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Background A naturally occurring material, namely sporopollenin (SP), was subjected to an easy physical surface modification process called a polydopamine coating. The treatment changed the acid-base properties of the surface, so that in the new form the SP surface gained a very attractive character for anionic dyes. Objective The aim of the study was to develop preconcentration and subsequent spectrophotometric determination methods for two anionic colorants, brilliant blue (BB) and sunset yellow (SY), using polydopamine-coated (PDC) SP. Method The experiments were carried out in a column system, and the effects of experimental parameters were studied to determine optimal conditions for the quantitative, simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of the dyes. Results The dyes could be detected at µg/L levels in their binary mixtures, so the detection limits were found to be 1.5 and 4.3 µg/L in the linear dynamic ranges of 0.0–3.5 and 0–8 µg/mL for BB and SY, respectively. The proposed material and procedure led to quantitative recoveries of between 95 and 100% for the dyes. Conclusions The procedure was applied to real food samples containing BB and SY and both dyes were successfully determined in liquid and solid foodstuffs. The mussel-inspired surface modification is proposed as a useful process to modify the surface of SP. Highlights The mussel-inspired polydopamine dip-coating method was adopted to modify the surface of SP for the first time. The PDCSP was successfully used to create a new adsorptive preconcentration method for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of BB and SY in foodstuffs.

Background Brilliant blue (BB) and tartrazine (TZ) are manufactured from petroleum and its products. These are the most popular consumed food dyes and are widely used in foodstuffs. Therefore, overuse of these dyes in foodstuffs and consumption of excessive amounts of these dyes can lead to health problems in humans. Objective The aim of this study was to develop a simple separation and preconcentration method for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of BB and TZ dyes. Methods A column solid-phase separation extraction method combined with UV-Vis spectrophotometry was preferred and developed for single and simultaneous determination of BB and TZ dyes. Results The preconcentration factor was obtained as 80. Relative standard deviations were below than 4%. Detection limits of the method were determined as 0.29 and 1.21 µg/L for BB and TZ, respectively. Recovery values were obtained between 95–99% and 96–100% for BB and TZ, respectively. 10.9–235.7 µg/g and 1.7–8.0 µg/mL of BB contents of real samples were determined for solid and liquid samples, respectively. TZ concentrations of solid and liquid samples were ranged between 18.7–220.7 µg/g and 5.9–7.5 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions Quantitative extraction results and satisfactory recovery values showed that method was successful and applicable for determination of BB and TZ concentrations in real pharmaceutical, industrial, and foodstuff samples. Highlights The method has exhibited a high preconcentration factor and effective separation against to matrix ions. The method did not need an experienced operator with high operation experience. Elution solvent can be chosen according to the availability of the chemicals in the laboratory and cheapness of the chemicals.

Background: Copper (Cu) is an essential metal for humans at certain concentrations. However, it can be toxic at higher concentrations. Therefore, determination of Cu content of foodstuff is important. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly surfactant-mediated extraction method for the determination of Cu using surfactants and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Methods: A nonionic surfactant-assisted emulsification and surfactant-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method was developed for the separation, preconcentration, and determination of Cu by FAAS. Triton X-15 nonionic surfactant, which is insoluble in water, was used as an extractive agent. Triton X-114 (TX-114) nonionic water-soluble surfactant was used as a disperser solvent. Dithizone was used as a complexing agent for complexation of Cu(II) at pH 4. Results: The detection and quantitation limits of the method were determined as 1.61 and 3.82 μg/L, respectively. The preconcentration factor was obtained as 50. Relative SD based on 10 replicates was obtained as 3.7%. Accuracy of the developed method was proved using certified standard reference materials. Cu(II) content of edible mushroom samples was determined between 12 and 19 μg/g. Recoveries were obtained between 96 and 101%. Conclusions: The developed surfactant-assisted emulsification and surfactant-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method has represented the wide linear ranges, low detection limit, and high preconcentration factor for Cu ions. Highlights: TX-114 surfactant was used as both sticking agent and disperser solvent. The method does not require expert personnel and high operational costs. The method is environmentally friendly because mainly surfactants and low-toxicity organic solvents are used in the recommended procedure.

Background: Brilliant Blue and Sunset Yellow, two highly water-soluble synthetic food dyes, are the most popular food dyes used and consumed. Although they are not highly toxic, some health problems can be observed when excessive amounts of food products containing these dyes are consumed. Objectives: The aim of the study was to develop a simultaneous UV-Vis combined solid-phase extraction method, based on the adsorption onto Amberlite XAD-8 resin, for determination of Brilliant Blue and Sunset Yellow dyes. Methods: Sample solution was poured into the reservoir of the column and permitted to gravitationally pass through the column at 2 mL/min flow rate. Adsorbed dyes were eluted to 5 mL of final volume with 1 mol/L HNO3 in ethanol solution by applying a 2 mL/min flow rate. Dye concentrations of the solution were determined at 483 and 630 nm for Sunset Yellow and Brilliant Blue, respectively. Results: The detection limits of the method for Brilliant Blue and Sunset Yellow were determined as 0.13 and 0.66 ng/mL, respectively. Preconcentration factor was 80. Brilliant Blue contents of real food samples were found to be between 11 and 240 μg/g. Sunset Yellow concentrations of foodstuffs were determined to be between 19 and 331 μg/g. Conclusions: Economical, effective, and simple simultaneous determination of Brilliant Blue and Sunset Yellow was achieved by using a solid-phase extraction combined UV-Vis spectrometry method. Highlights: The method is applicable and suitable for routine analysis in quality control laboratories without the need for expert personnel and high operational costs because the instrumentation is simple and inexpensive.

Background: Allura Red (AR) and Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) are highly water-soluble synthetic food dyes used to color baked goods, beverages, candies, jellies, sausages, etc. Although AR and BB are not entirely toxic, they can lead to health problems in humans. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a column solid-phase extraction (SPE) and preconcentration method based on the adsorption on a Diaion HP-20 polymeric resin for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of AR and BB. Methods: The column SPE method was used, and the analytical parameters of the SPE method, such as pH, sample flow rate, sample volume, etc., were systematically investigated and optimized. Results: The detection limits of AR and BB ranged between 0.90 and 0.19 μg/L and quantification limits between 2.59 and 0.53 μg/L, respectively. Preconcentration factors were obtained at 80 and 100 for AR and BB, respectively. The RSDs of the method were lower than 4% for both dyes. The method was successfully applied to foodstuffs. AR and BB contents in foodstuffs were determined between 9.48–407.34 and 2.96–137.12 μg/g, respectively, for solid samples; 52.28 and 5.91 μg/mL of dye contents of liquid samples were determined for AR and BB, respectively. Conclusions: Satisfactory recoveries show that the method will be more useful for future food quality and control applications. Highlights: The developed method exhibited simplicity and reliable, simultaneous determination of AR and BB in foodstuffs.

WOS: 000359509500018, PubMed ID: 26268977, Two novel spectrophotometric determination procedures based on retention of Allura Red onto Amberlite XAD-1180 and XAD-16 resins for its preconcentration, purification, and separation were developed. Analytical parameters of the methods including pH, eluent type, sample volume, and sample and eluent flow rates, were investigated and optimized. Interference effects of some cations, anions, and widely used food dyes were also investigated. Detection limits of the two methods were found to be 1.2 and 1.5 mu g/L for XAD-1180 and XAD-16 columns, respectively, under optimum conditions. Linear calibration curve ranges of the methods were 0.4-8.0 and 0.5-6.0 mu g/mL of Altura Red for XAD-1180 and XAD-16 resins, respectively. Preconcentration factors were found as 80 for both the XAD-1180 and XAD-16 columns using maximum sample volume and minimum eluent volume. RSDs of the methods were below 6% throughout all experiments. All absorbance measurements were performed at 506 nm. Validations of the methods were performed comparatively with determination of the Allura Red contents of some foodstuff, pharmaceutical, and energy drink samples. Allura Red concentrations in investigated solid and liquid samples ranged from 298 to 501 mu g/g and 53.8 to 508 mu g/mL, respectively. Satisfactory results were obtained from the real samples analysis. Allura Red contents of samples were determined to be highly similar using the two extraction methods. Comparisons of the methods were performed by analysis of Allura Red contents of the real samples. In addition to analytical parameters, adsorption isotherm studies were performed for the two kinds of Amberlite resins. It was observed that developed methods fit the linear form of the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. All of the experimental results suggested that the developed SPE procedures are suitable for separation, preconcentration, and determination of Allura Red in solid and liquid matrixes., Nigde University [FEB2012/23], This study is a part of Abdullah Taner Bisgin's doctoral thesis and supported by Scientific Research Projects of Nigde University Project No. FEB2012/23.

The two novel preconcentration and separation methods based on adsorption onto Amberlite XAD-1180 and Amberlite XAD-16 polymeric resins for spectrophotometric determination of sunset yellow dye were developed. The parameters, affecting the quantitative recovery, including pH, sample and eluent flow rates, eluent type, sample volume, were investigated and optimised. The interference effects of some cations, anions and widely used dye were also studied. At the optimum conditions, detection limits of the methods were found as 2.0 and 1.6 µg L-1 for Amberlite XAD-1180 and Amberlite XAD-16 resins, respectively. Linear dynamic ranges of the methods were obtained in the range of 0.2-50.0 and 0.2-20.0 µg mL-1 for Amberlite XAD-1180 and Amberlite XAD-16 resins, respectively. The relative standard deviations were below than 7% and 5% for Amberlite XAD-1180 and Amberlite XAD-16 resins, respectively. The determination of dye was performed at 483.0 nm using spectrophotometry. Validations of the methods were performed comparatively with determination of the sunset yellow content of some foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals. The two novel preconcentration and separation methods based on adsorption onto Amberlite XAD-1180 and Amberlite XAD-16 polymeric resins for spectrophotometric determination of sunset yellow dye were developed. The parameters, affecting the quantitative recovery, including pH, sample and eluent flow rates, eluent type, sample volume, were investigated and optimised. The interference effects of some cations, anions and widely used dye were also studied. At the optimum conditions, detection limits of the methods were found as 2.0 and 1.6 µg L-1 for Amberlite XAD-1180 and Amberlite XAD-16 resins, respectively. Linear dynamic ranges of the methods were obtained in the range of 0.2-50.0 and 0.2-20.0 µg mL-1 for Amberlite XAD-1180 and Amberlite XAD-16 resins, respectively. The relative standard deviations were below than 7% and 5% for Amberlite XAD-1180 and Amberlite XAD-16 resins, respectively. The determination of dye was performed at 483.0 nm using spectrophotometry. Validations of the methods were performed comparatively with determination of the sunset yellow content of some foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals. © 2015 Institute of Food Science and Technology.

WOS: 000358540400028, Separation, preconcentration, and spectrophotometric determination of tartrazine (E 102) was performed by solid-phase extraction methods with using spectrophotometry. For this purpose, Amberlite XAD-1180 and Amberlite XAD-16 resins and mini-chromatographic column were used. All absorbance measurements of the dye were determined at 427 nm. Analytical parameters including pH, sample and eluent flow rates, eluent type, ionic strength, sample volume, and adsorption isotherms were investigated and optimized. Under optimum condition interference effect of main cations, some anions and widely used dyes were examined. Detection limits of the proposed methods were determined as 5.7 and 1.2 mu g L-1 for XAD-1180 and XAD-16 resins, respectively. Linear dynamic ranges of the methods were found between 0.4-30 and 0.4-12 mu g mL(-1) of tartrazine for XAD-1180 and XAD-16 resins, respectively. The preconcentration factors were found as 60 and 80 for XAD-1180 and XAD-16 columns, respectively. Relative standard deviations were lower than 7 % throughout all experiments for two methods. Developed methods were validated and checked with determination of tartrazine levels in soft drink samples by addition of analyte. The comparisons of the methods were performed by the analysis of tartrazine contents of food samples. Tartrazine concentrations, investigated solid samples, ranged between 146 and 391 mu g/g. Tartrazine content of liquid sample was found as 7.4 and 7.3 mu g/mL for X1180 and X16 methods, respectively. The results suggest that the methods are suitable for the determination of tartrazine. Very accurate results were obtained for spiked values of the tartrazine into the food samples. In addition to accuracy, the method is simple, environmental friendly, and economical for the determination of tartrazine level in food samples. In addition of analytical parameters, adsorption and isotherm studies were performed for two kinds of Amberlite resins. It was observed that the methods fitted the linear form of Freundlich isotherm model.