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Purpose: To elucidate referrals from sports medicine clinic (SMC) to orthopedics, consensus rates among physicians and surgeons on surgical need in these patients, and reasoning of the patients who refused to have surgery despite the recommendations by both groups in non-emergency sports injury patients., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis by using the administrative and referral records of a sports medicine clinic for the 15 months between October 2017 and January 2019. Gender, age, diagnosis, and type of sport were compared between two groups (patients referred to orthopedics vs patients treated in SMC). Agreement between orthopedics and SMC on surgical need in those patients who were referred to orthopedics was evaluated. We additionally screened the hospital archive for surgery reports of patients recommended surgery, and, if a patient did not have a surgery record, we investigated the reasons by telephone interview and categorized these reasons., Results: Surgical evaluation needed for 4.7% ( n = 155) of the patients. Patients referred to orthopedics were younger (median: 22.0 years), mostly male ( n = 119, 76.8%), and involved in contact sports ( n = 108, 69.7%) ( p < 0.001 for all) compared to patients treated conservatively. Majority of the consultations were made owing to certain diagnoses such as cruciate/collateral ligament sprain ( n = 70, 45.2%), meniscal tear ( n = 21, 13.5%), and cartilage injuries ( n = 15, 9.7%). Most of the patients diagnosed with Achilles tendon rupture ( n = 2, 100%) and patellar instability ( n = 13, 81.3%) were referred to surgery. Orthopedics agreed with the sports medicine physicians' opinions in most cases ( n = 110, 71.0%). Thirty-four patients (30.9%) recommended surgery by the surgeon postponed/refused the treatment for various reasons or had surgery in another hospital., Conclusion: Most non-emergency sports injuries can be treated conservatively. Young and male patients participating in contact sports are more likely to need surgical treatment. Non-surgeon musculoskeletal health-care providers may consider referring patients to orthopedics considering the data demonstrated in this study. Nevertheless, patient's motivation to undergo an operation should be considered before referring to orthopedics.

Utilization of musculoskeletal ultrasound, in particular for sports medicine, has dramatically increased in recent years. Ultrasound is an important adjunct tool to physical examination and other imaging methods in the evaluation and management of the injured athlete. It offers unique advantages in specific clinical scenarios. Dedicated training and a standardized scanning technique are important to overcome the inherent operator dependence and avoid diagnostic pitfalls. Ultrasound guidance can also improve accuracy in targeted percutaneous injection therapies. This article reviews the general ultrasound appearance of muscle, tendon, ligament, and nerve abnormalities in the athlete with a focus on sport-specific injuries., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Over the past several decades there has been a dramatic change in the landscape of youth sports. This article provides an overview of sport-related injuries in the child and adolescent populations, looking at changes over the past 10 to 15 years. A closer look at frequently seen injuries, including assessment, diagnosis, and management in osteochondritis dissecans, sprains, fractures, anterior cruciate ligament, and meniscus tears, is provided. Current protocols and screening tools for this population are discussed, including preparticipation screening. The nursing implications in the clinical and community setting are identified, with ways to incorporate this information into practice., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The practice of any sport is inherently associated with the risk of musculoskeletal lesions. We describe regenerative medicine technologies, including cellular therapies, gene therapies and multimolecular preparations of growth factors and cytokines, which are expected to advance the field of orthopaedics and sports medicine. Gene therapy involves the introduction of genetic information in the injured tissue to help that tissue to heal and, possibly, regenerate. Cell therapies used in clinical practice are based on the transplantation of adult human cells, which can be at different stages of differentiation. Currently, the stromal vascular fraction, containing stem cells and other niche components, has been injected in the articular cartilage of the knee or delivered via arthroscopy. Bone marrow concentrate (BMC) has been used to manage focal chondral defects via arthroscopy with promising clinical results. In addition, purified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been injected or delivered as an adjuvant to arthroscopic microfractures, and patients have shown improved clinical outcomes. Laboratory-expanded MSCs injected in osteoarthritis moderately improved pain and functional outcomes. MSC treatment in the form of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) or BMC or laboratory expanded adhesive cells (bone marrow and adipose derived stem cells, BM-MSCs and ADSCs) has been proven to be safe. Despite their safety, expensive regulatory complexities required to implement cell-based therapies make these treatments unavailable for most patients. At present, although some results are promising, all biological interventions are experimental, and cost/efficacy has not been demonstrated yet. Moreover, short follow-up in most studies questions the durability of treatments., (Copyright © 2018 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (Scottish charity number SC005317) and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Athletes with sports related concussions are increasingly seeking medical care for management and guidance for return to play. This article aims to provide an updated review of the management of youth sports concussions including preseason planning, on the field identification of concussion, clinical management of acute concussion, and discussion of prolonged symptoms including headache., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Context: Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is prevalent especially in sports and rehabilitation. It causes loss in skeletal muscle function and soreness. As there are no firm preventive strategies, we aimed to evaluate the preventive efficacy of nonthermal 448-kHz capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency (CRMRF) therapy after eccentric bouts of EIMD response in knee flexors. Design: Twenty-nine healthy males (age: 25.2 [4.6] y) were randomized in control group (CG; n = 15) and experimental group (EG; n = 14) where EG followed 5 daily 448-kHz CRMRF therapies. All assessments were performed at baseline and post EIMD (EIMD + 1, EIMD + 2, EIMD + 5, and EIMD + 9 d). We measured tensiomyography of biceps femoris and semitendinosus to calculate contraction time, the maximal displacement and the radial velocity of contraction, unilateral isometric knee flexors maximal voluntary contraction torque, and rate of torque development in first 100 milliseconds. Results: Maximal voluntary contraction torque and rate of torque development in first 100 milliseconds decreased more in CG than in EG and recovered only in EG. Biceps femoris contraction time increased only in CG (without recovery), whereas in semitendinosus contraction time increased in EG (only at EIMD + 1) and in CG (without recovery). In both muscles, tensiomyographic maximal displacement decreased in EG (in EIMD + 1 and EIMD + 2) and in CG (without recovery). Furthermore, in both muscles, radial velocity of contraction decreased in EG (from EIMD + 1 until EIMD + 5) and in CG (without recovery). Conclusion: The study shows beneficial effect of CRMRF therapy after inducing EIMD in skeletal muscle strength and contractile parameters in knee flexors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the use of biomechanics in identifying the mechanistic causes of musculoskeletal tissue injury and degeneration. It appraises how biomechanics has been used to develop training programmes aiming to maintain or recover tissue health. Tissue health depends on the functional mechanical environment experienced by tissues during daily and rehabilitation activities. These environments are the result of the interactions between tissue motion, loading, biology, and morphology. Maintaining health of and/or repairing musculoskeletal tissues requires targeting the "ideal" in vivo tissue mechanics (i.e., loading and deformation), which may be enabled by appropriate real-time biofeedback. Recent research shows that biofeedback technologies may increase their quality and effectiveness by integrating a personalised neuromusculoskeletal modelling driven by real-time motion capture and medical imaging. Model personalisation is crucial in obtaining physically and physiologically valid predictions of tissue biomechanics. Model real-time execution is crucial and achieved by code optimisation and artificial intelligence methods. Furthermore, recent work has also shown that laboratory-based motion capture biomechanical measurements and modelling can be performed outside the laboratory with wearable sensors and artificial intelligence. The next stage is to combine these technologies into well-designed easy to use products to guide training to maintain or recover tissue health in the real-world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to provide information on the training profile and characteristics of injuries sustained by obstacle course racing competitors. Methods: This research is a nationwide cross-sectional, self-administered online survey conducted in 2023. Results: We analyzed the data collected from 201 obstacle course racing participants (mean age: 33.8 ± 7.1 years; 60.7% men). On average, athletes had 2.9 ± 2.4 years of obstacle course racing experience and participated in approximately four races in the previous year. Most of these races covered distances of 5–10 km (65.2%). Among the participants, 28.4% reported injuries, with the upper extremities being the most frequently affected. Approximately 19% of these injuries required medical supervision, and 2% led to hospitalization. Conclusion: Injury risk in obstacle course racing participants was associated with participation in a higher number of obstacle course racing competitions, reduced time between these competitions and having performed specific obstacle training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Identify key flexibility and point-of-care musculoskeletal ultrasound (POCUS) measures for prognosticating return-toplay (RTP) following a first hamstring strain injury (HSI) and informing the clinical decision-making process. Design: Exploratory prospective cohort study. Setting: Sport medicine and rehabilitation clinic of a Canadian university. Participants: One hundred and sixty-seven elite Canadian university football athletes followed over 5 seasons. Interventions: Clinical and POCUS measures collected within 7 days after HSI and preseason clinical measures. MainOutcomeMeasures: Active knee extension (AKE) and Straight Leg Raise (SLR) to quantify hamstring flexibility, POCUS-related outcomes to characterize tissue alteration, and RTP until full sport resumption were documented (categorized as Early [1-40 days] or Late [.40 days] RTP). Results: A total of 19 and 14 athletes were included in the Early RTP (mean RTP 5 28.84 6 8.62 days) and Late RTP groups (mean 51.93 6 10.54 days), respectively, after having been diagnosed with a first HSI. For the clinical results, height and a greater flexibility asymmetry measure with the AKE or SLR when compared with both ipsilateral preseason and acute contralateral values significantly increases the chance of facing a long delay before returning to play (ie, RTP). For the POCUS-related results, the Peetrons severity score, extent of the longitudinal fibrillary alteration, and novel score lead to similar results. Conclusions: Early hamstring flexibility asymmetry following acute HSI, particularly the AKE, along with some POCUS-related measures are valuable in prognosticating late RTP following among Canadian university football athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soccer is considered the most popular sport in the world. The game involves frequent agile maneuvers, such as rapid accelerations/decelerations and pivoting, and carries an inherent risk of high-speed collisions, which can lead to lower extremity injury. Knee and meniscus injuries can cause significant pain and disability, precluding participation in the sport. Understanding the diagnosis and management of meniscal injuries in soccer players is essential to the care of these athletes. This paper reviews meniscal anatomy, biomechanics, and mechanisms of injury; discusses the work-up, diagnosis, and management of meniscus injuries; and reports on rehabilitation, return to sport, and outcomes after meniscal injuries in soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with public insurance (PUBs) face more difficulty obtaining orthopaedic appointments and have longer wait times than privately insured patients (PVTs). These delays are associated with greater injury severity at the time of surgery, which affects sports injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tears where early surgical stabilization leads to better outcomes. Additionally, previous evidence showed that patients with limited English proficiency often must rely on informal translation services, such as family members or friends, to communicate with their orthopaedic surgeons, which may represent a disparity in the care provided. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that PUBs would be less likely to obtain an appointment compared with PVTs and that most providers would not offer professional translation services to Spanish-speaking patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The authors called 50 randomly selected orthopaedic surgeons' offices in California specializing in sports medicine to request an appointment. Each office was called 4 times in random order for the hypothetical patient having either private or public insurance and speaking either Spanish or English. Results: The hypothetical PUB had significantly decreased access to an appointment (19% of offices offered an appointment) when compared to the PVT (73.8% offered an appointment). Independent private practice (IPP) offices were less likely to accept public insurance (13.3%) compared with offices at academic medical centers (57.1%). There was no difference in access to an appointment for the Spanish- versus English-speaking patient. Translation services were offered at 73.8% of the orthopaedic offices. Conclusion: Overall, the data illustrated disparities in access to pediatric orthopaedic care for PUBs compared to those with private insurance. Disparities were most prominent in IPP settings, which were less likely than academic offices to accept public insurance. Additionally, it was found that 73.8% of the offices the authors contacted offered Spanish translation services. Interventions should focus on increasing acceptance of public insurance and translation services in IPP settings. Future studies should expand this analysis to other languages and investigate the potential impacts of language on the quality of care provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletic injuries are common in youth sports, and much research has focused on the injury experience of athletes. However, less attention has been given to the impact of adolescent injury on relevant others within athletes' recovery orbit, particularly parents. This narrative review examines the impact of adolescent injury on parents using the Multilevel Model of Sport Injury (MMSI). Results revealed that parents' experience of their adolescent's injury is influenced by intra- and interpersonal factors (e.g., thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and interactions with coaches, and sport medicine providers), as well as institutional, cultural, and policylevel factors (e.g., lack of organizational support, internalization of sport norms about playing with pain, and sport injury policies and guidelines). The review provides a more nuanced understanding of the factors and interactions that parents have following adolescent sport injury. Further research using the MMSI can extend current conceptualization and theorizing regarding parents' experiences following adolescent injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise-induced muscle injury is one of the most common types of sports injuries. Skeletal muscle troponin I (skTnI) serves as an ideal biomarker in assessing such injuries, facilitating timely detection and evaluation. In this study, we develop a fluorescent sandwich lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) combined with a desktop analyzer for rapid detection of skTnI. Through optimizing the reaction system, the assay achieves a satisfying detection performance, reaching a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 ng/mL with a turnaround time of 15 min. The proposed detection platform offers portability, ease of use, and high sensitivity, which facilitates the monitoring of exercise-induced muscle injuries at the point of care. This feature is particularly advantageous for end users, enabling timely detection of sports-related injuries and ultimately enhancing prognosis and sports life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: evaluation of the feasibility of using the Borg CR10 perceived exertion scale in the training process of young football players and its role in injury prevention.Material and methods: 48 athletes aged 15–17 were examined by scale of perceived exertion during the 7 month every day within 20 minutes after the training. The coaches also assessed the degree of perceived exertion. A comparative retrospective analysis of injuries was done for the periods of the mycrocycle of the youth football league of the seasons 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 based on muscle injuries, ligament and joint capsular injuries.Results: Athletes’ scores on the Borg CR10 scale in the preparation, competition and transitional stages of the competitive macrocycle are 5.08 ± 1.28, 5.00 ± 1.16 and 4.67 ± 1.38, respectively. The coaches’ scores for the aforementioned periods are 4.78 ± 0.89, 5.09 ± 1.05 and 4.82 ± 0.99. The total scores of players and coaches is 5.20 ± 1.85 and 4.96 ± 1 respectively. Moreover, there is no statistically significant difference between the rate of perceived exertion between players and coaches for the whole season (p = 0.288).There is a decreased injury rate in young professional athletes group when the Borg CR10 scale of perceived exertion is measured in a season with the use of this scale compared to a season where the Borg CR 10 scale was not used (p = 0,028).Conclusion: the Borg СR10 scale is a useful methodology for assessing the level of perceived exertion of a young athlete and can be used for early training corrections in order to reduce injuries.

Context: Contralateral training in the early stages after surgery can improve the balance of the reconstructed knee, which is impaired following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, little is known about the neuromuscular cross exercise after ACLR. Objective: To investigate the effects of an 8-week cross exercise on balance and function of the reconstructed knee following ACLR. Design: A single-blind randomized clinical trial. Participants: Thirty athletic males who underwent ACLR were randomly divided into intervention (n = 15) and control groups (n = 15). Intervention: The intervention and control groups received a routine physiotherapy program. In addition, the intervention group performed neuromuscular exercises on the nonoperated limb. Outcome Measures: Before and 9 weeks after ACLR, dynamic and static balance, function, and pain in the reconstructed knee were measured by Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), stork balance stand test, balance error scoring system (BESS), Lysholm questionnaire, and visual analog scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS using 2-independent sample t test, paired t test, and analysis of covariance. Results: Between-group comparison showed that, contralateral knee neuromuscular exercises significantly increased in the reaching distance in SEBT in the anterior (P <.001), posterior (P <.001), posteromedial (P =.010), and posterolateral directions (P =.007), decreased the number of errors in 4 stance positions of BESS including single stance on the firm (P ≤.001) and foam surface (P ≤.001), and tandem stance on the firm (P =.028) and foam surface (P ≤.001). It also increased the time of standing of the stork stand test (P =.044) and decreased the pain intensity (P =.014). Conclusion: Neuromuscular exercise of the nonsurgical knee could improve the dynamic and static balance, and pain in the early stages following ACLR in the surgical leg. These findings may be potentially valuable for current rehabilitation protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Nonoperative management versus early reconstruction for partial tears of the medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) remains controversial, with the most common treatment options for partial tears consisting of rest, rehabilitation, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and/or surgical intervention. However, whether the improved outcomes reported for treatments such as MUCL reconstruction (UCLR) or nonoperative management with a series of PRP injections justifies their increased upfront costs remains unknown. Purpose: To compare the cost-effectiveness of an initial trial of physical therapy alone, an initial trial of physical therapy plus a series of PRP injections, and early UCLR to determine the preferred cost-effective treatment strategy for young, high-level baseball pitchers with partial tears of the MUCL and with aspirations to continue play at the next level (ie, collegiate and/or professional). Study Design: Economic and decision analysis; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A Markov chain Monte Carlo probabilistic model was developed to evaluate the outcomes and costs of 1000 young, high-level, simulated pitchers undergoing nonoperative management with and without PRP versus early UCLR for partial MUCL tears. Utility values, return to play rates, and transition probabilities were derived from the published literature. Costs were determined based on the typical patient undergoing each treatment strategy at the authors' institution. Outcome measures included costs, acquired playing years (PYs), and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results: The mean total costs resulting from nonoperative management without PRP, nonoperative management with PRP, and early UCLR were $22,520, $24,800, and $43,992, respectively. On average, early UCLR produced an additional 4.0 PYs over the 10-year time horizon relative to nonoperative management, resulting in an ICER of $5395/PY, which falls well below the $50,000 willingness-to-pay threshold. Overall, early UCLR was determined to be the preferred cost-effective strategy in 77.5% of pitchers included in the microsimulation model, with nonoperative management with PRP determined to be the preferred strategy in 15% of pitchers and nonoperative management alone in 7.5% of pitchers. Conclusion: Despite increased upfront costs, UCLR is a more cost-effective treatment option for partial tears of the MUCL than an initial trial of nonoperative management for most high-level baseball pitchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study analysed the trend of publications on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in Italy. It was hypothesised that publications on this topic have quickly increased in recent years due to increased knowledge of both clinical and radiological pathology. Methods: PubMed and Scopus were accessed on 29/11/2023. This retrieved 838 articles from PubMed and 1050 from Scopus. We analysed the top 10 authors, and journals in publication numbers, citation numbers, and citations per year. We have also looked at the top 10 institutions publishing on anterior cruciate ligament from Scopus as PubMed does not give this information in the output. Data mining was performed using the Orange software, Mac version 3.32.0 (https://orangedatamining.com/) from the titles of all articles. A word cloud analysis of titles, authors, journals and universities was performed. Results: The peak of citations was in 2017 with 1529, whilst the peak of publications was in 2019 with 59 articles published. Analysing the number of publications and citations for the journal, the most impacted journal is Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy with 5472 citations and 183 articles, followed by The American Journal of Sports Medicine, with 2722 citations and 56 articles and Arthroscopy with 1990 citations and 62 articles. Considering also international collaborations, the most cited author is Della Villa F. in 2020 with 43.67 citations per year. The Italian author with the major number of publications is Zaffagnini S. with 39 articles, whilst the author with the higher number of citations is Aglietti P. with 1612 citations. Conclusions: ACL reconstruction has gained growing interest amongst the scientific community. Publications and citations presented a rising trend, the majority of the highly cited papers were contributed by few centres, and clinical trials were the most cited study designs. The long-term outcomes of ACL lesions have attracted interest. The authors hypothesised that shortly there will be an increase in articles analysing the results of ACL revisions, the use of lateral extra-articular tenodesis, and meniscus transplants. Level of evidence IV: Cross-Sectional Study [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factors influencing sport injury risk, rehabilitation outcomes, and return to sport processes have been the focus in various research disciplines (sports medicine, psychology and sociology). One discipline, with over 50 years of scholarship, is the psychology of sport injury. Despite the research in this field, there is no evidence-based consensus to inform professional practice. The aim of this original and timely consensus statement is to summarise psychological sport injury research and provide consensus recommendations for sport practitioners seeking to implement psychological principles into clinical practice. A total of seven experts with extensive experience outlined the consensus objectives and identified three psychology of sport injury sub-domains: risk, rehabilitation and return to sport. The researchers, grouped in pairs, prepared initial drafts of assigned sub-domains. The group met in Stockholm, and the three texts were merged into a draft and revised in an iterative process. Stress responses are the strongest psychological risk factor for acute injuries. Intra- and interpersonal factors, as well as sociocultural factors, are demonstrated psychosocial risk factors for overuse injuries. Stress management and mindfulness interventions to prevent injuries have been successfully implemented. The rehabilitation process may influence athlete's cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses. Social support, mindfulness, acceptance-based practices, and cognitive-behavioural based intervention programs reduce negative reactions. Return to sport includes various stages and different trajectories. Returning athletes typically experience concerns regarding competence, autonomy, and relatedness. It is recommended that athletes focus on the physical, technical, and psychological demands of their sport as they progress to increasingly intense activities. Interdisciplinary collaboration (e.g., sports medicine and psychology) would be beneficial in enhancing clinical practice and improving athlete outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time of return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a commonly discussed topic within clinical settings and the sports medicine literature. Emerging science has demonstrated protective effects of delaying the time of sport clearance on athlete reinjury. Though a single time cutoff is unlikely to be applicable for all athletes, large inconsistencies in the time of return to sport clearance are present in both the literature and within prescribed clinical protocols. A multitude of patient factors, such as perceived function, objective function, confidence, post-operative goals, among others, are vital for how athletes are progressed and released for sport participation. This Current Opinion article is constructed to discuss the time to return to sport after ACL reconstruction—factors that may influence timing decisions, how time is assessed within the scientific literature—and to promote discussion on this common topic within the sports medicine and athletic communities. The aim of the article is not to establish defined clinical time cutoffs for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes with a history of concussion are at a greater risk for lower extremity musculoskeletal injury. Female athletes may be at an even greater risk than male athletes. Previous researchers on postconcussion landing biomechanics have focused on the lower extremities, but the trunk plays a crucial role as an injury risk factor. To compare lower extremity and trunk biomechanics during jump-landing and cutting maneuvers between female athletes with and those without a concussion history. Cross-sectional study. Biomechanics laboratory. A total of 26 athletes (mean ± SD age = 19.0 ± 1.3 years, height = 1.68 ± 0.07 m, mass = 64.02 ± 6.76 kg, body mass index = 22.58 ± 1.97 kg/m2; median [interquartile range] time since most recent concussion = 37.5 months [25.0 months, 65.8 months]) with a concussion history and 38 athletes (age = 19.0 ± 1.1 years, height = 1.71 ± 0.08 m, mass = 64.72 ± 9.45 kg, body mass index = 22.14 ± 1.80 kg/m2) without a concussion history. Peak kinetics (vertical ground reaction force, vertical loading rate, external knee-abduction moment, and external knee-flexion moment) and kinematics (trunk-flexion angle, trunk lateral-bending angle, ankle-dorsiflexion angle, knee-flexion angle, knee-abduction angle, and hip-flexion angle) were obtained during the eccentric portion of jump-landing and cutting tasks. Separate 2 (group) × 2 (limb) between- and within-factors analyses of covariance were used to compare outcomes between groups. We covaried for time since the most recent concussion and the limb that had a history of musculoskeletal injury. Athletes with a concussion history displayed a greater peak knee-abduction angle in their nondominant limb than their dominant limb (P =.01, ηp2 = 0.107) and the nondominant limb of athletes without a concussion history (P =.02, ηp2 = 0.083) during jump landing. They also had less trunk lateral bending during cutting compared with athletes without a concussion history (P =.005, ηp2 = 0.126). Our results indicated landing biomechanics are different between female athletes with and those without a concussion history. This finding may be due to impairments in neuromuscular control postconcussion that may ultimately increase the risk of subsequent lower extremity injury, although further research is warranted given the cross-sectional nature of our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue flossing is an emerging myofascial intervention used by sports medicine professionals with a growing body of research evidence. Sports medicine professionals may use tissue flossing to increase myofascial mobility, improve joint ROM, enhance athletic performance, and reduce pain. Despite the increasing use, there is no consensus on clinical practice recommendations for this intervention. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss proposed clinical practice recommendations for tissue flossing and to encourage sports medicine professionals and researchers to contribute their expertise to further develop best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS) is 1 of 2 sports injury classification systems recognized by the International Olympic Committee and needs regular update. • It was previously focused on injuries rather than common illness/medical condition presentations in athletes, so the most recent updates have extended medical presentation diagnoses. • Version 15 includes expansion of available diagnoses in the fields of mental health, sports concussion, sports cardiology, sports dermatology, sports ophthalmology, and infectious diseases. • The OSIICS has been previously translated into Italian, Spanish, and Catalan, and further translation into multiple other languages is planned. Sports medicine (injury and illnesses) requires distinct coding systems because the International Classification of Diseases is insufficient for sports medicine coding. The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS) is one of two sports medicine coding systems recommended by the International Olympic Committee. Regular updates of coding systems are required. For Version 15, updates for mental health conditions in athletes, sports cardiology, concussion sub-types, infectious diseases, and skin and eye conditions were considered particularly important. Recommended codes were added from a recent International Olympic Committee consensus statement on mental health conditions in athletes. Two landmark sports cardiology papers were used to update a more comprehensive list of sports cardiology codes. Rugby union protocols on head injury assessment were used to create additional concussion codes. It is planned that OSIICS Version 15 will be translated into multiple new languages in a timely fashion to facilitate international accessibility. The large number of recently published sport-specific and discipline-specific consensus statements on athlete surveillance warrant regular updating of OSIICS. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, posterior cruciate ligament injury caused by a sports injury or vehicle injury is more common than people think. Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is one of the main treatment methods, but there are still a lot of controversies about the surgical method and ligament selection of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively analyze the global application trend of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and identify promising research hotspots of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction based on bibliometrics and visual analysis. METHODS: Publications (articles and reviews) related to posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction from 2000 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS). The country, institution, publication year, author, journal, average citations per item, H index, title, keywords of publication, and the top 25 cited articles were extracted and analyzed in detail. The VOSviewer/citespace/Pajek software was used to analyze the co-occurrence result of keywords to predict the hotspots of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 664 articles were included. (1) In the past 22 years, the number of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction articles has shown an increasing trend in general. The top 3 countries (the USA, China, and South Korea) accounted for 65.51% of all articles published. The USA has the largest number of publications. The University of Pittsburgh is the largest contributor. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatol Arthrosc and American Journal of Sports Medicine are the most influential journals. Laprade, Robert F. is the professor who has published the most articles in the field of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and Fanelli, GC is the professor who has the highest total chain strength in the field of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. (2) The research direction can be divided into the following five clusters: “posterior cruciate ligament anatomical and biomechanical studies”, “posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction prognosis, outcome, and complications”, “posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgical method and tendon selection”, “surgical technique”, and “posterior cruciate ligament tear combined with multiple ligament injury”. (3) It is concluded that in terms of the trend of previous years, an increasing number of articles related to posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction will be published in the future. The USA is a world leader in the field of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. China and South Korea presented great potential in this area. Anatomical and biomechanical research of posterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction methods and the selection of tendons may be the future hotspots in the field of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neck pain in a concussion population is an emerging area of study that has been shown to have a negative influence on recovery. This effect has not yet been studied in collegiate athletes. Hypothesis: New or worsened neck pain is common after a concussion (>30%), negatively influences recovery, and is associated with patient sex and level of contact in sport. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Varsity-level athletes from 29 National Collegiate Athletic Association member institutions as well as nonvarsity sport athletes at military service academies were eligible for enrollment. Participants completed a preseason baseline assessment and follow-up assessments at 6 and 24 to 48 hours after a concussion, when they were symptom-free, and when they returned to unrestricted play. Data collection occurred between January 2014 and September 2018. Results: A total of 2163 injuries were studied. New or worsened neck pain was reported with 47.0% of injuries. New or worsened neck pain was associated with patient sex (higher in female athletes), an altered mental status after the injury, the mechanism of injury, and what the athlete collided with. The presence of new/worsened neck pain was associated with delayed recovery. Those with new or worsened neck pain had 11.1 days of symptoms versus 8.8 days in those without (P <.001). They were also less likely to have a resolution of self-reported symptoms in ≤7 days (P <.001). However, the mean duration of the return-to-play protocol was not significantly different for those with new or worsened neck pain (7.5 ± 7.7 days) than those without (7.4 ± 8.3 days) (P =.592). Conclusion: This novel study shows that neck pain was common in collegiate athletes sustaining a concussion, was influenced by many factors, and negatively affected recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone-stress injury (BSI) is common in collegiate athletes. Injury rates and health care use in running athletes are not well documented. To describe the rate and classification of injury and associated health care use in collegiate cross-country runners with BSI. Descriptive epidemiology study. Sports medicine facilities participating in the Pac-12 Health Analytics Program. Pac-12 Conference collegiate cross-country athletes. Counts of injury and health care resources used for each injury. Injury rates were calculated based on athlete-seasons. A total of 168 BSIs were reported over 4 seasons from 80 team-seasons (34 men's and 46 women's team-seasons) and 1220 athlete-seasons, resulting in 1764 athletic training services and 117 physician encounters. Bone-stress injuries represented 20% of all injuries reported by cross-country athletes. The average BSI rate was 0.14 per athlete-season. Injury rates were higher in female (0.16) than male (0.10) athletes and higher in the 2019–2020 season (0.20) than the 2020–2021 (0.14), 2018–2019 (0.12), and 2021–2022 (0.10) seasons. Most BSIs occurred in the lower leg (23.8%) and the foot (23.8%). The majority of injuries were classified as overuse and time loss (72.6%) and accounted for most of the athletic training services (75.3%) and physician encounters (72.6%). We found a mean of 10.89 athletic training services per overuse and time-loss injury and 12.20 athletic training services per overuse and non–time-loss injury. Mean occurrence was lower for physician encounters (0.70), prescription medications (0.04), tests (0.75), procedures (0.01), and surgery (0.02) than for athletic training services (10.50). Bone-stress injuries are common in collegiate cross-country runners and require considerable athletic training resources. Athletic trainers should be appropriately staffed for this population, and suspected BSIs should be confirmed with a medical diagnosis. Future investigators should track treatment codes associated with BSI to determine best-practice patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is litigation in respect of dementia in ex-rugby football players. The allegation is that these ex-players have suffered a traumatic encephalopathy syndrome causing dementia and other neurological problems. The syndrome is alleged to have been caused by repeated concussion during play. It is alleged that governing bodies of rugby should have been aware, and players should have been warned, of this risk. The dilemma, for both claimants and defendants, is that there is no agreed definition of the syndrome nor are there any diagnostic tests that confirm or refute this diagnosis. This paper reviews the literature of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome and when governing bodies were aware of the possibility of rugby concussion causing dementia. The legal principles are discussed and a framework for determining the probability of an ex-rugby player having the syndrome is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Parents play an important role in preventing and managing sportrelated concussions among youth sport participants. Research indicates that parents understand the severity and consequences associated with the injury but gaps exist in their knowledge of its management. Neuropsychological baseline testing (NBT) is a modality that has gained interest in youth sport to purportedly better manage concussion injuries. Little is known about parents' perspectives on the use of NBT in the management process. Methods: The present qualitative study used Protection Motivation Theory as a guiding framework and employed focus groups (N = 2) with parents (N = 11) to gain insight into parents' perceptions and experiences with concussion management, specifically focusing on NBT. Results: Inductive Content Analysis developed a core theme of navigating uncertainty. Participants expressed uncertainty about the nature of concussion and its management process, where concussion was not always easy to identify, youth were not always reliable reporters, and there was no prescribed or proscribed path for recovery. Personal experience and concussion management policy provided participants with a degree of certainty in managing concussions. Participants gave NBT mixed reviews in potentially promoting greater certainty but also held reservations about its usefulness in concussion management. Discussion: We discuss findings relative to existing knowledge and theory in youth sport concussion and identify implications for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patellofemoral instability commonly occurs during sports activities. The return to sports (RTS) rate for pediatric patients after bilateral medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFLR) is unknown. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate RTS outcomes for pediatric patients undergoing bilateral MPFLR. It was hypothesized that (1) fewer pediatric patients would RTS after bilateral MPFLR compared with unilateral MPFLR and that (2) for those in the bilateral cohort who were able to RTS, fewer patients would attain the same level of play as or higher level than the preinjury level. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We prospectively collected RTS data on retrospectively identified matched cohorts of patients aged ≤18 years who underwent unilateral and bilateral MPFLR. We matched each participant with bilateral MPFLR at a 1 to 2 ratio with a participant with unilateral MPFLR by concomitant procedure, age, and sex. Postoperative complications and preoperative imaging measurements were collected from medical records. Patient-reported outcomes were obtained using a current Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score collected at the time of primary outcome data. Results: We matched 16 participants (mean age, 14 years) who underwent bilateral MPFLR to 32 participants (mean age, 14.3 years) in a corresponding unilateral MPFLR cohort. We found a significant decrease in RTS rates for pediatric patients after bilateral MPFLR when compared with unilateral MPFLR (69% vs 94%; P =.03). Among those who returned to sports, there was no difference in the level of play achieved. For participants who did not RTS or returned at a lower level of play after bilateral MPFLR, 57% cited fear of reinjury as the primary reason. There were no differences in postoperative complications or current Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation scores between cohorts. The bilateral cohort had a significantly higher Caton-Deschamps index compared with the unilateral cohort, although the absolute difference was small (1.3 vs 1.2; P =.005). Conclusion: We found that pediatric patients have a lower RTS rate after bilateral MPFLR when compared with a matched unilateral MPFLR cohort. No differences in the level of play were achieved among those who returned to sports. Fear of reinjury was a commonly cited reason for not returning to sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In the current era, sport horses face the challenge of increasingly rigorous workouts, overtaking, and, at times, certain physiological thresholds, leaving them susceptible to injury. This shift underscores the significance of prioritizing the exercise preparation quality and post-care to proactively mitigate the risk of injuries. Despite these measures, injuries may still occur, thus requiring a nuanced understanding of the most effective therapeutic approaches for various types of lesions. In the dynamic field of equine sports medicine, keeping abreast of the expansive therapeutic options proves challenging, especially when aiming to address injuries comprehensively, restore organ function, and sustain the horse's athletic life. The present endeavor seeks to elucidate the array of available therapies, encompassing both conservative and regenerative methods, for the effective management of musculoskeletal injuries in sport horses. Musculoskeletal injuries such as equine osteoarthritis, osteoarticular defects, tendonitis/desmitis, and muscular disorders are prevalent among sport horses, with a fair prognosis for returning to exercise or previous performance levels. The field of equine medicine has witnessed rapid and fruitful development, resulting in a diverse range of therapeutic options for musculoskeletal problems. Staying abreast of these advancements can be challenging, prompting the need for a comprehensive review of commonly used and recent treatments. The aim is to compile current therapeutic options for managing these injuries, spanning from simple to complex physiotherapy techniques, conservative treatments including steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hyaluronic acid, polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, pentosan polysulfate, and polyacrylamides, to promising regenerative therapies such as hemoderivatives and stem cell-based therapies. Each therapeutic modality is scrutinized for its benefits, limitations, and potential synergistic actions to facilitate their most effective application for the intended healing/regeneration of the injured tissue/organ and subsequent patient recovery. While stem cell-based therapies have emerged as particularly promising for equine musculoskeletal injuries, a multidisciplinary approach is underscored throughout the discussion, emphasizing the importance of considering various therapeutic modalities in tandem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health disorders are one of the most relevant problems in athletes and, as in the rest of the population, they seem to have increased since the COVID-19 pandemic. Sports injuries seem to be a relevant risk factor for mental health. The purpose of this review is to answer the relationship between sports injuries and mental health not only because of mental disorders, but also as generators of mental health deficits. A systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines, the PICO strategy and interobserver concordance for quality control of the registry. Six databases were consulted, PubMed, Scielo, WebScience, Teseo, Dialnet and Scopus, selecting 12 review articles and 13 empirical articles. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between mental health and sports injuries and that the symptomatology of mental health indicators in the athlete affects the injury or precedes it for a slower recovery. In conclusion, by checking the published scientific literature we can find a possible significant relationship between mental health and sports injuries that will help us to establish the current body of knowledge on this issue.

Introduction & Purpose Sailing is enjoyed by millions of people worldwide and as varied as the disciplines in sailing are the injuries. According to the definition of Neville and Folland (2009, p. 141), sailing injuries can be defined as “any physical complaint sustained by a sailor that results from sailing or sailing-related activities”, whereby sailing-related illnesses have been excluded from this review. Most of the literature focuses separately either on elite sailing, recreational sailing, or offshore circumnavigations. This systematic literature review, in contrast, aimed to combine all these different types of sailing. The aim of this study was, thus, 1) to highlight the frequencies, types, locations, and causes of injuries in sailing, and 2) to summarize possible preventive measures. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, a literature search limited to research published from 01.01.2005 to 10.05.2024 was performed electronically in the databases PubMed and Cochrane Library using the keywords “sailing” AND “injuries”. Exclusion criteria were non-English language and literature reviews. The literature search resulted in a total of 132 publications, thereof 112 were excluded based on their title, which was either double, not related to the disciplines of sailing or the topic of injuries. The remaining 20 publications were screened based on their abstracts. In this second round of filtering, 10 publications were excluded as they were not related to the disciplines of sailing and the topic of injuries. Finally, 10 publications were included in the present review. The selected literature was screened for the five categories of injury frequencies, types, locations, causes, and preventive measures associated with sailing. Results Injury frequency including time loss injuries and fatalities In general, sailing-related injury rates vary strongly from 0.59 to 16 per 1,000 hours of sailing (Feletti et al., 2021; Neville et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2016). Thereby, sailing was ranked among the safest sports in the Olympic Games 2008; moreover, in the Olympics 2012, 1.0% of sailors sustained an injury resulting in time loss (Ryan et al., 2016). No differences in the injury rate between sexes could be observed (Crunkhorn et al., 2022). The calculated fatality rate amounts to 1.19 deaths per million sailing days (Ryan et al., 2016). Injury types and locations In sailing, the most commonly injured body parts are the upper limbs (40% of all reported sailing injuries), followed by the spine, back, neck, and head (14-30%) and the lower limbs (10-27%) (Feletti et al., 2021; Ham & Jee, 2016; Hayes et al., 2023; Landsberg & Hunt, 2023; Nathanson et al., 2010; Neville et al., 2006). The most frequently reported injuries are mild injuries such as contusions (27-40%), lacerations (19%), and abrasions (11%), which can potentially occur on the hand, shoulder, arm, knee, foot, and ankle (Feletti et al., 2021; Forycka et al., 2023; Hayes et al., 2023) as well as muscle cramps/spasms (20%) and strains/sprains (13%; Tan et al., 2016). Also, sunburns are highly frequent with 16% of all surveyed cases (Nathanson et al., 2010). Moreover, in professional sailing, overuse injuries are accountable for 24-58% of all reported injuries and primarily affect joints and ligaments (Neville et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2016). Furthermore, severe injury types include fractures (25%), torn tendons/cartilage (16%), and brain concussion (14%; Nathanson et al., 2010). Injury risks and causes Injuries sustained during sailing can be attributed to extrinsic as well as intrinsic risk factors. Some of the most commonly identified extrinsic causes are related to environmental conditions, such as heavy weather and solar exposure (Hayes et al., 2023; Nathanson et al., 2010; Ryan et al., 2016). Further, lack of protective equipment and material failure (Nathanson et al., 2010; Ryan et al., 2016) as well as impacts with part of the boat, in particular the boom, (Forycka et al., 2023; Landsberg & Hunt, 2023; Tan et al., 2016) pose major causes of injuries. Hayes et al. (2023) found that smaller boat sizes are related to a higher rate of incidents. Intrinsic risk factors include sailors’ inattentiveness, lack of communication among crew members, inadequate physical fitness, sleep deprivation, and insufficient experience (Forycka et al., 2023; Ham & Jee, 2016; Nathanson et al., 2010; Ryan et al., 2016). Nevertheless, a low level of sailing credentials was not found to increase the injury risk (Hayes et al., 2023). Additionally, different repetitive tasks contribute to overuse injuries (Neville et al., 2006). Moreover, alcohol consumption has been shown to play a role in 12.2% of sailing-related deaths (Ryan et al., 2016). Finally, the most common fatal incidents are due to collisions, grounding, and falling overboard (Ryan et al., 2016). Thereby, 81.6% of deaths can be linked to not wearing a life jacket (Ryan et al., 2016). Preventive measures To prevent injuries, (UV-)protective equipment, such as gloves, helmets, shoes, insulating cloths, hats, sunglasses, and sunscreen, should be used (Feletti et al., 2021; Nathanson et al., 2010). As the likelihood of accidents rises with shorter boat sizes, Hayes et al. (2023) recommended increasing the minimum boat length. Besides, ergonomic boat design needs to be applied (Nathanson et al., 2010). To prevent accidents, gaining confidence with the boat is paramount (Hayes et al., 2023). In addition, physical training needs to be included in the sailing routine at all levels (Feletti et al., 2021; Ham & Jee, 2016). Furthermore, sufficient sleep and distraction limitation should be ensured (Forycka et al., 2023). Feletti et al. (2021) suggested regularly changing the ropes to maintain a soft structure. Mandatory first aid training and equipment are further fundamental preventive measures (Forycka et al., 2023; Hayes et al., 2023; Landsberg & Hunt, 2023). Moreover, the prohibition of being intoxicated should be extended to passengers (Ryan et al., 2016). Finally, sailors should be convinced to wear life jackets, which can be facilitated by improving their comfort and aesthetics (Nathanson et al., 2010). Educational campaigns should foster these safety habits continuously (Nathanson et al., 2010). Discussion The results demonstrate a strongly varying injury rate of 0.59 to 16 per 1,000 hours of sailing (Feletti et al., 2021; Neville et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2016), which was found to be lower than in contact team sports, such as soccer, but similar to the incidence reported in non-contact sports, such as professional cricket (Neville et al., 2006). The calculated fatality rate of 1.19 deaths per million sailing days is comparable to the fatality rate in alpine skiing (Ryan et al., 2016). The presented risk factors lead to the suggestion of various preventive measures. Several of them, inter alia sun-protective behaviour, promotion of safety gear, coaching on proper sailing technique, physical training as well as first-aid education and equipment are deemed to be advantageous (Nathanson et al., 2010; Neville et al., 2006). However, it is questionable if other identified prevention steps, like increasing the boat size (Hayes et al., 2023) or frequently renewing the ropes (Feletti et al., 2021), automatically represent safety enhancements as the associated increase in boat weight and rope slipperiness could impair boat handling. Conclusion The present literature examination updates characteristics as well as possible risk factors for injuries in all sailing disciplines and summarizes related potential preventive measures. Further research should systematically assess the effectiveness of the different prevention options suggested. To increase safety within the sailing disciplines, the vigorous implementation of such preventive measures on the part of sailing federations seems to be of uttermost importance. References Crunkhorn, M. L., Wolff, A., Drew, M., Witchalls, J., Lalor, B., & Toohey, L. A. (2022). Establishing the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness in Australian sailing athletes over a full year of training and competition to help determine prevention priorities. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25(9), 726–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.012 Feletti, F., Brymer, E., Bonato, M., & Aliverti, A. (2021). Injuries and illnesses related to dinghy-sailing on hydrofoiling boats. BMC Sports Science, Medicine & Rehabilitation, 13(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00343-8 Forycka, J., Wojtowicz, J., Kolodziejczyk, K., Lesman, J., & Mostowy, M. (2023). Observational study of self-reported offshore sailing-related injuries in a wide range of amateur and professional sailors. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 34(4), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.06.013 Ham, D.‑W., & Jee, Y.‑S. (2016). Yachters in Korea suffer considerable injuries. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 12(3), 226–231. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1632612.306 Hayes, D. O., Nathanson, A. T., Dubuc, É., & Blanchette, M.‑A. (2023). Injuries and health issues ocurring during offshore transoceanic sailing: A survey of recreational sailors and cruisers. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 34(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.01.005 Landsberg, C. M., & Hunt, S. E. (2023). Olympic class sailing injuries and illness: A 15-year study of a World Cup regatta venue. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 34(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.03.002 Nathanson, A. T., Baird, J., & Mello, M. (2010). Sailing injury and illness: Results of an online survey. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 21(4), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2010.06.006 Neville, V., Molloy, J., Brooks, J. H. M., Speedy, D. B., & Atkinson, G. (2006). Epidemiology of injuries and illnesses in America’s Cup yacht racing. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(4). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.021477 Neville, V., & Folland, J. P. (2009). The epidemiology and aetiology of injuries in sailing. Sports Medicine, 39(2), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939020-00003 Ryan, K. M., Nathanson, A. T., Baird, J., & Wheelhouse, J. (2016). Injuries and fatalities on sailboats in the United States 2000-2011: An analysis of US Coast Guard data. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 27(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2015.09.022 Tan, B., Leong, D., Vaz Pardal, C., Lin, C. Y., & Kam, J. W. (2016). Injury and illness surveillance at the International Sailing Federation Sailing World Championships 2014. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(11), 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095748

This article explores the changing landscape of sports injuries in Singapore and offers recommendations for injury prevention. The study reveals that injuries related to individual sports such as climbing, gym workouts, and cycling have increased, while injuries from team sports like football have decreased during the pandemic. Back injuries are more common among those who engage in gym workouts and swimming, while anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have decreased, particularly in non-contact ball sports and martial arts. Shoulder labral injuries have seen a significant rise, especially in gym workouts and climbing sports. The study suggests specific preventive measures for each type of injury. Additionally, the article discusses a study that examines the effectiveness of a prevention program in reducing overuse shoulder injuries among elite handball players. The study involved 660 athletes and found that the prevention program significantly reduced the incidence of shoulder injuries compared to the control group. This research provides valuable insights for athletes, coaches, and healthcare professionals in preventing overuse shoulder injuries in throwing athletes. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores how athletes can differentiate between pain that is a normal part of high-intensity training and pain that signals potential injury. Topics include the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) models of pain, the importance of multimodal biopsychosocial assessments, and the use of advanced technologies like blood assays and wearable sensors to monitor and predict injury risk.

Background: Publicly obtained data (POD) have recently been utilized frequently by sports medicine researchers to describe injury patterns, risk factors, and outcomes in elite athletes. The relative ease of this type of research that is based solely on internet and media sources has resulted in a near exponential increase in the number of these POD studies. Purpose: To systematically review the sports medicine literature for studies based solely on POD. Study Design: Systematic review and bibliometric analysis; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review of POD studies published since 2000 was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies of interest were those relying on publicly available injury reports or online media for data acquisition in collegiate, semiprofessional, and professional athletes. Results: There were 209 POD studies published between 2000 and 2022, with 173 (82.8%) of these studies published after 2016. Studies were published most frequently on athletes participating in North American professional leagues: National Football League (n = 69 [28.4%]), Major League Baseball (n = 56 [23.0%]), National Basketball Association (n = 37 [15.2%]), and National Hockey League (n = 33 [13.6%]). The most common injuries assessed were head injuries/concussions (n = 43 [21.1%]), anterior cruciate ligament injuries (n = 33 [16.2%]), and ulnar collateral ligament injuries (n = 23 [11.3%]). One-quarter of the studies (n = 53 [25.4%]) reported only 1 POD source, and 1 study (0.5%) reported no source. Additionally, 65 studies (31.1%) listed nonspecific POD resources or solely cited previous literature to describe the POD search methodology and data acquisition. Conclusion: POD studies are exponentially increasing in number, particularly across major North American professional sports leagues, with significant variability in the injury of interest, search methodology, and number of data sources. The accuracy of the conclusions reached based on the POD methodology appears highly variable. Given the potential impact of these publications as both contributors to current knowledge and drivers of future research, the sports medicine community should be aware of the inherent biases and limitations of POD injury studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess what eyewear (if any) reduces eye injury incidence and severity in squash, racketball, tennis and badminton. Systematic review following the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses' (PRISMA) and the 'implementing Prisma in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport medicine and SporTs science' (PERSiST) guidelines. PubMed, SportDiscus and Web of Science were searched on 22nd February 2023. All study types except reviews were eligible. Studies had to report the type of eyewear worn (if any) with a form of eye injury incidence and severity. 364 papers were initially retrieved and after the screening process 29 remained. A subgroup analysis was carried out on studies that had a sample size of five or above, were not only looking at a particular type of eye injury and that had sufficient data to allow the percentage of eye injuries that occurred when no eyewear was worn to be calculated. From this analysis, the median percentage of eye injuries that occurred when no eyewear was worn was found to be 93%. Some of these injuries were serious and required complex treatment. Prescription lenses, contact lenses and industrial eyewear made some injuries more severe. In squash and racketball, lensless eye guards were ineffective as the ball could deform on impact, still making contact with the eye. Only eyewear compliant with updated ASTM (or similar) standards was associated with no eye injuries and so provided adequate protection in all four sports. Although this systematic review only summarizes evidence on injuries requiring hospital treatment, it is recommended that national governing bodies and key decision makers within squash, racketball, tennis and badminton examine the evidence presented and consider extending existing rules or implementing new recommendations and policies on protective eyewear use to reduce eye injury incidence and severity in their sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Female representation within athletics has increased as a result of Title IX, rising popularity, demand for equal compensation, and greater participation in multiple sports. Despite this, gender disparities in sports medicine research are apparent. This project serves to review the literature available on fifth-metatarsal fractures and assess the representation of female athletes in current literature. Methods: We used a standardized protocol to audit the representation of female athletes in sports science and sports medicine research for fifth-metatarsal fractures. Primary factors included population, athletic caliber, menstrual status, research theme, sample of males and females, journal impact factor, and Altmetric score. Results: Thirty articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 472 fifth-metatarsal fractures were identified, with 373 of 472 fractures (79%) occurring in males and 99 of 472 (21%) in females. The majority of studies (18/30, 60%) were mixed cohort, followed by 10 male only (33.33%), 1 female only (3.33%), and 1 male vs female (3.33%). Out of 831 total patients in the 18 mixed-cohort studies, 605 of 831 patients (72.8%) were male and 226 of 831 patients (27%) were female. All 18 mixed-sex cohorts investigated health outcomes. Male-only studies evaluated health outcomes and performance metrics. No studies investigated female performance. The one female-only study investigated health outcomes and was the only study to account for menstrual status. There was a single metatarsal fracture in this study population. Conclusion: Females are underrepresented in research regarding sports science and sports medicine research for fifthmetatarsal fractures. Research focused on female-only fifth-metatarsal fracture studies exploring the potential impact of female sex-specific factors such as menstrual status in study design are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the classification of concussion as a temporary disability and the importance of recognizing it as such to provide appropriate support and accommodations. It explains that concussion meets the criteria for disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and emphasizes the need to use this language to ensure individuals with concussion have access to necessary resources. The article also addresses barriers to seeking disability support, including student reluctance and stigma. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, education, and dialogue to address these issues and advocates for the inclusion of disability terminology in concussion management. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Proximal hamstring complex injury (PHCI) is a common injury among professional athletes, particularly those participating in pivot contact sports. Previous studies have suggested that surgery can be effective in restoring function and allowing athletes to return to sport (RTS), but the factors influencing successful RTS have been less clear. Purpose: To assess RTS capabilities after surgical treatment of PHCI in professional athletes and to identify favorable predictors of RTS. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This study (2002-2022) was conducted on professional athletes who underwent surgical treatment for PHCI at a sports surgery center. The primary outcome of the study was the RTS capability, evaluated based on the rate of athletes' return to their preinjury level of competition, time delay to RTS, and quality of RTS as measured using their level of performance and progression of scores on activity scales such as the Tegner Activity Scale (TAS) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), scale. "Maintained performance" was defined as athletes returning to the same preinjury activity level (per the TAS and UCLA scale) and perceiving themselves to have maintained their performance. Secondary outcomes covered the potential RTS predictors and complication rate. The study distinguished 2 types of PHCI: proximal hamstring tendon avulsion injury (proximal rupture with empty footprint, or having a "positive dropped ice cream sign") and complete proximal hamstring free tendon rupture (PHTR; proximal rupture without empty footprint, or having a "negative dropped ice cream sign"). Results: The study examined 64 professional athletes (mean age, 27.3 years; 82.8% male) undergoing surgery for PHCI. The RTS rate was 98.4%, with 78.1% of the athletes returning to their preinjury level of competition at 6.2 months (SD, 2.5 months). Twelve (19%) patients had returned to sport at an inferior level of competition, and 2 (3.1%) were unable to continue in their preinjury sport. Subgroup analysis revealed variation in RTS based on sport type, with the highest rate of return to preinjury performance found in athletes in handball and sports with splits (fencing, squash, and escalade; 100%) and soccer (95.2%). In the univariate analysis, male sex (hazard ratio [HR], 4.05; 95% CI, 1.45-11.3; P =.008), higher preinjury TAS score (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.06-1.52; P =.011), injury involving the semimembranosus (HR, 4.84; 95% CI, 2.31-10.2; P <.001) or conjoint tendon (HR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.55-6.25; P =.001), and PHTR (HR, 7.77; 95% CI, 3.54-17.0; P <.001) were significantly associated with a better postoperative level of competition. Multivariate analysis identified 3 favorable predictors of RTS with HRs of 2.91 (95% CI, 1.01-8.35; P =.047) for male sex, 3.86 (95% CI, 1.78-8.37; P <.001) for isolated semimembranosus injury, and 5.18 (95% CI, 2.24-12.0; P <.001) for PHTR. The complication rate was 4.7%. Conclusion: Favorable predictors of early RTS were male sex, isolated semimembranosus injury, and PHTR injuries. Registration: NCT02906865 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musculoskeletal injuries occur frequently in sport during practice, training, and competition. Injury assessment and management are common responsibilities for the team physician. Initial Assessment and Management of Musculoskeletal Injury—A Team Physician Consensus Statement is title 23 in a series of annual consensus documents written for the practicing team physician. This statement was developed by the Team Physician Consensus Conference, an annual project-based alliance of six major professional associations. The goal of this document is to help the team physician improve the care and treatment of the athlete by understanding the initial assessment and management of selected musculoskeletal injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various research presentations from the 2024 American Medical Society for Sports Medicine conference. Topics include Pediatrics, HPV, Ultrasound, Musculoskeletal issues, Training, Rehabilitation, Mental Health and the Yips in baseball and softball and investigations into adolescent mental health and physical activity, exploring opportunities to improve vaccination rates, accuracy of ultrasound-guided injection and perceptions of strength training in collegiate gymnastics.

The article focuses on research presentations covering various topics in sports medicine. Topics include gender-affirming care, ultrasound, load management, pediatrics, gender reporting, epidemiology, heat illness, rehabilitation, and concussion prevention in high school football players and for instance, one study examined testosterone levels in transgender women on hormone therapy, while another compared injuries sustained on grass versus artificial turf in soccer.

The article focuses on various studies presented at the 2024 American Medical Society for Sports Medicine conference. Topics discussed include pre-game medical timeouts in high school athletics, the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections for knee osteoarthritis, the association of early sports specialization with injury risk in youth divers, the efficacy of eccentric exercises in Sever's Disease and stimulated blink reflex abnormalities before and after sport-related concussions.

Background: Wrestling is a physically demanding sport with young athletes prone to traumatic shoulder instability and a paucity of data evaluating the results of shoulder instability surgery (SIS). Purpose: To assess reoperation rates, patient-reported outcomes, and return to wrestling (RTW) after SIS in a cohort of competitive wrestlers. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All competitive wrestlers with a history of shoulder instability and subsequent surgery at a single institution between 1996 and 2020 were identified. All directions of shoulder instability (anterior shoulder instability [ASI], posterior shoulder instability [PSI], and traumatic multidirectional shoulder instability [TMDI]) were analyzed. Exclusions included revision SIS and <2 years of follow-up. Athletes were contacted for determination of complications, RTW, and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index scores. Results: Ultimately, 104 wrestlers were included with a mean age at initial instability of 16.9 years (range, 12.0-22.7 years), mean age at surgery of 18.9 years (range, 14.0-29.0 years), and a mean follow-up of 5.2 years (range, 2.0-22.0 years). A total of 58 (55.8%) wrestlers were evaluated after a single shoulder instability event, while 46 (44.2%) sustained multiple events before evaluation. ASI was the most common direction (n = 79; 76.0%), followed by PSI (n = 14; 13.5%) and TMDI (n = 11; 10.6%). Surgical treatment was most commonly an arthroscopic soft tissue stabilization (n = 88; 84.6%), with open soft tissue repair (n = 13; 12.5%) and open bony augmentation (n = 3; 2.9%) performed less frequently. RTW occurred in 57.3% of wrestlers at a mean of 9.8 months. Recurrent instability was the most common complication, occurring in 18 (17.3%) wrestlers. Revision SIS was performed in 15 (14.4%) wrestlers. Across the entire cohort, survivorship rates free from recurrent instability and revision surgery were 90.4% and 92.5% at 2 years, 71.9% and 70.7% at 5 years, and 71.9% and 66.5% at 10 years, respectively. Preoperative recurrent instability was an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrent instability (hazard ratio, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.33-11.03; P =.012). Conclusion: Competitive wrestlers with multiple dislocations before initial clinical evaluation were 3.8 times more likely to experience postoperative recurrent instability. Patients should be counseled that despite SIS, only 57.3% returned to wrestling after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Lisfranc injuries remain one of the most potentially debilitating foot injuries, often resulting in long-term chronic pain, arthritis and a delayed return to work. About 20% of injuries sustained by athletes are in the foot, with midfoot injuries being the second most common type. About 3.5% of severe injuries in this category are career ending. Male athletes have a higher incidence of severe injuries, twice more likely needing surgery and three times more likely to end their career early. Female athletes have a high incidence of stress injuries due to the known 'female athletic triad' contributing to it. Low-energy injuries are often treated non-operatively. Severe injuries need operative management as well as metalwork removal in most cases later. The importance of early recognition, correct classification, whether to manage non-operatively and the postoperative rehabilitation are the key components of a chance to a good recovery and possible return to sports in athletes. As the diagnosis is similar for both athletes and non-athletes, this review will summarize the relatively little evidence on the epidemiology, management and outcomes for Lisfranc injuries in athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sports offer numerous health benefits, contributing to growth, development, physical fitness, and mental well-being. However, injuries are an inevitable part of sports, affecting both professional athletes and casual participants. The incidence of sports-related injuries has risen significantly due to increased participation, heightened competitiveness, inadequate injury prevention techniques, improper sporting gear, insufficient training, and overuse. Method: ology: A comprehensive literature search was performed in multiple databases such as PUBMED and SCOPUS. Relevant studies on therapeutic uses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in sports injuries were included. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of the topic. Results: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is a regenerative, minimally invasive, non-surgical procedure that accelerates healing by utilizing concentrated bioactive factors from the body. PRP has shown promising results in treating conditions such as patellar tendonitis, Achilles tendonitis, tennis elbow, partial rotator cuff tears, ligament tears, and mild to moderate arthritis. Following a PRP injection, athletes typically undergo a short period of rest from sports activities while attending rehabilitation therapy. This approach helps optimize healing and ensures an optimal outcome. Conclusion: PRP has shown great promise as a treatment modality for sports injuries. While further research is needed to optimize PRP protocols and understand its mechanisms of action in sports injuries, it holds significant potential for enhancing the recovery and rehabilitation of athletes, ultimately contributing to improved outcomes in the field of sports medicine.