coordination. This socio-political approach to implementing the notion of equivalence adopted the form of a permanent task striving for spatial justice and grew out of recognition that initiatives in different policy fields must be coordinated if they are not to impair or even block one another. Coordination is therefore to be understood as the process of bringing together the plans and initiatives of different, fragmented policy fields in order to address social problems - via strategic planning. Of central importance is the institutional anchoring of a system of monitoring and control - as the core of strategic planning - to ensure the adaptability and innovative capacity of the planning system, which is a prerequisite for adequately tackling the task at hand.

Im derzeitigen Diskurs zum Stellenwert der räumlichen Planung in Bayern wird häufig deren zurückgegangene rechtliche und materielle Durchsetzungsfähigkeit gegenüber anderen Planungsebenen und Fachressorts angeführt. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob und in welcher Weise in den bayerischen Landesentwicklungsprogrammen seit 1976 Änderungen vorgenommen wurden und inwieweit diese als eine nachlassende Steuerungswirkung bewertet werden können. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Festlegungen zur Steuerung der Siedlungsentwicklung sowie der Freiraumentwicklung bzw. des Freiraumschutzes. Vergleichend werden die Festlegungen in den Landesentwicklungsplänen Baden-Württembergs analysiert. Konzeptioneller "Spiegel" ist das jeweilige Staatsverständnis, um Änderungen in einem gesellschaftspolitischen Zusammenhang interpretieren zu können. Es wird deutlich, dass künftig angesichts wachsender Herausforderungen - Integration Zugewanderter, Wohnraumversorgung, Sicherung der Daseinsvorsorge in ländlichen Regionen, Energiewende - (wieder) ein anderes Verständnis von Aufgaben und Steuerungskraft der Landesentwicklung notwendig ist. Akteure der staatlichen Ebene sollten die regionale Ebene als eine zentrale Stelle bei der Erbringung öffentlicher Leistungen sowie der damit einhergehenden räumlichen Planung forcieren. In the current discourse on the significance of spatial planning in Bavaria, the diminished legal and material effectiveness of this level of planning vis-à-vis other levels and specialised departments is often cited. This article examines the question of whether and in what way changes have been made to Bavaria's development programmes since 1976 and to what extent these changes can be assessed as reflecting a diminishment in control and governance. The focus is on regulations for the control of settlement development, open space development and open space protection. The regulations in the state development plans of Baden-Württemberg are analysed by way of comparison. A conceptual "mirror" is provided by the respective understandings of the state, allowing changes to be interpreted in their socio-political context. It is becoming clear that in view of growing challenges - the integration of immigrants, providing housing, securing public services in rural regions, the energy transition - in the future, it will be necessary to (again) develop a different understanding of the tasks and governance of regional development on the level of the federal state. Actors on the state level should push the regional level as a central agency for the provision of public services and the associated spatial planning.

This paper is concerned with the development of cross-border cooperation and its current status. It examines the funding instruments and describes the challenges and opportunities of cross-border cooperation. The paper concludes by discussing some distinctive aspects of cross-border cooperation in spatial planning.

This paper presents an introduction to forms of cooperation on European, intergovernmental, federal state, regional and municipal levels. The EU Community Initiative INTERREG is described as a significant funding instrument for cross-border cooperation. This excursus thus provides background knowledge for many of the papers in this volume.

Current planning debates are characterised by the tension between political and societal goals on the one hand and questions of local implementation on the other. The general public and individual citizens are core elements of any planning process, with their level of involvement in day-to-day planning ranging from protests to cooperation to indifference. There are gaps in our knowledge about which factors affect planning stipulations in everyday practice. Using empirical data gathered in basic research on German municipalities of all sizes, this article develops an exploratory comparison of the planning challenges posed by the energy transition and the integration of major accident prevention in urban land-use planning. It identifies differences, the significance of internal and external influencing factors, and starting points to pave the way to better cooperation in daily planning activities.

Der Beitrag zeigt den Verlauf der landesplanerischen Ausweisung Zentraler Orte in den Landesentwicklungsprogrammen Bayerns auf und stellt erstens fest, dass die Anzahl der Zentralen Orte insgesamt drastisch zugenommen hat. Zusätzlich ist als zweiter Prozess eine kontinuierliche Aufstufung Zentraler Orte festzustellen. Eine Zurücknahme der Ausweisung oder eine Herabstufung erfolgte seit der erstmaligen Ausweisung Zentraler Orte nie. Der dritte Prozess ist eine erhebliche Zunahme von Doppel- und Mehrfachzentren, die nach Bayerischem Landesplanungsgesetz nur als Ausnahme ausgewiesen werden sollen. Ausgehend von der Festlegung Zentraler Orte im Landesentwicklungsprogramm 2018 werden Ansätze zur Überprüfung ihrer Ausweisung vorgestellt. Nach den sich gegenseitig mit sehr großer Übereinstimmung bestätigenden Ergebnissen dieser empirisch fundierten Analysen erscheinen als Szenario eine Reduzierung der Anzahl Zentraler Orte um etwa die Hälfte und Abstufungen in erheblichen Umfang auch unter Berücksichtigung der Erreichbarkeit geeignet, die Funktionalität der Zentralen Orte sicherzustellen. Es ist deshalb dringend erforderlich, bei der Fortschreibung des Landesentwicklungsprogrammes die Ausweisung Zentraler Orte im Sinn einer Neuorientierung der Raumordnung durch die Landesplanung zu überprüfen. The article shows the course of the state planning designation of central places in the state development programs (LEP) of Bavaria and states firstly that the number of central places has increased drastically overall. Additionally, as a second process, a continuous upgrading of central places can be observed. There has never been a withdrawal of designation or downgrading since central places were first designated in the LEP. The third process is a considerable increase of double and multiple centers, which are to be designated only as an exception according to the Bavarian Spatial Planning Act. Based on the designation of central places in the LEP 2018, approaches to evaluate their designation are presented. According to the mutually confirming results of these empirically based analyses which are very highly consistent, a scenario of reducing the number of central places by about half and gradations to a considerable extent also considering accessibility appear suitable to ensure the functionality of the central places. It is therefore urgently necessary to evaluate the designation of central places in the sense of a reorientation of spatial planning by the state planning in the update of the LEP.

This chapter presents the foundations of spatial planning in the sub-regions of the Greater Region and the Upper Rhine region. It provides a picture of current developments concerning the guiding principles for spatial development and introduces the existing spatial structures of these border regions. Furthermore, the planning systems in Belgium (Wallonia), Germany, France and Luxembourg are described, and differences are identified that necessitate ongoing discussions between the partners about planning traditions and (new) strategies of spatial development.

In the field of urban and regional planning, France and Germany have shown several analogies since the beginning of the modern age. However, there is still a difference between more centralised governance processes (France) and a stronger position of the municipalities (Germany). But the planning strategies of France and Germany have moved closer together. A comparison covering about 100 years must differentiate between German planning strategies in East and West Germany for a considerable period. Urban planning has been influenced by similar models like the Athens Charter or the Leipzig Charter. The latter, a European document, was renewed in 2020. Furthermore, in both countries, similar paths can be identified: the pursuit of a strong technical focus, the tendency towards sustainable development, more flexibility, the growing importance of integrated policies and the challenges of urban sprawl. Main doctrines like integration, participation and future orientation have accompanied urban and regional planning in Germany as well as in France.

On 10 June 2011, the district council of Ahrweiler in the north of the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany took the decision to meet 100% of the district's electricity needs through renewable energy by 2030. Yet the share of renewable energy in the district's overall electricity consumption has barely grown since then. This major discrepancy between political will and reality gave rise to a local research project entitled 'EnAHRgie - Nachhaltige Gestaltung der Landnutzung und Energieversorgung auf kommunaler Ebene. Umsetzung für die Modellregion Kreis Ahrweiler' ('EnAHRgie - the sustainable organisation of land use and energy supply at the municipal level: implementation in the model district of Ahrweiler'), funded by the BMBF (Federal Ministry of Education and Research). At TU Dortmund University, the Department of Planning and Environmental Law of the Faculty of Spatial Planning is responsible for questions relating to planning law and public administration in the context of the project. With these issues in mind, an analysis of the status quo was completed in September 2016 and showed that, from a planning point of view, the prevailing circumstances for a local energy transition in the district of Ahrweiler have been extremely unfavourable right from the start. This applies in particular to the use of wind power, which conflicts with issues surrounding the conservation of sites, species, cultural landscapes and historic buildings and monuments. The EnAHRgie project is thus likely to face a major challenge in terms of developing a sustainable energy strategy for the area under study.

This article uses research in relation to the provision of public services and infrastructures to support the thesis that primarily one particular perspective on space - namely a material or quantifying perspective - is reflected in current empirical research. The article thus proposes the use of the concept of relational space by Martina Löw (2001) in empirical research to improve our empirical understanding of the space relevant for local people. To conclude, potential insights gained are outlined on the basis of the conceptualisation of a study of private colleges in rural areas in Germany.

This paper presents and analyses interviews held with decision-makers and actors involved in cross-border cooperation in the Greater Region, exploring the difficulties and constraints of the collaboration. In addition to problems caused by the different languages, administrative cultures and variations in the tasks and jurisdictions of the individual partners, the organisation of the Greater Region is also mentioned as a hindrance. Yet many difficulties concerning cooperation are minimised and in some cases overcome by the high level of commitment of the individuals active in crossborder cooperation. The paper concludes with recommendations to improve the working methods of cross-border cooperation.

The situation, development lines and perspectives of small and medium-sized towns in Germany and France are compared and similarities and differences within the central place systems and the spatial planning of both countries are discussed. With different approaches to definition, these towns have received new attention in both countries in recent years, albeit with different focal points. The discussion covers the positions and lines of development of these towns in the respective central place systems; the perspectives of their future development regarding the strengthening of central place functions, their attractiveness as residential and economic locations, and contexts of rural regional development and services of general interest. In addition, aspects of research on small and medium-sized towns as well as approaches to spatial policy in both countries are addressed.

Das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen bietet eine Möglichkeit, um Natur und Landschaft zu schützen und nachhaltig zu nutzen. In Planungsprozessen kann es genutzt werden, um die Leistungen des Naturhaushaltes zu bewerten, mit anderen Interessen abzuwägen und transparentere Grundlagen für Entscheidungen bereitzustellen. Wenn Ökosystemleistungen als zentrale Bestandteile in Strategien der räumlichen Planung aufgenommen würden, könnten sie die Umsetzung und Wirkung der Planungen im Sinne des Ressourcenschutzes verbessern. Das vorliegende Positionspapier verdeutlicht anhand von zehn Thesen, wie das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen in der räumlichen Planung genutzt werden kann. Der Arbeitskreis "Ökosystemleistungen in der räumlichen Planung" der ARL hat diese Empfehlungen erarbeitet und benennt zu den Themen "Nutzen", "Einsatzoptionen" und "Handlungsbedarfe" konkrete Ansätze für einen besseren Schutz von Natur und Landschaft. Die Thesen sollen dazu motivieren, das Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen in der Raumplanung einzusetzen und so Transformationsprozesse zu einer nachhaltigen räumlichen Entwicklung anzustoßen. The concept of ecosystem services represents an approach to support the protection and sustainable use of nature and landscapes. In planning processes, it can be used to assess the contributions ecosystems provide to human well-being, to weigh them against other interests, and to support transparent decision-making. If ecosystem services were central in spatial planning, they could improve the protection of natural resources. This position paper presents ten propositions that illustrate how the concept of ecosystem services can be used in spatial planning. The ARL working group "Ecosystem Services in Spatial Planning" has developed these recommendations and suggests specific approaches for better protection of nature and landscape. They address three topics: Benefits, Implementation options, and Actions required. The propositions shall motivate the implementation of the ecosystem services concept in spatial planning and initiate transformative processes towards sustainable spatial development.

The EUREGIO EGRENSIS cooperation area was established in 1990 and is acknowledged and appreciated by political actors. It serves here as a heuristic for a multitude of spatial processes. On the one hand, it reflects the changing political and economic conditions of cross-border cooperation between Bavaria and the Czech Republic on a line of contact between two peripheral regions remote from political and economic centres. On the other hand, a spatial analysis of the EUREGIO EGRENSIS and, in particular, discussion of its spatial delimitations and alternative spatial configurations provide insights into debates surrounding the increasing macro-regionalisation and metropolisation of cross-border cooperation. In this article, the authors analyse modes of cooperation in the north Bavarian and west Bohemian border area. The EUREGIO EGRENSIS is often referred to as the most important institution of crossborder cooperation for the border region due to the long-standing trust between the actors involved. However, there is a certain reluctance among political actors in Bavaria and the Czech Republic to discuss the spatial, thematic or institutional expansion of cross-border cooperation. Based on the positive evaluation of the EUREGIO EGRENSIS cooperation area and trends towards larger cooperation regions, the idea of a meso area in the central European zone was discussed with stakeholders in the border area - roughly the area between the cities of Nuremberg, Erfurt, Chemnitz and Plzeén. Despite socioeconomic similarities and manifold functional interdependencies, this idea was met with scepticism.

Das vorgelegte Rahmen-Positionspapier bildet zusammen mit vier parallel erarbeiteten thematisch fokussierten Teil-Positionspapieren den Darstellungsrahmen, in dem die Ergebnisse der Arbeitsgruppe "Zukunftsperspektiven ländlicher Räume in NRW" der LAG NRW der ARL vorgestellt werden. Die vier fokussierten Schwerpunktthemen sind "Wirtschaft und Arbeit", "Wohn- und Siedlungsentwicklung", "Bürgerschaftliches Engagement und Ehrenamt" sowie "Daseinsvorsorge, Fokus: Feuerwehr/Brandschutz und Gesundheit/Pflege". Das Rahmen-Positionspapier gibt einführende Informationen zur gestellten Aufgabe. Es legt den strukturell-funktionalen Definitionsansatz "Typen ländlicher Räume" des Thünen-Institutes (Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischerei) für die Arbeit zugrunde und beschreibt das Selbstverständnis der Arbeitsgruppe im "Umgang" mit "ländlichen Räumen": Diese werden in ihrer großen Heterogenität und hinsichtlich ihrer Entwicklungsperspektiven weniger als Problem- als vielmehr als Chancenräume begriffen. Mit dieser Blickrichtung ist eine zukunftsorientierte Herangehensweise verknüpft. Das Rahmen-Positionspapier erläutert die Ableitung der fokussierten Schwerpunktthemen, die mit größerer Detailtiefe und anhand von Kernforderungen und Handlungsempfehlungen in den Teil-Positionspapieren aufbereitet werden, und kondensiert die dort gewonnenen Ergebnisse in Form von vier zusammenfassenden Kernforderungen. Die im Rahmen-Positionspapier zugrunde gelegten Herausforderungen und Chancen für die Entwicklung ländlicher Räume in NRW wurden dabei aus aktuellen spezifischen "ländlichen" Problemlagen, v.a. aber auch aus allgemeingültigen Megatrends abgeleitet, die die Zukunft prägen werden und nicht nur für ländliche Räume gelten. Dazu gehören v.a. der demographische Wandel, die digitale Transformation, sozioökonomische und kulturelle Veränderungen von Gesellschaft und Arbeit und sich wandelnde Lebensstile wie auch der Klimawandel. Darüber hinaus wird im Papier die Rolle von städtebaulichen Qualitäten und regionaler Baukultur als nicht zu vernachlässigende qualitative Standortfaktoren im Kontext von örtlicher und regionaler Entwicklung hervorgehoben. Zukunftsfähigkeit bedeutet, im Sinne der Heterogenität ländlicher Räume und ihrer Ausgangslagen, die skizzierten Einflüsse aufzugreifen und passgenaue Strategien zur Steuerung wie auch programmatische Handlungsansätze zur Unterstützung von ländlichen Entwicklungswegen zu erarbeiten und bereitzuhalten. Das Rahmen-Positionspapier stellt zusammen mit den thematischen Teil-Positionspapieren und den dort formulierten Kernforderungen und Handlungsempfehlungen dafür eine Diskussionsgrundlage dar. Together with four parallel thematically focussed sub-position papers, the framework position paper presented here sets the presentation framework in which the results of the working group "Future perspectives of rural areas in NRW" of the ARL, LAG NRW are presented. The four main topics are "Economy and Work", "Housing and Settlement Development", "Civic Engagement and Volunteering" and "Services of General Interest, Focus: Fire Department/Fire Protection and Health/Care". The framework position paper provides introductory information on the task at hand. It is based on the structural-functional definition of "Types of rural areas" by the Thuenen Institute (Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forests and Fisheries) and describes the working group's self-conception in "dealing" with rural areas. In their great heterogeneity and with regard to their development perspectives, these are seen less as problem areas than as regions of opportunities. A future-oriented approach is linked to this perspective. The framework position paper explains the derivation of the focused priority topics, which are processed in greater detail and on the basis of core-requirements and recommendations for action in the sub-position papers, and condenses the results obtained there in the form of four summarising core claims. The challenges and opportunities for the development of rural areas in NRW on which the framework position paper is based have been derived from current specific rural problems, but above all also from generally valid megatrends which will shape the future and do not only apply to rural areas. These include demographic change, digital transformation, socio-economic and cultural changes in society and work, and changing lifestyles, as well as climate change. Furthermore, the paper emphasises the role of urban development qualities and regional building culture as qualitative location factors not to be neglected in the context of local and regional development. In terms of the heterogenity of rural areas and their initial situations, sustainability means taking up the influences outlined above and developing and providing tailor-made strategies for steering and programmatic approaches to supporting rural development paths. The framework position paper, together with the thematic sub-position papers and the core-requirements and recommendations for action formulated therein, provides a basis for discussion.

The institutionalisation of border regions has a long history. Initial forms of cooperation usually emerged in relation to a specific event. The 1970s were decisive for the emergence of cross-border organisations in both the Greater Region and the Upper Rhine region. Over the decades the structures were consolidated, although regionally specific adaptations and developments continue both on a conceptual and practical level. The European INTERREG A programme has played a significant role in improving cross-border cooperation, and INTERREG continues to be an important factor in the implementation of cross-border projects. Efforts to further develop the institutional framework and cooperation structures in recent years demonstrate that there are still many challenges but also unexploited potential in the Greater Region and the Upper Rhine region.

Ausgehend von der Notwendigkeit, im Interesse einer wirkungsvollen Raumplanung möglichst aktuelle Abgrenzungen der Planungsräume zu gewährleisten, wird Kritik an der derzeitigen Abgrenzung dreier Raumkategorien der bayerischen Raumordnung, Landes- und Regionalplanung geäußert: Planungsregionen, Räume mit besonderem Handlungsbedarf (RmbH), ländliche Räume. Für diese drei Raumkategorien werden Vorschläge für ihre Neuabgrenzung bzw. Neudefinition gemacht. Bezüglich der Planungsregionen wird eine Zusammenlegung mit den teilweise neu abzugrenzenden (Regierungs-)Bezirken vorgeschlagen. Für die beiden Großstadtregionen München und Nürnberg werden individuelle Lösungen als Verwaltungs- und Planungsräume eigener Art gefordert. Auf die Abgrenzung von ländlichen Räumen und Räumen mit besonderem Handlungsbedarf als eigene Raumkategorien sollte in Zukunft wegen der Problematik ihrer Definition und der Vieldeutigkeit dieser Bezeichnungen verzichtet werden. Stattdessen wird die Einführung neuer problembezogener und an ihrer Fördernotwendigkeit orientierter Raumgliederungen vorgeschlagen. On the assumption that up-to-date delimitations of planning areas are necessary in order to ensure effective regional planning, the paper criticizes the present delimitation of three spatial categories used by the Bavarian regional planning system: planning regions, areas with special need for action, rural areas. Proposals are suggested for new delimitations respectively new definitions of these three spatial categories. Regarding the planning regions, a merger is proposed with the government districts. Both of them would partially have to be newly demarcated and defined. Individual solutions as administrative and planning regions of their own are suggested for the two metropolitan regions of Munich and Nuremberg. The official demarcation of rural areas and of areas with special need of action should be given up in future because of the problem to clearly define them respectively of their ambiguity. Instead, the establishment of new spatial categories is suggested which should be problem-oriented and suitable for development programs.

This article focuses on the challenges of rural areas, the formative power of citizens and the funding programme for village development in Lower Saxony. The article elaborates the importance of collective responsibility in villages by means of cooperation between local political representatives, the administration and village residents in their various functions. It points out the need for further research on the assumption of responsibility; using the example of the funding programme for village development in Lower Saxony, the article pursues options for methodically supporting these processes in future.

Germany and France offer two different models of political and administrative organisation: a federal state on one side of the Rhine and a unitary state on the other, albeit one that has become more decentralised over the last 40 years. Thus, the French régions have reduced capacities for action compared to the Länder. At the local level, the administrative structure was strengthened in Germany by merging municipalities, whereas France chose to use intermunicipal structures. In contrast to the political and administrative stability in Germany, local and regional organisation in France is constantly evolving, faced with a succession of laws, the pace of which has accelerated over time. The same applies to spatial planning, which has been framed from the outset by the German Grundgesetz (GG - Basic Law), but which has undergone much more evolution on the French side, even if the loi d'orientation foncière (LOF - Basic Land Act) of 1967 and the loi solidarité et renouvellement urbain (SRU - Law on Urban Solidarity and Renewal) (2000) represent two fundamental stages. In both countries, the strategic dimension of planning has been strengthened, and each side has developed its own tools for the management of urban projects.

Urban planning processes manoeuvre within the interplay between constantly shifting global, regional and local dynamics. Considering processes from a temporal perspective can therefore provide a key to understanding these complex contexts. Although the time factor is still largely ignored in planning practice, some exceptions, such as rapid planning or slow urbanism, experiment with it. In these cases, planning processes are either accelerated and simplified or expanded and designed openly. This essay focuses on the slow, open-process developments of creative quarters in Munich and Hamburg. In both cases, the temporal dimension will be used to elucidate path dependencies in the negotiation and design of urban spaces.

The aim of the Border Futures Subsection was to shed light on the development of cross-border cooperation in the territory of the Hesse/Rhineland-Palatinate/ Saarland Regional Working Group and to indicate future development paths. This paper introduces the focal points of the research and the approach taken, clarifies the terminology and provides an overview of the papers in this volume.

Die Raumordnung in Bayern ist seit einigen Jahrzehnten Gegenstand wiederholter Reformprozesse. Diese folgen der Logik der Deregulierung, Entbürokratisierung und Kommunalisierung. Der Staat zieht sich einerseits kontinuierlich aus seiner planerischen Verantwortung zurück und überträgt diese den Kommunen. Andererseits bleiben spürbare Entwicklungsunterschiede zwischen den Teilräumen bestehen. Aktuelle und zukünftige Herausforderungen legen hingegen eine Neuorientierung der Raumordnung nahe, die wieder mehr Wirkungskraft und Gestaltungsfähigkeit aufweisen kann. Die Arbeitsgruppe "Neue Perspektiven einer zukunftsfähigen Raumordnung in Bayern" der Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft Bayern der ARL analysiert die Ergebnisse der Reformschritte als einen massiven Bedeutungsverlust und entwickelt neue Perspektiven für eine zukunftsfähige Raumordnung. Dieser Beitrag zeigt den Auftrag der Arbeitsgruppe auf, kritisiert die Ergebnisse des Rückbaus der letzten Jahrzehnte, stellt neue Herausforderungen dar und empfiehlt das Leitbild der räumlichen Gerechtigkeit als neuen normativen Bezugspunkt für eine kraftvolle Renaissance der Landes- und Regionalplanung zur Herstellung gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse im Freistaat Bayern. Spatial planning in Bavaria has repeatedly undergone processes of reform in recent decades. These reforms followed the logic of deregulation, de-bureaucratisation and municipalisation. The state has continuously withdrawn from its planning responsibilities, transferring them to the municipalities. Nonetheless, noticeable differences in development between sub-areas remain. However, current and future challenges call for a reorientation of spatial planning, which could lead to improved effectiveness and creative capacity. Analyses by the focus group "New Perspectives for Future-Proof Spatial Planning in Bavaria" of the ARL Bavarian Working Group suggest that the reforms have resulted in a massive loss of significance and develop new perspectives for future-proof spatial planning. This article presents the mission of the working group, criticises the results of the downgrading of spatial planning in recent decades, and presents new challenges. The guiding principle of spatial justice is recommended as a new normative reference point for a powerful renaissance of federal-state and regional planning to create equivalent living conditions in the state of Bavaria.

[Einleitung ...] Mit diesem Positionspapier aus der ARL möchten wir einen Beitrag zur Debatte um die möglichen raumbezogenen Auswirkungen des Brexits leisten. Wir betrachten diese Auswirkungen aus einer eher deutschen Perspektive heraus. Das heißt: Andere raumbezogene Auswirkungen bzw. Problemlagen, wie zum Beispiel das komplizierte Verhältnis zwischen der EU, der Republik Irland und Nordirland (als Teil des VK) bleiben bewusst außen vor, weil sie den Rahmen dieses Papiers sprengen würden. Wir skizzieren dazu Entwicklungen in sieben Handlungsfeldern, die in besonderer Weise die räumliche Entwicklung beeinflussen werden. Die Betrachtung in den jeweiligen Teilkapiteln fokussiert auf das jeweilige Handlungsfeld selbst, und es werden, je nach Daten- und Informationslage, Ausblicke zur Situation nach dem Brexit vermittelt. Das Positionspapier schließt mit einer Diskussion möglicher Szenarien des zukünftigen Handelsverhältnisses zwischen VK und EU.

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit planerischen und gesellschaftlichen Zugängen zu einem nachhaltigen Umgang mit den natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen, die deren Schutz und Entwicklung konsequent berücksichtigen. Ein wesentlicher Ansatz ist die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Konzept der Ökosystemleistungen bzgl. dessen Anwendung in der Planungspraxis. Kritische Aussagen zum derzeitigen Wirtschaftssystem, zu Märkten und Bepreisungen und zur gemeindlichen Planungshoheit zeigen auf, warum auch bei Akteuren räumlicher Planung "Denkschablonen", die unsere raumrelevanten Entscheidungen bisher gesteuert haben - insbesondere bei Bewertungen und Abwägungen -, aufgebrochen und neue Wege beschritten werden müssen. Ohne das Verständnis dafür, warum in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten die Ökonomisierung aller Lebensbereiche auch das Denken, Handeln und die Werthaltungen immer stärker beeinflusst hat, sind keine zukunftsfähigen Veränderungen in Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Politik und Verwaltung - und damit auch in der räumlichen Planung - zu erwarten, die die Begrenztheit der natürlichen Ressourcen und ihre Regenerationsfähigkeit beachten und eine tatsächlich nachhaltige räumliche Entwicklung einleiten können. Der vorliegende Beitrag wagt - bezogen auf die Veränderungserfordernisse aus heutiger Sicht - einen Blick nach vorn und bezieht sich explizit auf die räumliche Planung als wirkmächtigem Akteur für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung durch die große Transformation. Er nähert sich der komplexen Thematik mit beispielhaften Darstellungen zur Organisation räumlicher Planung an. This chapter is concerned with planning and societal approaches to the sustainable management of natural resources which take consistent account of the need for protection and development. An important approach involves analysing the concept of ecosystem services and its use in planning practice. Criticism of the current economic system, of markets and pricing, and of municipal planning authority demonstrates why it is necessary to break with the established ways of thinking that have to date governed our spatial decision-making - particularly in evaluations and arbitrations; new paths must be pursued. It is necessary to understand why the economisation of all spheres of life has increasingly influenced our thoughts, actions and values. Without such an understanding, no viable changes can be expected in economy, society, politics or administration - and thus similarly not within spatial planning. Such changes must pay attention to the limited nature of natural resources and their regenerative capacities and introduce truly sustainable spatial development. Based on current assessments of the need for change, this chapter dares to look into the future and explicitly regards spatial planning as an effective actor for moving towards sustainable development through the great transformation. The complexity of the topic is approached using illustrative accounts of the organisation of spatial planning.

Als wichtige Funktion von Kleinstädten in ländlichen Räumen wird deren Zentralität angesehen. In der raumwissenschaftlichen Theorie und der raumpolitischen Praxis wird der Zentralitätsfrage für die Entwicklung der ländlichen Räume und der dortigen Kleinstädte eine entsprechend hohe Bedeutung zugemessen. Der Beitrag behandelt die Zentralitätsfrage aus einer interdisziplinären Perspektive und setzt sich kritisch mit der starken normativen Prägung in der Diskussion um Zentralitäten auseinander. Centrality is viewed as one of the most important functions of small towns in rural areas. In spatial scientific theory and spatial policy practice, the question of centrality is granted correspondingly great significance for the development of rural areas and the small towns located in such areas. The article addresses centrality from an interdisciplinary perspective and critically considers the strongly normative nature of the discussion about centralities.

"Mitteldeutschland" als Raumbegriff stellt heute eine länderübergreifende Region im südlichen Ostdeutschland dar. Vor etwa 100 Jahren wurde der damals lageorientierte Planungsraum "Mitteldeutscher Industriebezirk" so bestimmt; er zählte u.a. mit anderen Verwaltungs- und Entwicklungsregionen in Deutschland, wie dem "Siedlungsverband Ruhrkohlenbezirk", "Groß-Berlin" und Schlesien, zu den ersten erfolgreichen Unternehmungen der damals noch jungen, integrierenden und funktionsbezogenen Raumplanung. In anderen raumforschenden Disziplinen, u.a. der Geografie und der Linguistik, wurde das Areal aus jeweiligem Sachbezug schon seit Langem so bestimmt. Nunmehr schickt man sich seit Längerem an, in der "Europäischen Metropolregion Mitteldeutschland", im Agglomerationsraum um die Großstädte Halle (Saale) und Leipzig, interkommunale Kooperation der Raumentwicklung zur Daseinsvorsorge und zum Wohle der Bevölkerung zu betreiben. The so called Central Germany has been never a territory of state but only an area of interest in traditional manner of history. In Physical Geography and also in German Linguistics was it and can be seen as an area of both with special but also regional significance. With the beginning of spatial planning hundred years ago (since 1920ff.) the Central German Industrial District was together with the Settlement and Planning District Greater Berlin one of the landmarks in early regional planning in between the Industrial districts around the Rhine and Ruhr in the West and in Silesia Areas in the East. This tradition is adopted in the field of creating a European Metropolis Region named Central Germany. In the planning space, the agglomeration of inter regional and international standings, around the urban networks of Halle (Saale) and Leipzig will be further developed in order to well being of all of people living and acting within the region.

In diesem Beitrag wird die Frage behandelt, inwieweit sich die räumliche Planung (formell und informell) im Spannungsfeld zwischen gestaltendem Staat und aktiver Zivilgesellschaft weiterentwickeln muss, um als Akteur wirksamer zu einer nachhaltigen Raumentwicklung für die große Transformation beitragen zu können. Ein Hebel dabei ist eine räumliche Planung, die dem Gemeinwohl dient. Ausgehend von dem Erfahrungswissen der Autorin und der Autoren werden die Rollen und Erkenntnisse der Landes- und Regionalplanung im Großraum München, der Regionalplanung und -entwicklung in der Mecklenburgischen Seenplatte sowie Erkenntnisse aus der Dorfentwicklung in Niedersachsen und aus einem Modellprojekt zur Innenentwicklung in Baden-Württemberg hinsichtlich des potenziellen Beitrages zu einer nachhaltigen Raumentwicklung für die große Transformation betrachtet. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen gegeben, wie die Möglichkeiten und Potenziale der Raumplanung und -entwicklung für die große Transformation besser genutzt werden können. Dabei werden ein besseres Zusammenspiel der formellen und informellen raumplanerischen Instrumente und der verschiedenen Planungsebenen sowie auf eine stärkere Beteiligung relevanter Akteure und der Bürgerschaft als wesentliche Aspekte hervorgehoben. This paper discusses the extent to which spatial planning (both formal and informal) must continue to develop in the field of tension between the formative state and active civil society so as to make a more effective contribution to a sustainable spatial development for the great transformation. Spatial planning that serves the common good can provide leverage here. Drawing on the knowledge and experience of the authors, the roles and findings of state and regional planning in the larger Munich area, regional planning and development in the Mecklenburg Lake District, the development of villages in Lower Saxony and a model project on internal development in Baden-Württemberg are examined to determine the potential for sustainable spatial development. Finally, recommendations are made as to how the possibilities and the potential of spatial planning and development can be better used for the great transformation. A particular focus is on improved coordination between formal and informal spatial planning instruments and the various planning levels, and on greater participation of the relevant actors and citizens.

Die Digitalisierung unserer Gesellschaft bedeutet für den Einzelhandel und unsere Städte einen tiefgreifenden Umbruch. Viele Menschen nutzen das Internet inzwischen regelmäßig für ihren Einkauf. Weiterhin hohe Wachstumsraten sprechen für eine anhaltende Dynamik bei der Verbreitung auch in Deutschland. Die veränderten Einkaufsgewohnheiten gehen mit einer Umsatzverlagerung vom stationären Handel in den Onlinehandel einher und verändern die Nutzungsstrukturen in den Stadtzentren. Dies wirft bezüglich der Raumentwicklung vielfältige Fragen auf. Die AG "Onlinehandel und Raumentwicklung" - ein ehrenamtlich arbeitendes, zeitlich befristetes, inter- und transdisziplinäres Gremium der Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft Nordrhein-Westfalen der Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft (ARL) - hat diese Fragen aufgegriffen und diskutiert. With the expansion of online trading, retail trade development has reached a new level in the process of ongoing structural change. Multi-channel concepts that combine offline and online retail are becoming increasingly important. In the course of digitalisation, "hybrid" types of enterprises that show significant differences from traditional retail stores are emerging. For providers unable to find answers to the challenges associated with this change, it will become more and more difficult to maintain their market position. The retail structures are changing - and that is changing our cities. In many town centres, the declining demand for retail space is already clearly visible today. The spatial effects depend on the specific situation at the respective location. The basic tendency is to expect a thinning out and polarisation of the urban centre systems: A few town centres with a special experiential character will assert themselves as retail locations and will be able to further distinguish themselves, in other locations the task of local supply will move into the focus in the future, and some town centres will lose their supply function. But even or especially in a digital world: Town centres are not a obsolescent model! On the contrary, the current developments can be the starting line for multifunctional locations to emerge that exude appeal for people and stay generally attractive. Fresh thinking and active engagement are needed to make this vision come true.

Was wir über Kleinstädte (nicht) wissen, wird in einer Querschnittsbetrachtung dieses Sammelbands resümierend und reflektierend aufgezeigt. Ausgehend von verschiedenen Erzählungen, Perspektiven, Differenzierungen und Dynamiken von Kleinstädten werden soziale, demographische und ökonomische Aspekte erörtert sowie Probleme der Datenverfügbarkeit und Methoden aufgezeigt. Anschließend werden Kleinstädte konzeptionell verortet und Aspekte von räumlicher Planung, Government und Governance sowie von Mobilität und Digitaler Transformation beleuchtet. Mit einem konstruktiv ausblickenden Fazit wird zugleich ein Plädoyer für eine zeitgemäße Kleinstadtforschung formuliert. A review of this volume summarises and reflects upon what we (do not) know about small towns. Based on various narratives, perspectives, differentiations and dynamics concerning small towns, the discussion covers social, demographic and economic aspects and problems concerning data availability and methods. Next, small towns are conceptionally positioned, and aspects of spatial planning, government and governance, mobility and digital transformation are highlighted. A constructive, forwardlooking conclusion also calls for up-to-date research into small towns.