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Competing for the gods: agonistic rituals in the ancient world (Competiendo para los dioses: los rituals agonísticos en el mundo antíguo): edited by Rocío Gordillo Hervás, Eduardo Ferrer Albelda and Álvaro Pereira Delgado, Seville, University of Seville, 2022, 14€, (hardback), ISBN 978-84-472-3023-5 While the Olympics are the most significant record of sports practice since classical antiquity, they remain one of the most significant and universal manifestations of the presence of sport in the modern world. In chapter six, Rocío Gordillo Hervás focuses on how Emperor Hadrian, interested in homogenising the religious and civil time of the entire Roman Empire, uses the Greek agonistic ritualistic competitions to create a new calendar. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives To determine (1) the incidence rate of lower extremity (LE) bone stress injuries (BSIs) in United States Air Force Special Warfare (AFSPECWAR) trainees during the first 120 days of training, and (2) factors associated with sustaining a LE BSI. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods AFSPECWAR Airmen (n  = 2,290, mean age = 23.7 ± 3.6 years) entering an intensive 8-week preparatory course "SW-Prep" between October 2017 and May 2021. We compared anthropometric measurements, previous musculoskeletal injury (MSKI), fitness measures, and prior high-impact sports participation in those that did and did not suffer a BSI during the 120-day observation period using independent t -tests and chi-square tests. A multivariable binary logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with suffering a BSI. Results A total of 124 AFSPECWAR trainees suffered a BSI during the surveillance period, yielding an incidence proportion of 5.41% and an incidence rate of 1.4 BSIs per 100 person-months. The multivariate logistic regression revealed that lower 2-minute sit-up scores, no prior history of participation in a high-impact high-school sport, and a history of prior LE MSKI were associated with suffering a BSI. A receiver operator characteristic curve analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.727. Conclusion BSI incidence proportion for our sample was similar to those seen in other military settings. Military trainees without a history of high-impact sports participation who achieve lower scores on sit-ups tests and have a history of LE MSKI have a higher risk for developing a LE BSI during the first 120 days of AFSPECWAR training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the history and importance of sports in Australian culture. It emphasizes the significant role that sports play in shaping Australian popular culture and national identity, as well as their economic contribution. The article acknowledges the development of impressive sporting arenas and the presence of statues honoring sporting heroes. It also addresses the role of sports in fostering social cohesion and national identity, especially in the absence of a shared history or religion. The article recognizes the historical exclusion of Indigenous people from mainstream sports and the subsequent efforts to include them. It highlights the success of Australian cricket teams in the late 19th century as a symbol of national cooperation and achievement. The concept of "sportive nationalism" is introduced, which links sporting success with national pride. The article acknowledges criticisms of Australian sporting culture, particularly in relation to male sports, but notes the positive growth and acceptance of women's team sports. It concludes by discussing the limited academic attention given to Australian sport history and the importance of teaching and researching this topic. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports is the property of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined parental decision-making factors regarding their child's participation in tackle (TF) versus non-tackle (NTF) youth football leagues (YFLs, n = 91). The study also aimed to determine if these variables differed between parents who allowed their child to participate in TF and those who only allowed their child to participate in NTF. This study was of cross-sectional survey design and included items on parent demographics, child demographics, and factors influencing parent decision-making, divided into two groups: health- and league-related factors. The survey was piloted, housed, and created in a web-based platform. YFL parents rated decision-making factors on a 6-point scale. Descriptive statistics were run for all demographic variables, and non-parametric test were utilized to compare responses between groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare TF versus NTF, parent sex, parent concussion history, and child's concussion history. The Kruskal-Wallis test was employed to compare parent sport history. Female parents (n = 61) rated injury risk and concussion risk higher than male parents (n = 30). Parents who did not play a sport (n = 14) rated CTE higher than parents who played football (n = 13), another sport (n = 46), or football plus another sport (n = 18). The NTF parents (n = 10) rated injury risk, concussion risk, and CTE risk higher than TF (n = 81), while TF parents rated coach's level of training, league success, and league safety higher than NTF. This study provides insights into parents' decision-making processes and may help YFL programs tailor their approach to address these concerns and provide a safer environment for children participating in YFL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the participation of Indian females in international sports over time. Despite representing about half of India's population, female participation in sports, particularly at the international level, has been lower than desired. However, female athletes have achieved significant success in international competitions. The study analyzes the participation and achievements of Indian females in the Commonwealth Games, Asian Games, and Olympic Games. At the Rio Olympics in 2016, India had 120 participants, with 54 males and 66 females, making female representation 45%. At the Tokyo Olympics 2020, women made up 53 of the 121 participants, securing 3 out of India's 7 medals (approximately 43%), including one silver and two bronze. The Tokyo Paralympics 2020 was India's most successful, with 19 medals (5 – gold, 8 – silver, and 6 – bronze). Female athletes also excelled, with Bhavina Patel winning India's first Paralympic medal in table tennis, and shooter Avani Lekhara becoming the first Indian woman to win a gold medal and multiple medals in the Paralympics. The analysis shows that sports like archery and badminton have higher female participation, while athletics, golf, shooting, and wrestling have more male participants. There is no female representation in judo, rowing, and boxing, and no male representation in gymnastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs descriptive and regression analyses of the National Sports and Society Survey (N = 3,993) to examine the patterns and implications of sexual stigma and prejudice in sports contexts by focusing on U.S. adults' reports of sports-related mistreatment and involvement. Results indicate that about 1/3 of adults perceive sports as unwelcoming to LGBT athletes and nearly 40% report experiencing sports-related mistreatment; adults who identify as a sexual minority are particularly likely to perceive sports as unwelcoming and to report personal mistreatment. They are also less likely than self-identified heterosexuals to play, spectate, and talk about sports; sports-related mistreatment and childhood sports histories do not explain these patterns. Overall, the findings suggest that more action is needed to offset the presence and influence of sexual stigma and prejudice and to provide more welcoming sports environments for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the story of Lilian Harrison, a female swimmer from Argentina in the 1920s. Lilian's achievements in long-distance swimming, including being the first person to swim across the Rio de la Plata, are discussed. The article also addresses the gendered assumptions and discrimination Lilian faced in her pursuit of swimming. It emphasizes the importance of studying sports in history to gain insights into the lives and struggles of ordinary people, particularly women who have been historically overlooked in sports narratives. [Extracted from the article]

The text discusses the banning of rugby league during the Vichy regime in France. Rugby league was considered too similar to rugby union and was therefore banned, despite being a separate sport with a long history. Other sports were allowed to continue, but rugby league was suppressed entirely. The ban was justified under the pretext of merging the two federations and promoting robust competition, but this reasoning is questionable. The author argues that the ban was a deliberate attempt to remove rugby league from the French sporting scene. The text also highlights the importance of considering the wider context of the Occupation and the impact it had on French society. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The degree of deterioration in sarcopenia parameters may be affected by a person's level of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). Our study focused on examining the PA and SB of active older adults including those with and without history of sports in youth. Methods: Forty-four participants (20 men and 24 women, mean age of total sample 76.1 ± 5.2 years) were included in analysis of PA, SB habits and sarcopenia parameters, determined by skeletal muscle index, hand-grip strength, gait speed, Timed Up and Go tests (TUG). PA and SB were recorded with accelerometers. Our primary aim was to compare participants with (AH) or without a sport history in youth (NAH), in their sarcopenia parameters and PA and SB habits. Results: When divided participants in two groups (AH and NAH) and adjusting for age, we have detected the differences for skeletal muscle index (p = 0.007) and hand-grip strength (p = 0.004) in favor of participants who were engaged in sports in youth. We did not find any differences in PA and SB habits between the AH and NAH groups. After adjusting for age, participants with a higher number of daily steps, longer moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) bouts, a higher number of MVPA bouts in a day and higher overall MVPA engagement achieved better results in hand-grip strength and TUG. Participants with lower SB had better TUG and gait speed results. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that engaging in sports activities in youth can make a difference with sarcopenia parameters. Although we found no differences in PA and SB habits between participants with AH and NAH, participants with an athlete history performed better results in sarcopenia parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American collegiate sport participation has been linked with psychosocial and career-related benefits as well as with mental and physical health risks, with extant research revealing mixed results. The study purpose, informed by the Health through Sport Conceptual Model, was to describe and compare associations among health-related quality of life and psychosocial measures of former U.S. collegiate athletes (n = 594) and non-athletes (n = 742) from four university graduation cohorts. Results suggest on aggregate former collegiate athletes report more positive outcomes than their non-athlete peers. Study findings were, in some instances, mitigated/reversed when participants endorsed concussion, career ending injury or revenue sport participation histories or were female. Results provide some support for protective associations/benefits of collegiate athletics participation and inform the work of practitioners working with athletes during and after the collegiate sport experience. This study also provides a theoretical bridge from intercollegiate athletics to broader sport promotion literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Applying Bronfenbrenner's Bio-Ecological Systems Theory and PPCT model recommendations, this study examined whether specific or multiple factors were associated with participation status in Australian youth swimming; a context known for high dropout rates. Methods: Participants were continuing (N = 99) and former (N = 104) swimmers, aged 8–18 years, who competed at club-national level in New South Wales, Australia. Participants completed an online survey, examining socio-demographic, participation history, and coach-created motivational climate characteristics (using the EDMCQ-C). To identify influential factors, a combination of T-tests, Odds Ratios, and MANOVA analyses were used. To confirm the presence of coach-motivational climate types and their association with participant status, cluster analyses with follow-up Odds Ratios were used. Results: Except athlete age and sex, other socio-demographic, participation history, and family sport history participation were not associated with dropout. Meanwhile, EDMCQ-C analyses identified three cluster types of coach-created climate (empowering, disempowering, and neutral), with disempowering and empowering types, respectively, associated with dropout and continuation. The neutral climate was associated with low-moderate EDMCQ-C sub-scale scoring and was neither associated with dropout nor continuation. Conclusion: Findings identify the influence of coach-created motivational climates and not athlete-related factors on continued Australian youth swimming participation, highlighting coaching implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the Romanian elites encouraged various leisure and sporting activities from the late nineteenth century but most notably from the turn of the twentieth century onwards and during the post-WWI period. Some even become sportsmen and sportswomen recognized both nationally and internationally. Their participation in national and international sporting competitions (e.g. equestrian sports, motorsport, tennis, bobsleigh, sledging, skiing, ice-skating, ice-hockey, boxing, rugby and football) expanded to its highest level in the interwar period. Many intriguing and compelling aspects of the history of sport in south-east Europe in this period remain to be explored, and this article aims to show how the Romanian Royal Automobile Club (R.R.A.C.) promoted motor racing and sports tourism during a period of great changes for Romanian society. Moreover, the club fulfilled a significant public service role, unusual for a sports association, assisting the Romanian state in its process of nation building, elite integration and economic advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of new connections between politics and sports emerging with the development of the sports diplomacy concept at the end of the 20th century makes sports diplomacy a special topic for academic study. This article aims to conceptualize the important viewpoints, key resources, technology transfer strategies, and expected outcomes discussed in the international literature on sports diplomacy as a reference for Taiwan's sports diplomacy research. The international literature analyzed, as well as Taiwan's output on this topic, focuses on the exercise of soft power in sports and the sports diplomacy model. The results reveal the viewpoints and diplomatic strategies of countries that have used sports as a tool of soft power since the Cold War, which illustrate the diplomatic value of sports under sufficient conditions. This value derives from the definition and application of important sports resources and key technology transfer strategies. Clearly, under sufficient conditions, sports play a role in deflecting conflicts, which is conducive to peace negotiations, sports knowledge transfer, and the understanding and development of different cultures. Finally, the article compares Taiwan's research trend in sports diplomacy with the international research trend and puts forward suggestions with a view to facilitating the context of Taiwan's multi-sport diplomatic history being written into the global perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of detailed documentary analysis reminds us that whilst much is made of museums as depositories for and exhibitors of "objects", sport-dedicated museums invariably hold a much wider range of material culture within what are typically referred to as "collections". The establishment of the Women Golfers' Museum in 1938 alone reveals that women consciously generated and were keepers of their own sporting heritage; this was untypical compared to other women's sports at the time, that is, where the emerging material culture was less methodically preserved and certainly not institutionalised through establishment of a dedicated museum. This special issue was conceived as an opportunity to showcase work produced under an Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) scheme of collaborative doctoral partnerships (CDP) initiated in 2012 by the UKRI. [Extracted from the article]

Neither archives nor museums are neutral. They reflect particular sets of priorities: those of the institution; the collectors and curators within them; and those of their intended audiences. In the context of sport, gender is a key influence on these priorities. Yet sporting archives are relatively silent about women's historical involvement in sport. A number of Collaborative Doctoral Partnership projects delivered through Sporting Heritage use oral history as a methodology for academic research and as an intervention in the archive, expanding collections and giving voice to otherwise under-represented groups. In this paper, I focus on issues relating to oral history in heritage settings and in the academic practice of history: the history of the methodology itself and its implications for a shared research agenda, including the extent to which oral history can – and should – be used as a method of historical recovery. In sport heritage and sport history. where men and the masculine have dominated the academic discipline and the practice of collecting, I consider the gendering of oral history, and its implications for such collections. Lastly, I reflect on the critical opportunities offered by this methodological approach, as well as the challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arthralgia or joint pain is a heterogeneous condition including organic and nonorganic joint pain. It is common in older populations, particularly in females. There is evidence that menopausal changes are associated with increased prevalence of arthralgia. While physical activities have been recommended to mitigate osteoarthritis (OA) and arthralgia, sport participation also carries risk factors due to excessive loading of some joints and possible injuries. The aim was to evaluate the association of training patterns, prior injuries, and severity of menopausal symptoms with arthralgia in female Masters weightlifters. Methods: Competitive female Masters weightlifters (n=868, 30-78 years) from 30 countries completed an online survey including joint pain for different anatomical sites, weightlifting training and performance, sport history, and menopausal symptoms. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of training patterns, prior sport participation, and menopausal symptom severity with arthralgia separately for shoulders, spine, hips, knees, ankles, elbows, and hands. Results: Arthralgia was most reported in knees (38.8%), shoulders (29.8%), hands/wrists (28.8%), and hips (24.9%). The prevalence of arthralgia was 51.5% in pre-menopausal women, 62.4% in women post natural menopause and 73.3% in women post medical or surgical menopause. Lifting heavier weights was associated with arthralgia in hips (OR=1.05, p=0.03), knees (OR=1.06, p=0.01), and hands/wrists (OR=1.05, p=0.04), but prior strength training was protective for arthralgia in the shoulders (OR=0.66, p=0.02). Prior injuries and psychological menopausal symptom severity were associated with an increased risk for arthralgia (p<0.01). Conclusions: Arthralgia was common in competitive female weightlifters. Training frequency was not associated with arthralgia, but lifting heavier weights relative to age and body mass was. Prior injuries and menopausal symptoms were associated with arthralgia, but prior strength training was protective of arthralgia in the shoulders. Athletes, coaches and sports medicine professionals should be aware that prevalence of polyarthralgia increases in post-menopausal athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of technology has had a very extraordinary impact on human civilization, such as the example of the development of the digital era in the world of videography. The focus of this study is analyzing the structure constructed by the camera movement of sport live events. The authors used semiotic analysis in this study to describe the live sports video of the event. The author then relates to the meaning of the visual signs of several scenes in each video, in order to understand the phenomena being studied, such as behavior, perception, and action in the form of words. Using Roland Barthes’ analysis method, there are three meanings of visual messages in the camera movement sport live event, namely denotative, connotative, and mythical meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Note 1 Matija Mato Skerbi'c,»Bioethics of Sport and Its Place in the Philosophy of Sport«, I Synthesis philosophica i , 34 (2019), 2, 379-394. From the institutional inauguration of the discipline in 1972, philosophy of sport tends to expand, spreading itself around the world from one country to another, and including new philosophical inspirations. Therefore, the next three chapters discuss the ethics of sport, normative theories of sport, and the bioethics of sport. [Extracted from the article]

Bunk uses a case study analysis centered on soccer in the city of Pittsburgh to highlight the expansion and subsequent downfall of adult soccer clubs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The rise of stable professional soccer leagues in the United States is providing youth participants with more outlets for soccer competition and allowing greater social bonding opportunities for fans of these teams. One of the strongest contributions that I From Football to Soccer i provides to the field of sport sociology is a deep exploration into underresearched areas of U.S. soccer history. [Extracted from the article]

There is more and more mention these days of the reserve forces, especially volunteer reservists. History has proven that no armed forces can exist without reservists, equally, no all-volunteer force can exist without volunteer reservists. However, the reservists are on active duty only for a limited time, so they must be kept "forged together" during the remaining time - with professional programmes, both physically and mentally. Moreover, the volunteer reservists are not only suitable for this, but also willing to participate in it. International experience shows that reserve associations are the most suitable for this in their role of connecting society and the armed forces. In our study, we examine how the sports activities of reserve associations can bring positive individual and social benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper endeavours to explore the sports history of Pakistan to uncover potential links to ethnicity, national identity, and the fostering of unity. National identity is a multifaceted concept characterized by its complexity. It encompasses the collective sense of belonging, cultural heritage, values, and traditions that unite people within a specific geographic area, creating a distinct nation. Individuals' perceptions of their country and fellow citizens are shaped by historical events, social interactions, and shared memories. National identity significantly influences individuals' behavior, attitudes, and sense of belonging to their nation. National identity is primarily molded by a combination of elements such as historical accounts, language usage, religious affiliations, cultural practices, and symbols of community. These components contribute to a shared narrative that connects individuals to their nation's past while providing a framework for understanding their place in the present. National identity often emphasizes the importance of fostering a collective sense of unity and solidarity within diverse communities, transcending individual differences. Nonetheless, it holds immense significance to delve into, examine, and analyze Pakistan's sports history with a specific focus on the sport of cricket. The argument asserts that cricket has played a crucial role in promoting cohesion and concord, ultimately aiding in the development and fortification of Pakistan's collective national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1969, author Bil Gilbert wrote a three-part series on performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) for Sports Illustrated. Garry Valk, publisher of the magazine, characterised the series as 'the first comprehensive and authoritative study of a vastly complicated problem.' This study examined the influence of the Gilbert series on newspaper coverage of PEDs and the reactions of policymakers to both the magazine investigation and subsequent newspaper reporting. Coverage of amphetamines and anabolic steroids increased significantly in the three years following the series, while references to anti-inflammatory drugs and painkillers decreased. These patterns reflected an apparent shift from restorative aids to additive substances following the magazine investigation. Additionally, one in three sources cited in Sports Illustrated served as a news source in subsequent press coverage, and some of those sources then testified at government hearings held at the state and national levels. Government hearings on PEDs appeared to function more symbolically than substantively, as did anti-drug campaigns and resolutions in sporting organisations. The study considers implications for sport history and the regulation of performance-enhancing drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to identifying the results of the clubs participating in the men's Volleyball Premier League for the period from (1991) to (2022), archive the results of the Iraqi clubs participating in the Iraqi Premier League for men for the period from (1991) to (2022), and diagnosing and analyzing the causes of fluctuation in the participation of some Iraqi clubs in the Premier League for men for the period from (1991) to (2022). The nature of the research necessitated that the researcher use the historical approach or the so-called documentary approach, taking advantage of the historical development that took place for the participation of Iraqi clubs for men in the Premier League from (1991) until 2022), the last league held in Baghdad, in order to suit this approach to the objectives of the study, as it is considered the historical approach. The research sample included the Iraqi clubs participating in the Iraqi Premier League for men's volleyball, which numbered (32) participants, as they were chosen by the intentional method, as they fall within the period under study for the period from (1991) to (2022). The reason for choosing the year (1991) came because in this year the Iraqi league and Iraqi sports in general were resumed because of the war, and the reason for choosing the year (2022) was that it was the last league. One of the most important results reached by the researcher is that: Many participations of the Iraqi teams in the Iraqi Volleyball Premier League championship are not documented, and therefore there are several advanced positions that were achieved during the period from (1991) to (2022) that are not documented by the authorities concerned with the game (Iraqi Volleyball Federation), and it became clear to us that the most participating club in the Iraqi league is Al-Sina'a Club with (32) participation, followed by Al-Shorta Club and then Al-Bahri Club from (1991 to 2022). One of the most important recommendations recommended by the researchers is that: The importance of documenting the participation of Iraqi teams in the Iraqi Premier League in volleyball on an ongoing basis by opening records of participation in the federation and conducting other historical studies of the sports teams and counting their participation in the foreign championships for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sociological Context / Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi is the property of Journal of Sociological Context and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For myriad legitimate reasons professional wrestling is often regarded as antithetical to sport. Despite the sporting tropes used by wrestlers, the spectacular characterization and fictionalized storylines mean this form is better categorized alongside contemporary performance practice. However, it sits oddly alongside theatre too as its athleticism undoubtedly resembles sport; in addition, its history of dubious taste and associations with reactionary politics counter the stage's typical progressive associations. This article does not try to solve wrestling's composite identity. Rather, it accepts and uses its unique liminal lexicon to unsettle typical understandings of sport and performance art. Unpacking the wrestling notion of blading through a famous match and an infamous sporting event, it rereads a specific moment in sports history, a moment when blood appears as a visual signifier as it might do on a stage. It connects this to the blood-letting of contemporary performance practice, using wrestling as a bridge. If read alongside a history of professional wrestling, the blood of the stage and the field are imbued with new meaning, destabilizing straightforward historiographies and disciplinary definitions, and the bodies that take part in them. This approach uses professional wrestling to question the easy demarcation of sport and performance art, engendering new, often disturbing, associations. It demands a reading of blood less as an unfortunate by-product of sporting endeavour and more as a striking, performative image that erases the typical barrier between sport and art. This article proposes, then, that understanding this (and comparable moments) through the lens of professional wrestling muddies definitions of sport and performance, opening up new cross-disciplinary dialogues and methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. To measure rapid weight loss and urinary indicators of hydration status, as well as to assess the effects and symptoms of dehydration in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes at different moments. Methods. 17 male BJJ athletes (aged: 24.4 ± 3.5 years; body mass (BM): 76.8 ± 14.6 kg; body fat: 16.6 ± 6.4%), were evaluated between 8 and 9 am at three different moments: Baseline (10 days pre- competition), measurement of BM and stature, collection of urine samples, and food record of the previous 24 hours; pre-competition, measurement of BM, urine samples, and questionnaire to assess rapid weight loss (RWL), and post-competition (24h after), day after competition, with measurement of BM, and urine samples for analysis of specific gravity. Results. There was a tendency to decrease BM to compete (baseline: 76.8 ± 14.6 kg, pre-competition: 75.4 ± 13.4 kg, post-competition: 77.3 ± 13.7 kg; p < 0.07), with 88.2% of athletes using methods that increase dehydration. The majority of athletes were dehydrated at the three time points of the study (94.1%; USG = 1.021 ± 0.005 Usg at baseline, 88.2%; 1.020 ± 0.007 Usg at pre-competition, 88.2%; 1.022 ± 0.008 Usg on the post-competition day), accompanied by symptoms associated with RWL (82.4% increased heart rate, 52.9% headache, 47.1% hot flashes, 41.2% nausea, 41.2% disorientation, and 29.4% dizziness). Conclusions. Rapid pre-competitive weight loss and symptoms associated with dehydration were observed in the BJJ athletes. It is recommended that educational measures are promoted to inhibit RWL among BJJ athletes, requiring the engagement of health professionals and organizations that govern the sport (federations and confederations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the latter part of the paper, I review aspects of three stages of Curry's comprehensive six-stage model of modern football development and diffusion[12] - namely Stage 2 - Revisionist Forms of the Game; Stage 3 -the Public Schools (and notably the status rivalry hypothesis) and Stage 4 - University Compromise, again identifying areas of concern or issues for further study. Both the Eton and the Rugby rules were produced by those charged as "keepers" and conservers of their school's games in order to ensure that their respective internal and ever-growing audiences grasped the rules of football "as I played i at" their schools. And whereas public schoolboys generally experienced school life as an "inner directed existence",[85] it was as undergraduates or after leaving school that pupils moved beyond the limits of the "total institution"[86] that was their particular school and, on entering Oxbridge came into direct contact I on the field i with other public schoolboys whose experience of football or rowing was often different from their own. 'The close-knit community of the [great]public schools,[83] increasingly progressing into the universities from the late 18th century, was to be all-important in transmitting the sports of the schools into adult recreation'.[84] While the parallels between the development of cricket and football at the universities are seen largely in relation to club formation, financial organization and types and degree of associativity of members of those clubs, the parallels between the development of rowing and the development of football are much closer. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Society & Leisure / Loisir & Société is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Meaning-making has been one of the primary domains of religion throughout history, and some have claimed that this is religion's central function. Yet, the modern era has seen a proliferation of other social institutions that generate meaning for people. Here we reflect on what religious meaning-making can tell us about meaning-making in secular institutions, with a particular focus on sport. Sport as a meaning-making institution is puzzling since sports are generally considered leisure activities, not serious enough to provide meaningful structure and purpose to human lives. Nonetheless, people do derive meaning from sport and we argue that because sport shares many features with religion, it offers a unique opportunity to examine a secular meaning-making institution. We offer a theoretical framework for the study of meaning-making that derives from our conceptual approach to religion as an adaptive system. We use this approach, and other anthropological research, to delineate seven general characteristics of human meaning-making systems: collective, constructed, subjective, narrative, relational, transcendent, and growth-oriented. These features of meaning-making systems highlight why sport has been so successful at offering meaning to sport enthusiasts, both fans and athletes alike. We conclude with a brief speculative evolutionary scenario that may explain our proclivity for seeking meaning, and why secular institutions will continue to fill that role when religious worldviews are not compelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we seek to analyze the history of public policies of sport and leisure in Cuba during the administration of Felipe Guerra Matos at the head of the Dirección General de Deportes, between January 1959 and February 1961. We based our analysis on the academic literature, Cuban legislation, US government documentation, and Fidel Castro's speeches. We concluded that the actions of the Cuban State in the sphere of sport and leisure between 1959 and 1961 consisted of increasing the sports budget, building sport and leisure spaces, expropriating and nationalizing clubs and beaches, creating the Department of Beaches for the People and creating the Círculos Sociales Obreros. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the tough and prolonged struggle of women to overcome the obstacles imposed on their participation in sports in a society conceived and ruled under masculine precepts, which we identify as female androcentric imaginary. In this context, the main objective of this study is to analyze the incorporation process of the female physical culture in the educational environment of Panama during an important period and its role in the changes of the androcentric female social imaginary. This article is supported by the study and analysis of significant bibliographic and newspaper data collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The participation of NHL players in the Olympics from 1998 through 2014 further expanded the sport's visibility and the NHL's value. When most people think of globalization and sport, the world's most popular game, soccer/football, or second-most widely-played sport, basketball, come to mind for their global reach in recent decades. The entrance of the Soviet Union into international ice hockey (as in other sports) after the Second World War "transformed the ways the sport was played, analyzed, and taught" - and ultimately "infused hockey with politics" (83). [Extracted from the article]

Although athleticism arguably rescued English public schools from chaos in the early nineteenth-century, concerns were soon raised that too much attention was paid to sport at the expense of learning. Subsequently, the sporting philistine became thought of as a self-perpetuating type within public schools, with masters who cared for nothing but sport producing boys who thought likewise. Edmond Warre, who taught at Eton from 1860 to 1905, and was headmaster from 1884, is often cited as the leading example of this type, building up a group of sporting masters who made Eton a dominant force in sport, but achieving little else. However, this paper argues this view does Warre and his colleagues a disservice, and that his educational achievements were downplayed because of Eton's internal power struggles. While Eton, and other public schools, produced philistines aplenty, the best sportsmen were less likely to be among their ranks because they were increasingly motivated to study hard in order to qualify for university, and take advantage of the sporting opportunities offered there. Sporting and academic excellence were thus increasingly found in the same pupils, and sporting masters had a vested interest in providing their charges with the classical education required for Oxbridge entrance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport participation promotes health benefits for children. Current media and scientific coverage of sport-related head injury may influence a parent's decision on sports participation. Physicians must understand what influences these decisions to effectively counsel patients and families. This study sought to better understand and quantify the parental decisions to allow/disallow collision sports, including football participation. A 31-question survey related to child/parent demographics, sports history, and influences to allow/disallow sport participation was available to parents in the United States through a national volunteer registry, between November 2016 and September 2019. Pearson's chi-squared and Wilcoxon's signed-rank test were used to analyze categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the most powerful factors associated with the decision. Of the 884 responses, 430 (49%) parents would disallow collision sport participation and 334 (38%) would disallow football. Parents who would allow collision sports more commonly cited child desire, while those parents who would disallow cited safety concern as the greatest influence to generally disallow a sport. Those who would disallow reported doctors (35.1% vs 25.3%; P = 0.002), media (12.8% vs 7.3%; P = 0.006) and other parents (11.2% vs 7.3%; P = 0.045) as influences. A child's age (OR 1.039, 95%CI 1.007–1.073; P = 0.018) was independently associated with their parent responding that they would allow collision sports. Parent educational status showed that those with higher than a bachelor's degree would be less likely to allow football participation (OR 0.635, 95%CI 0.443–0.910; P = 0.013). Parents incorporate many sources of information into the decision to allow or disallow their child to participate in collision sports. A child's desire to play a sport and child safety are driving factors for parents faced with the decision of whether to allow participation in collision sports. Physician input is more frequently influential to parents than the media, underscoring the responsibility of physicians to engage families on the risks, benefits, and resources available for sport participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the gathering war clouds reflecting the escalating German threat to Poland and British preparations for war, the 1939-40 Football League season kicked off as scheduled on Saturday 26 August 1939. Clearly, Taylor's book will prove a major source and prompt for researchers working on local and/or regional studies of wartime British sport. British sporting records for the 1939-45 period encourage the view that the Second World War was a discontinuity, even a wasteland, as far as sport was concerned. [Extracted from the article]