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The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic led to restrictions in production worldwide. Numerous firms were affected and unable to keep up production due to lockdowns. In disruptive events like this, the resilience of the production system is of central importance, as the survivability of the entire firm depends on it. In this context, the literature argues that cutting-edge technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), raise the proactive and reactive capabilities of firms, enabling them to better resist and recover from disruptive events and thus, show a higher resilience. This paper takes up this topic and observes the Covid-19 pandemic with the aim to analyse whether a firm's AI-readiness had an impact on its production resilience during the spring 2020 lockdown in Germany. For this purpose, we combine two large-scale surveys containing data from 237 manufacturers in Germany and test hypotheses based on quantitative analyses. Our results show that firms could indeed benefit from AI-enabled production during the lockdown. However, it is also clear that manufacturers have to exceed a certain AI threshold to significantly increase their resilient capabilities and realise positive effects. Our findings not only hold implications for research, but also provide recommendations for the resilience management of manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with participation of community-dwelling older Australians (≥65 years) in the Exercise Right for Active Ageing program, consisting of 12 low- to moderate-intensity group exercise classes, delivered weekly, in person or online, by accredited exercise scientists and physiologists across Australia. Out of 6,949 participants recruited, 6,626 (95%) attended one or more classes and were included in the primary analysis, and 49% of participants attended all 12 classes. Factors associated with higher class attendance included participation in yoga/flexibility/mobility classes, attendance at a free trial class (adjusted incidence rate ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.05 [1.03, 1.08]), and attending online classes (1.19 [1.11, 1.26]). Factors associated with lower class attendance included state of residence, living in inner regional areas (0.95 [0.93, 0.98]), and having two or more comorbidities (0.97 [0.95, 0.99]). High class attendance suggests that the Exercise Right for Active Ageing program was well received by older Australians, particularly in states less impacted by COVID-19 lockdowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare community-dwelling older adults' physical activity (PA) during the COVID-19 restrictions in 2020 to their PA levels 2 years before and investigate associations between earlier physical performance and PA levels over the follow-up. Participants' (n = 809, initial age 75–85 years) self-reported PA was assessed at baseline in 2017–2018 and May/June 2020 as total weekly minutes of walking and vigorous PA. Physical performance was assessed at baseline using the maximal handgrip strength and Short Physical Performance Battery tests. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, a median change in total weekly minutes of walking and vigorous PA among all participants was + 20.0 (interquartile range: −60.0 to 120.0, p <.001) min per week compared with 2 years earlier. Higher baseline Short Physical Performance Battery total scores were associated with higher total weekly minutes of walking and vigorous PA over the follow-up in men and women, and better handgrip strength in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the level of physical activity and its relation to fatigue and frailty during the COVID-19 pandemic in community-dwelling older adults aged 80 years and over. Three hundred and ninety-one older adults (aged 86.5 ± 3.00) completed a survey including physical activity, the Mobility Tiredness scale, and the FRAIL scale. Linear regression analysis was conducted to assess whether the variables age, sex, and physical activity (independent factors) were significantly related to fatigue and frailty. Respectively, 30.5% and 24.7% of the participants reported a decrease in walking and in energy-intensive activities; 25.4% reported increased sedentary behavior. A lower level of physical activity was associated with higher levels of fatigue and increased frailty risk (p <.05), independently from psychological symptoms. These results are important because participants with lower levels of physical activity and more sedentary behavior are more likely to feel fatigued and have higher risk to be frail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the effects of delivering 3 gait retraining interventions (toe-in, toe-out, and placebo gait) on proxy measures of medial knee load (early- and late-stance peak knee adduction moment [KAM], KAM impulse, and varus thrust) in people with knee osteoarthritis, using a hybrid model of face-to-face and telehealth-delivered sessions over 5 months. This was an originally planned 3-arm randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. However, during the 2021 COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown in Sydney, Australia, the study became a pilot randomized controlled trial with the remainder of interventions delivered via telehealth. Nine individuals with symptomatic medial knee osteoarthritis were allocated to receive either a toe-in, toe-out, or posture re-education (placebo) gait retraining intervention. Primary outcomes of early- and late-stance peak KAM, KAM impulse, and varus thrust were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Eight participants returned for their follow-up gait assessment. Participants in both active intervention groups (toe-in and toe-out) achieved foot progression angle changes at follow-up. Overall, knee biomechanics in the placebo group did not change at follow-up. It is possible to achieve biomechanical changes in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis when delivering gait retraining interventions via a hybrid model of face-to-face and telehealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic adversely impacted older adults' physical activity levels. This convergent mixed-method study assessed the adaptation of the Recreovía, a community-based physical activity program in Bogotá, and characterized physical activity levels among older adult participants. Our results showed how the Recreovía adapted during the pandemic to continue promoting physical activity, through indoor and outdoor strategies, including virtual physical activity sessions and safety protocols. During this time, 72%–79% of the older adults attending the adapted program were physically active. A greater proportion of park users (84.2%) and more people involved in vigorous physical activity were observed during Recreovía days. Older adults had positive experiences and perceptions of the Recreovía program related to their health and social well-being. Even though the older adults prefer being outdoors, the adapted program allowed participants to continue with their physical activity routines as much as possible during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative narrative correspondence study investigates older adults' experiences of physical activity (PA) during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in Aotearoa, New Zealand. This paper presents a reflexive thematic analysis of 501 letters received from 568 participants that discussed PA. Participants described PA as bringing joy and rhythm to daily life under stay-at-home measures. The most frequently discussed forms of PA included exercising, gardening, and housework. Four interconnected conceptual themes identified were as follows: (a) renegotiating environmental relationships, (b) social connection, (c) pleasure and PA, and (d) navigating active aging discourses. This paper emphasizes the important environmental and social motivations for becoming and remaining physically active despite restrictions on movement. Older adults' understandings and performance of PA were heavily shaped by active aging discourses. As such, we suggest that initiatives seeking to promote PA should foreground older adults' feelings of connection, productivity, and pleasure and recognize their diversity. This is contrary to current recommendations focused on duration or intensity of older adults' PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has exacerbated vulnerabilities in the ways business school educators work, resulting in isolation, exhaustion, and broken communities. After examining the current state of institutional challenges, I characterize pandemic lockdown as a manifestation of Goffman's total institution, describing how disculturation, isolation, fear, and loss of agency conflated life spheres and initiated a loss of self. As we emerge from lockdown conditions, I argue that a dramatic expansion of academic work and persistent nonwork life responsibilities required during COVID have created an unbordered total institution that is no less immersive and no less disorienting than lockdown. Employing activity theory as a practical tool, I offer ways of rebordering work by redefining life spheres for business school educators, recapturing agency and creativity as a "new normal." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores public perceptions of the Hippocratic Oath (Physician's Oath) in the U.K. Results of a questionnaire administered online to 106 adults indicated that the majority were of the opinion that their primary and secondary health care doctors had taken the Oath (88% and 86% respectively). A majority thought that nurses, paramedics, psychotherapists and graduate scientists and researchers should also take some form of professional oath. Elements of the Oath which were deemed most important included that it is a sworn oath, that doctors should not harm patients, act in the best interests of patients, abide by the principles of autonomy and informed consent and maintain patient confidentiality. A significant proportion - about 20% - of the UK public felt that doctors had forgotten their Hippocratic Oath during COVID-19 lockdowns and associated vaccination programme, suggesting that recent history may have damaged the public faith in the medical profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated stay-at-home orders on the breastfeeding experiences of U.S. people a identify facilitators and barriers to breastfeeding during this period, and to assess the effects of maternal stress and misinformation on breastfeeding practices. Methods: U.S. women with infants were selected through purposive and convenience sampling. An online survey, distributed during summer 2020, measured changes in infant feeding practices, maternal stress levels, use of lactation support resources, and the influence of misinformation on feeding decisions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative responses underwent thematic analysis. Results: Our sample (n = 1,861) revealed that 34% of U.S. women realized the pandemic affected their feeding practices, 544 women provided qualitative data. Major themes from qualitative analysis included ease of breastfeeding at home, bonding, increased breastfeeding duration, and challenges like limited access to lactation support. Logistic regressions highlighted demographic influences on breastfeeding practices, with no significant effects found related to the child's age or women's income on changes in feeding practices. Conclusions for Practice: The COVID-19 pandemic substantially impacted breastfeeding experiences of U.S. women, yielding insights for future policy and healthcare practices. The findings underscore the potential benefits of telehealth lactation support services and flexible remote work environments for breastfeeding people. Clear and scientifically-grounded communication regarding breastfeeding, mental health support, and policy development, are essential to promote equitable and flexible work and maternity leave options for breastfeeding people especially during global health crises. Significance: This study provides new insights into how the COVID-19 pandemic's stay-at-home orders uniquely impacted breastfeeding practices among a large and diverse sample of U.S. women across various regions, income levels, and racial/ethnic backgrounds. By capturing a wide range of experiences, we address a critical gap in understanding the effects of sudden societal changes on breastfeeding across different demographics. Our findings highlight both facilitators—such as increased time at home leading to easier breastfeeding, stronger mother-infant bonding, and extended breastfeeding duration—and barriers—including limited access to lactation support and heightened maternal stress. The diversity of our sample enhances the applicability of our results to inform maternal and child health policies and practices. We underscore the potential benefits of telehealth lactation services and flexible remote work policies in enhancing breastfeeding outcomes and reducing health inequities, emphasizing the need for supportive measures that promote breastfeeding, especially during global health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Access to and use of urgent and emergency care in the United Kingdom's National Health Service reduced during COVID-19 related lockdowns but demand reportedly increased since then. We investigated the impact of COVID-19 on urgent and emergency health care services activity in an eastern England population of 1.1 million. Methods: We used health care activity data from a municipal health department, recorded at the level of discrete events (such as visits to hospital or ambulance calls) to compare system activity between 2018–2020 (pre-COVID), 2020–2021 (lockdown) and 2021–2023 (post-lockdown), carrying out interrupted time series analyses to describe changes in activity. Results: Daily emergency department (ED) attendances were 10% (95% confidence interval 9–12%) lower during the lockdown period, and 7% (6–8%) higher in the post-lockdown period than pre-COVID. Attendances arriving by ambulance were 13% (12–14%) lower post-lockdown than pre-COVID, while attendances of arrivals by other means were 17% (16–19%) higher. Post-lockdown, overall attendances were continually reducing. ED waiting times were 45% (44–47%) longer in the post-lockdown period compared to the pre-COVID period and continued to increase post-lockdown. There was a 15% (14–16%) reduction in daily ambulance dispatches post-lockdown versus pre-COVID. Ambulance arrivals with delayed handover to hospital care exceeding 60 minutes increased by 17% (16–18%) post-lockdown versus pre-COVID, and probability of delay showed a continuously upward trend post-lockdown of 20% (19–21%) per year. Conclusion: Patients are facing long waits in EDs to be admitted to hospital, discharged or transferred. This results in delays in ambulances handing over patients and attending to other calls, which may explain decreasing rates of ambulance dispatches. Potential solutions are likely to involve enhancing the flow through and discharge of patients from hospital, and a whole systems approach which considers the capacity of the local health and care infrastructure, including intermediate care and social care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The COVID‐19 pandemic triggered a worldwide socio‐sanitary crisis, continuing to impact societies worldwide. With many school systems shifted to online education, the current study presents a unique opportunity to investigate relevant phenomena related to serious health issues during the schooling and later in life, cyberbullying and bullying. This study began just before the COVID‐19 lockdown was declared and resumed 5 months later allowing to explore 2 main objectives: first, to explore whether cyberbullying increased during the lockdown, and second, to analyze transitions from to time of bullying and cyberbullying. METHODS: The participants included 792 students from sixth and seventh years of Primary Education (Meanage = 10.81, SD = 0.85) in Ecuador. This is a quantitative longitudinal study. Cyberbullying and bullying scales were used for data collection before the lockdown in January and February 2020 (T1), and after 5 months of lockdown, at the end of the same academic year in July 2020 (T2). Descriptive, comparative and predictive analyses, a latent transition analysis was used to identify latent status of cyberbullying and bullying behavior at T1 and T2. RESULTS: The results revealed a significant increase of cyberbullying after 5 months of the lockdown. Interestingly, only a small percentage of students who were uninvolved in cyberbullying and bullying in T1 remained uninvolved in T2. CONCLUSIONS: The discussion explores the dynamics of cyberbullying involvement and examines changes in the roles and groups of bullying and cyberbullying after 5 months of lockdown. The political‐ and school‐related implications of these findings are thoroughly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study is to explore the usability of and satisfaction with tele rehabilitation services provided to rehabilitation patients with various diagnoses at two large urban medical facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: This was a usability study and all patients that received tele rehabilitation services from March 2020 to November 2021 were included. Of the 4070 surveys sent via mail or email links to RED Cap, 405 were completed (10% response rate). Participants completed demographic surveys, surveys on the tele rehabilitation visit characteristics, tele rehabilitation usability, and overall satisfaction with the visit. Results: Patients were mostly women (64.4%), White, non-Hispanic (74.3%), and English-speaking (99%). Most patients were seen via tele rehabilitation due to COVID-19 restrictions (37.1%). Patients were generally satisfied with their tele rehabilitation visit (3.64 out of 4). Additionally, patients generally found telerehab to be useful (6.4 out of 7), easy to use (6.3 out of 7), effective (6.2 out of 7), satisfactory (6.3 out of 7), and comparable to in-person visits (6.5 out of 7). Conclusions: Patients generally reported feeling satisfied and comfortable with tele rehabilitation visits and felt that they were comparable to in-person visits. Future research should examine the impact of socioeconomic factors on tele rehabilitation use, with a focus on education level and non-English speaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do people attend protests despite infection risk during health crises? This paper studies motivations to participate in protests during public health crises under authoritarianism, despite the risks of infection and repression by regime forces, with a focus on economic grievances and moral indignation. It examines motivations for protest participation in the case of workers' protests in Turkey during 2020 and 2021, using an online survey and interviews with supermarket, delivery, and municipality workers, and waiters in Istanbul. The paper argues that, although the pandemic amplified the cost of participating in protests due to infection risk and government restrictions such as lockdown measures and heavy fines for violating them, it escalated economic grievances and moral indignation even more. By implication, small groups of workers persisted in their protests for months. Unjustified terminations of employment, mistreatment, and poor working conditions resulted in income loss and moral indignation, which increased the perceived costs of not protesting more than the costs of protesting. This paper challenges the expectation that infection risk, lockdowns, and repression by regime forces would discourage protest participation during the pandemic. Theories developed for normal times must consider how pandemic-induced grievances and moral outrage interact with the perceived risks of repression and infection. Furthermore, while studies on protest participation under authoritarianism focus on how moral indignation and anger trigger large-scale protests, this analysis reveals that small groups can also protest for an extended period despite significant risks under authoritarianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decades have seen growing interest and application of interventions targeting the change of multiple behaviors at once. We advance this work by using the diffusion of innovations theory (DOI) to consider constellations of behaviors as innovation packages: multiple innovations that are logically related, interdependent in their use or effects, and often promoted as a set (Rogers, 2003). In addition, we embraced DOI's focus on behavioral decisions as a continual process that can include adoption and discontinuance over time, especially as new innovations (e.g., COVID-19 vaccine) appear. To that end, we conducted a latent transition analysis of COVID-19 mitigation behaviors (N = 697; 97% received a COVID-19 vaccine) across three time points in the pandemic: initial outbreak; a secondary, record-breaking rise in cases; and after the CDC recommended that fully vaccinated adults could discontinue wearing masks. This analysis allowed us to identify latent classes based on shared behavioral patterns and transitions between classes over time. The results showed evidence of three possible packages: (a) a package of traditional, symptom-management behaviors (covering coughs and sneezes, staying home if ill, and seeking medical care), (b) a package of just-novel COVID-19 behaviors (wearing masks, keeping six feet apart, and avoiding mass gatherings), and (c) a package of all COVID-19 mitigation behaviors. Movement between classes exemplified adoption and discontinuance of different packages, as well as widespread discontinuance with the replacement innovation: COVID-19 vaccines. Additional analyses showed that increases in hope were associated with sustained and delayed adoption; decreases in social approval were associated with discontinuance. Future directions in theorizing around innovation packages are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the factors affecting life satisfaction and its relationship with loneliness among older adults with home restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Participant Identification Form, which includes sociodemographic and health-related data, the Gierveld Loneliness Scale (GLS) to measure loneliness, and the Contentment with Life Assessment Scale (CLAS) were used for the data, which were collected from 253 individuals aged 65 years and older residing in two provinces in western Turkey between January and April 2021 after obtaining permissions. Loneliness and contentment with life scores of the older adults, most of whom were women and married, were found to be low. Loneliness alone explained 26.6% of contentment with life (p <.05). Linear regression analysis revealed that older age and being married were positive predictors of life satisfaction, while high loneliness level, presence of chronic disease and having COVID-19 infection were negative predictors (p <.05). Gender, employment status, education level, place of residence, and smoking habit were not statistically predictive of contentment with life (p >.05). In line with the findings, it can be recommended to provide support to older adults during periods of restrictions such as pandemics, as well as in normal times, to not disrupt primary health care and nursing care, to develop social support policies to increase life satisfaction and reduce loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses disruption to norms of funeral attendance experienced in the UK during the COVID−19 pandemic as a lens to illuminate why and how funeral attendance can matter. It draws on an extensive qualitative dataset, gathered through semi-structured interviews with a diverse sample of 68 individuals who were bereaved and/or worked or volunteered in death care during the COVID−19 pandemic. It first examines interviewees' concerns about the insufficiency of funerals when gatherings were restricted. Second, it depicts the range of additional and alternative ways people found to pay tribute to the deceased and to offer and seek support when conventional funeral attendance was limited. Third, it explains why, for some, the smaller funerals necessitated by pandemic restrictions were welcome experiences. These findings support a development of Bailey and Walter's influential theorising concerning 'configurational eulogies': while a 'well-attended' funeral still matters to many, mourners contribute to configurational eulogies through a diverse and evolving range of activities. The shifts in funeral gatherings and activities prompted by the COVID−19 pandemic can be understood as part of dynamic processes of reconfiguring eulogistic repertoires in changing social contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The societal hallmark of the Covid‐19 pandemic was a set of mitigation measures such as lockdowns and curfews. The cognitive impact on the public of the resulting spatial, social and temporal constraints is still being investigated. While pandemic time has been extensively studied and mostly described as slowed down and elongated, opposite experimental patterns across national and social contexts leave open an important explanatory gap in order to understand which factor has been causally fundamental in determining the phenomenology of the crisis. In this paper, we use a quantitative questionnaire developed for measuring temporal and social disorientation on a sample of 3306 respondents during an acute phase of restrictions in France. We show that social disorientation greatly contributed to the temporal disruptions experienced during the pandemic. This result reinforces the importance for public authorities to address the compounding effect of feeling isolated during crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emotional consequences of online social contact in adolescents are a controversial topic. Social interactions and membership in social groups have been identified as essential protection against negative mood. However, different modes of online and offline communication differ in their ability to satisfy the individuals' need for social closeness. Using a daily diary study, the current work investigated how in-person contact, text messaging, and (video) phone calls were related to adolescents' mood. Study 1 was conducted during strict school closures in the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany in February 2021 (N individual s = 290; N observations = 1796; M age = 14.47; 59% girls and 41% boys) and Study 2 in November 2021 after schools had reopened (N individuals = 160; N observations = 1061; M age = 15.21; 66% girls and 34% boys). Hybrid mixed-effects regression models showed that while in-person contact had the most consistent mood effect, text messaging, and (video) phone calls were also at least partially associated with more positive mood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to determine whether the increasing need for parental assistance with schooling and the improved options for this owing to remote work had an impact on fathers' involvement in childcare, children's education and housework during the COVID‐19 lockdown. We make use of information from a May 2020 online poll of 1359 Russian mothers. Using binary logistic regression, we examine the links between fathers' work schedules, the need for additional school support for children and an increase in father involvement. We compare father involvement in children's education and childcare before and during the lockdown. Our findings partially corroborate the 'needs exposure' theory, which holds that greater awareness of family needs can boost fathers' engagement. Furthermore, they emphasize that, given the high likelihood of upcoming pandemics and other crises affecting family life, considerable steps should be taken to promote gender equality in the family and the workplace. Such actions might be advantageous for the health of both parents and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined early adolescent predictors of later distress and adaptive coping in early adulthood, using data from a prospective longitudinal cohort study (n = 786). In early adolescence (age 13), we assessed indicators of mental health (internalizing symptoms), stressor exposure (cumulative stressful life events), and family socialization (supportive parent–child interactions). In early adulthood (age 22), during the first COVID-19-related Swiss national lockdown, we assessed cumulative pandemic-related stressors, distress (poor well-being, hopelessness, and perceived disruptions to life) and adaptive coping. Early adolescent internalizing symptoms predicted lower well-being, more hopelessness, and perceived lifestyle disruptions in early adulthood, during the pandemic. Cumulative stressful life events during early adolescence moderated the association between cumulative pandemic-related stressors and perceived lifestyle disruptions. Supportive parent–child interactions fostered subsequent engagement in adaptive coping, which, in turn, predicted less hopelessness and better well-being. Findings reveal that early adolescent development is linked with distress and adaptive coping in later periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, low-wage public-facing frontline workers (FLWs), such as grocery store clerks, were required to monitor retail customers and enforce COVID-19 protocols. OBJECTIVE: This analysis aimed to examine FLWs experiences of enforcing COVID-19 pandemic measures. METHODS: Between September 2020 and March 2021, in Ontario and Quebec (Canada), we conducted in-depth interviews about customer-related work and health risks with FLWs who interacted with the public (n = 40) and their supervisors (n = 16). Using a lens of situational analysis, verbatim transcripts were coded according to recurring topics. RESULTS: We found that enforcing public health measures placed already-precarious workers in difficult occupational health circumstances. Enforcement of measures created additional workplace responsibilities, stress, and exposed them to potentially negative reactions from customers. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to better support these workers and improved methods of protection are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The proposed work considers two different scenarios of a finite period complete-lockdown situation for two warehouse perishable inventory systems. The first scenario assumed the enforcement and ease of lockdown when the owned warehouse is being vacated. The latter studied the scenario using lockdown enforcement during the inventory dispatch from the owned warehouse and relieved as the items are taken from the rented warehouse. These deterministic models consider a time-dependent linear demand rate and two parameters Weibull distributed deterioration rate. The linearly increasing demand function decreases by a finite volume as the lockdown is imposed and increases suddenly whenever the lockdown is relaxed. Both of the models have been formulated to minimise the total system cost. Further, the behaviour of the models has been examined using sensitivity analysis. Considering the realistic scenarios makes the models practicable to implement in a crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) and child marriage are prevalent in many countries in Asia and Africa. These practices are a violation of human rights and have significant impacts on the physical and mental well-being of those affected. COVID-19 restrictions such as lockdowns and closure of schools may have influenced the occurrence of FGM/C and child marriage. This analysis reported on the impact of these restrictions on FGM/C and child marriage. The International Sexual Health And REproductive Health (I-SHARE) research team organised a multi-country online survey. Sampling methods included convenience samples, online panels, and population-representative samples. Data collected included the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on the occurrence, intention to practice and change in plans to organise FGM/C and child marriage. Data were analysed from 14 countries that reported on FGM/C and child marriage using basic descriptive statistics. Given it was an online survey, we had more responses from urban areas. Among the 22,724 overall participants, 8,829 participants (38.9%) responded to the survey items on FGM/C and child marriage and were included in this analysis. 249 (3.4%) participants stated that FGM/C occurred in their community during COVID-19. Out of this, COVID-19 affected the plans of 26 (20%) participants intending to organise circumcision and 15% of participants planned to organise FGM/C earlier. People with a worry about finances during COVID-19 were more likely to have an earlier plan to organise FGM/C during COVID-19. In total, 1,429 (13%) participants reported that child marriage occurred in their community. The pandemic affected plans of 52 (13%) participants intending to arrange child marriage and 7.7% (29/384) participants expressed intent to arrange the marriage sooner than planned. People with financial insecurities during COVID-19 were more likely to arrange a child marriage earlier. Thus, our study found that the pandemic impacted plans related to FGM/C and child marriage practices, resulting in many carrying out the practices sooner or later than initially planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns for a number of strategical social interactions. From quarantines and social distancing to vaccination and geopolitics, the cooperation or even the coordination of efforts has been challenging, as governments, economic sector, institutions, and individuals, often have conflicting interests. Game theory, which is a mathematical tool extensively used in order to determine the outcomes of strategical interactions, has been applied to a number of issues arising from the pandemic. In this paper, 60 publications are analyzed to identify the key contributions of game theory to addressing COVID-19. First, 10 keywords-topic are chosen and each publication is examined to consider if it deals with these topics. Then R package "igraph" and cluster Louvain are used in order to group the papers to 3 clusters. The results indicate that there is a temporal variation in the topics examined. In the beginning the main concern has been coupling the modelling of the transmission of the virus with social distancing responses from the public and quarantining policy. Then the economic implications of the pandemic drew the attention and finally the application of the vaccination campaigns and the cooperation of the individuals with vaccination guidelines. The paper targets on bridging the gap between game theorists and epidemiologists, illustrating how modelling agents interactions can improve responses. The clusters created can help researchers identify groups of problems that can be addressed jointly, using similar approaches. The analysis indicates that game theory can reveal social aspects that can improve the responses to future emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have substantially affected people's health and rapidly changed their daily routines. This is a prospective study that investigated the impact of the pandemic on primary school children with Type 1 diabetes and their parents during the first lockdown in Kuwait. Methods: A questionnaire battery related to mental health, well-being, and lifestyle was administered at baseline in Summer 2019 (face-to-face, at a diabetes outpatient clinic) and at follow-up during lockdown in Summer 2020 (via telephone, in adherence with COVID-19 restrictions). Data were collected for 70 dyads with children aged 9–12 years. Results: Significant differences were found in most scores for both children and parents. Their mental health worsened to a higher level of depression, anxiety, stress, and a poor level of wellbeing. The average scores on the follow-up tests fell within a clinical range on these measures. Significant differences in their lifestyle, compared to before the lockdown, included decreased levels of physical activity and lower healthy core nutritional intake. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the COVID-19 lockdown has had a significant psychological and possibly physiological impact on children with Type 1 diabetes and their parents. We conclude that there is a need for mental health support services focusing on these groups. Although full lockdown restrictions will have stopped in the past year, post-pandemic stressors may be expected to continue to adversely affect this cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a well-evidenced impact on adolescents, who are especially sensitive to pandemic disruptions given the critical role of socialization in their development. In Chile too, evidence shows increases in mental health complaints among adolescents over the lockdown period. Our study aimed at exploring the experiences of Chilean adolescents regarding their mental health during the lockdown and school closure (March 2020-December 2021), and during the return to on-site education (2022) as informed by adolescents and school staff, with a focus on family, school, and social sources of risk and support for adolescents' wellbeing during these periods. Methods: Using a qualitative approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 adolescents and 16 staff members from schools in an urban area of Chile. Results: Through thematic analysis, we generated five themes: [1] Adolescents in a mental health crisis, comprising a range of distressing experiences and mental health problems. This crisis was fueled by alterations in the functioning of adolescents' systems: [2] Broken support systems (peers and school); [3] The school agenda must go on, reflecting schools' strict compliance with the educational curriculum; and [4] Blurred boundaries between home and school life and within the family. Finally [5], Development will (try to) find its way describes how most participants experienced a bouncing back to wellbeing in the course of the school year upon return, and how some developmental milestones took place despite the abnormal conditions, providing evidence for resilience amid pandemic adversity. Conclusions: The findings give insight into how the exchanges between the adolescent and the social systems they are embedded in were interfered. The results help us understand the challenges for mental health during and after the pandemic, and highlight adolescents' capacity to thrive as normality was restored. The results also underscore the importance of upholding stability across adolescents' systems and routines, in order to mitigate impacts on wellbeing amid abnormal circumstances. The findings are relevant for development-informed initiatives in policy design in the aftermath of the pandemic and in future crisis management responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Supportive Care is a person-centred approach encompassing non-pharmacological interventions targeted towards persons with dementia to contain the effects of their behavioural disorders, improving their quality of life. Aims: To investigate the effects of lockdown restrictions during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on behavioural symptoms of patients involved in a Supportive Care programme in an Italian nursing home. Methods: Analysis is based on Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) scores and related symptoms data collected before (October/November 2019) and after (July 2020) the introduction of COVID-19 restrictions on a non-random sample of 75 patients living in two units of the facility: 38 involved in a Supportive Care programme and 37 receiving standard care (Control). Group performances were compared over time according to univariate statistics and Latent Class Analysis (LCA). Results: NPI scores and number of reported symptoms in NPI evaluations increased over time among Supportive Care patients with dementia and decreased in the Control group. Differences are statistically significant. LCA resulted in 3-classes and 5-classes specifications in the two time-occasions. Discussion: Supportive Care patients showed a worsening in behavioural and psychological symptoms after the first pandemic wave, as opposed to the elderly not involved in the programme. LCA showed that patients in the two groups differed according to the combinations of NPI symptoms. Conclusions: The discontinuation of a Supportive Care programme due to COVID-19 restrictions had strong negative effects on nursing home persons with dementia involved in the programme: Supportive Care interventions are important in controlling the psycho-behavioural symptoms associated with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation explored the use of the Internet in Spain by young adults with intellectual disability who were active Internet users, as well as their perceptions and those of their relatives about the Internet's potential benefits and risks for this population. Additionally, this study explored changes in these perceptions and the Internet use during the home confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 35 young adults with intellectual disability and one of their relatives, respectively (i.e. 35 relatives), completed an online survey during May 2020. Results indicated that young people with intellectual disability are aware of the potential risks to a limited extent. In addition, the participants with intellectual disability increased their Internet use and their perception of its benefits during confinement. However, their relatives gave greater importance to the potential risks, but scarcely supervised young adults with intellectual disability when accessing the Internet. We conclude that, beyond computer literacy and web access skills, young people with intellectual disability may need further training on how to identify and deal with the potential risks of the Internet use, and how to maximise its potential benefits. We also highlight the need to provide their relatives with more educational resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted tuberculosis (TB) treatment services, including directly observed therapy (DOT) programs used to promote medication adherence. We compared DOT adherence embedded in a research study before and after COVID-19 lockdowns in South Africa. Methods: We analyzed data from 263 observational study participants undergoing drug susceptible (DS)-TB DOT between May 2017 to March 2022. Participants enrolled before October 2019 were considered 'pre-COVID-19' and those enrolled after September 2020 were considered 'post-COVID-19 lockdown groups. Negative binomial regression models were used to compare DOT non-adherence rates between the two lockdown groups. We then conducted a sensitivity analysis which only included participants enrolled in the immediate period following the first COVID-19 lockdown. Results: DOT non-adherence rate was higher in the post-COVID-19 lockdown group (aIRR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.04–1.96; p = 0.028) compared to pre-COVID-19 lockdown period, adjusting for age, sex, employment status, household hunger, depression risk, and smoked substance use. DOT non-adherence was highest immediately following the initial lockdown (aIRR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.17–2.67; p = 0.006). Conclusion: The COVID-19 lockdowns adversely effected adherence to TB DOT in the period after lockdowns were lifted. The change in DOT adherence persisted even after adjusting for socioeconomic and behavioral variables. We need a better understanding of what treatment adherence barriers were exacerbated by COVID-19 lockdowns to improve outcomes in post-pandemic times. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT02840877. Registered on 19 July 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have addressed the influence of mass stressors in the context of couple relationships; therefore, understanding how unique constraints and stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic influenced mental health distress and, in turn, loss in couple relationships is valuable. Because resource loss has been defined as the primary agent of stress, examining factors that may have shaped the degree of resource loss incurred during the pandemic will be vital. Previous research implies that early life adversity may be a form of resource loss and is linked to poorer mental health and relational outcomes in adulthood. Additionally, the stress sensitization hypothesis posits that childhood adversity may prime individuals to have a lower threshold for later life stress. As such, this study was designed to examine how family of origin stress (reported at the outset of pandemic related shutdowns in the US in April 2020) associated with posttraumatic stress (PTSS) 3 months later (July 2020) to, in turn, predict variation in resource losses associated with the COVID-19 pandemic reported 3 months later (October 2020) in 535 cisgender, heterosexual couples. Findings showed that individual's higher family of origin stress predicted higher levels of their own PTSS at wave 2, and higher PTSS at wave 2 predicted higher levels of couples' shared resource loss at wave 3. Additionally, family of origin stress is associated with higher levels of couples' shared experience of loss via higher levels of their own PTSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transport systems worldwide experienced significant declines in usage during the COVID-19 pandemic due to lockdowns and work-from-home mandates. While numerous studies have examined these phenomena, there is still a need for empirical evidence that not only documents what occurred but also provides actionable insights for future transport planning. This study aims to enhance understanding of public transport passengers' mobility behaviors during different stages of the pandemic, using the Metropolitan Area of Porto, Portugal, as a case study. Automated Fare Collection data from 2020 were analyzed and compared with data from the pre-pandemic year of 2019. The analysis included temporal, spatial, spatio-temporal, and sociodemographic dimensions. Key patterns and trends identified include a rapid recovery of ridership post-restriction easing, homogenized daily travel patterns, varied impacts on different transport modes, and significant shifts in demographic travel behaviors. These findings highlight the resilience of public transport demand and suggest that adaptive scheduling, enhanced safety measures, targeted support for vulnerable groups, promotion of off-peak travel, investment in bus infrastructure, and encouragement of multi-modal transport are essential strategies. Implementing these strategies can help improve public transport planning and mitigate the adverse effects of future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores risk-taking during a pandemic, a severe risk condition similar to terrorism and natural disasters. It examines differences in sociodemographics and psychographics between individuals who traveled during the COVID-19 Pandemic and those who stayed home. Conducted as an online survey in 2022, the study used a randomized experiment. T-tests revealed significant differences in only two sociodemographics and two risk-taking factors of probability neglect and proximity-to-self, but not in personality traits of risk-taking, thrill-seeking, or self-confidence. Travelers were more likely to have young children and higher income while non-travelers scored higher in neglecting the probability of bad events happening to them, potentially because they avoided travel as they perceived a high likelihood of bad events happening while traveling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk assessment and safety planning are central to mental health nursing practice but were seriously affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns. In this study, we aimed to explore how the UK pandemic lockdowns affected risk assessment and safety planning from the perspective of mental health practitioners. A sequential, mixed methods study design was used. A link to an online survey questionnaire was distributed and semi-structured interviews with a subset of respondents were conducted. Survey data were analysed to describe perceived changes in the frequency and nature of risk assessment and safety planning during the pandemic lockdowns. This was supplemented by thematic analysis of qualitative interview data. In total, 106 practitioners were surveyed and 10 participated in semi-structured interviews. More respondents increased than decreased risk assessment frequency but there was no significant overall change. Remote contact was more common in community settings and largely involved telephone appointments. Participants did not wish to continue with remote working following the pandemic. Risk assessment practice changed in UK mental health services as a result of COVID-19 lockdowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study examined associations of park visitation with physical activity (PA), well-being, and social connectedness among 1089 participants during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In August 2020, adolescents and adults in Australia self-reported demographics, usual park visitation, frequency and duration of park visits, PA, well-being and social connectedness. Multilevel linear regression models examined associations of park visitation with well-being and social connectedness. Multilevel mixed-effects negative binomial regression models examined associations between visitation and PA. Compared to not visiting a park, visitation was positively associated with well-being (B  = 3.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 6.60) and days/week performing PA for 30 min (B  = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.39) per day and negatively associated with social connectedness (B  = −3.75, 95% CI = −7.11, −0.39). Compared to visiting a park less than once/week, visiting once/week was positively associated with well-being (B  = 3.90, 95% CI = 0.53, 7.21). Visiting more than once/week was positively associated with days/week performing PA for 30 min (B  = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.21, 1.58) and 60 min (B  = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.64) per day and with well-being (B  = 4.19, 95% CI = 0.90, 7.49). Duration of park visits was positively associated with days/week performing PA for 30 min (B  = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.13) and 60 min (B  = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.17) per day. Our findings highlight the role of parks in positively influencing health-related outcomes and the 'dosage' of park use needed to attain health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the role of family interpersonal relationships in coping with the effects of COVID-19 and examines factors that place Latinx adolescents at risk for adverse effects of COVID-19 and promote resilience. We used a qualitative inquiry to explore the impact of COVID-19 on Latinx New York City adolescents, using sensitizing concepts from the family stress and coping theory as a data organization and analysis strategy. Five focus groups with 26 students aged 13 to 17 years old were conducted, and emergent themes were identified from the data. Latinx student participants reported disruptions in their family structure and interaction patterns. Families of these adolescents faced income loss, death, and illness from COVID-19, which impacted parent-child relationships. The absence of needed community resources undermined family resilience. Yet, students used internal resources found in their families and within themselves to cope with the COVID-19 stressors. Participants reported challenges within the family, school, and youth's daily experiences. To lessen the pandemic's impact on Latinx students in the midst of the ever-changing COVID-19 pandemic requires an ecological approach in which family, school, community, and policy factors are considered, and partnerships at each of these levels are established. Efforts to enhance family-school collaboration, equitable access to mental health services, youth outreach, and strengthen existing internal and external resources in the lives of Latinx students are key to promoting their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the lived-in experiences of primary caregivers of children with mental illness while taking care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methodology: This study is a descriptive phenomenological study. Convenience sampling was used. Data were collected by in-depth interviews of 30 primary caregivers of children with mental illness, during the COVID-19 pandemic. All interviews were audio-recorded and analyzed using a thematic approach. Results: The overall aura of fear and panic brought by the pandemic found its way into the psyche of patients and the development of their illnesses during the pandemic. The entirety of the work brought out three themes and 11 subthemes as categorized for the aim of this study. Conclusion: Primary caregivers of children with mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic reveal that lifestyle changes, such as online education, confinement, overuse of electronic gadgets, and increased laziness and lethargy in children after prolonged lockdown, were drastic changes which caregivers had to deal with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic negatively impacted the mental health of people with emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), with reports of maladaptive coping mechanisms, reduced mental health support and quality of life. In this study, the authors examine the impact of COVID‐19 lockdown and post‐lockdown period on acute psychiatric admission rates in an NHS Trust in people diagnosed with EUPD. In addition, the authors analyse whether patient profiles and the seasonal pattern of admission were impacted by COVID‐19 in this population. The study highlights the need for preventative clinical care pathways with increased access and service responsiveness, adjusted to fit local needs at times of confinement policies and additionally more research into seasonal patterns of admission in those with EUPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity (PA) is a critical factor in maintaining mental health, particularly among college students who are vulnerable to stress, anxiety, and mood disturbances. The COVID‐19 pandemic introduced unprecedented disruptions to daily routines. The purpose of this cohort study was to examine the longitudinal PA behaviors before and during COVID‐19 using device‐based assessment in a sample of college students. The participants were a convenience sample of 1‐year college students from the University of Vermont Wellness Environment study. A daily survey was distributed to the participants every night on a study app measured three mental health outcomes of mood, anxiety, and stress for 16 weeks. Participants wore Apple Watches to monitor PA. A total of 167 participants completed at least 50% of daily surveys and had 20 days of valid Apple Watch data, which resulted in 11 387 participant‐days' of observations. Changes in average daily moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and step counts were examined week‐over‐week from an 8‐week period before COVID to an 8‐week period during COVID using cluster‐robust piecewise regression (16‐weeks total). Linear mixed models examined the association between PA and mental health outcomes, while also examining the moderating influence of COVID phase. Significantly lower MVPA was observed from the end of pre‐COVID to start of COVID by −18.2 min/day (p < 0.001) and significantly fewer steps/day was observed from end of pre‐COVID to start of COVID by −3277 steps/day (p < 0.001). An MVPA "catch‐up" effect was observed as there were small but positive week‐over‐week improvements during COVID for MVPA (b = 1.32 min/day, p < 0.001). The influence of COVID‐19 phases had a notable impact on the relationships between PA/exercise and mental health outcomes. A discernible trend emerged, indicating stronger connections during the COVID period for anxiety and stress compared to the pre‐COVID era. Interestingly, the moderating effect of COVID was opposite for mood and exercise. The COVID‐19 pandemic led to a dramatic decline in PA among college students, coinciding with a period of heightened stress and anxiety. Despite a slight recovery in PA levels during the pandemic, the strengthened association between exercise and anxiety/stress during this time underscores the vital role of PA in promoting mental health. These findings highlight the importance of implementing behavior change strategies to maintain and promote student wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the potential changes in substance use disorder (SUD) admission rates before and after the lockdown in a major addiction center in Saudi Arabia. Method: This retrospective cohort study extracted data from Al-Amal Hospital Electronic Health Record in the city of Dammam, Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. A total of 2,426 cases included in the analysis for patients who received services from the SUD treatment programs from 1/1/2015 to 31/12/2021. Results: Before the pandemic, there was a consistent increase in the admission rates for patients with substance use disorder. The highest proportion of increase were among unemployed, young, newly admitted patients. During lockdown, there was nearly a 70% reduction in SUDs-related admission rate. The age group 18–25 was seven-times more likely to be admitted for SUD after the lockdown. Amphetamine-related admissions were two times more likely to be admitted after the lockdown (Odds ratio (OR) 2.04; confidence interval (CI) 95%[1.64, 2.54]). Conclusions: There was nearly 70% reduction in SUDs admission rates during the lockdown. After the lockdown, a significant proportional increase in amphetamine use disorder admissions was observed mostly among the patients age group 18–24 with a history of a previous admissions. Determining populations at risk for high health care utilization is crucial in building a comprehensive and effective prevention strategy. Therefore, the need to adopt coordinated strategies and innovative, comprehensive approaches to benefit individuals with SUD is imperative to face the increased rate of SUD related admissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the necessity of implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions such as lockdowns to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases. This study aims to model the impact of lockdown measures on the progression of an epidemic. Using a combination of compartmental models, specifically a novel delay model, we analyze the effects of varying lockdown intensities and durations on disease transmission dynamics. The results highlight that timely and stringent lockdowns can significantly reduce the peak number of infections and delay the epidemic's peak, thereby alleviating pressure on healthcare systems. Moreover, our models demonstrate the importance of appropriate lifting of lockdowns to prevent a resurgence of cases. Analytical and numerical results reveal critical thresholds for lockdown efficacy from the epidemiological point of view, which depend on such factors as the basic reproduction number ( ℜ 0 ), disease duration, and immunity waning. In the case of a single outbreak with permanent immunity, we analytically determine the optimal proportion of isolated people which minimizes the total number of infected. While in the case of temporary immunity, numerical simulations show that the infectious cases decrease with respect to the proportion of isolated people during lockdowns; as we increase the proportion of isolated people, we have to increase the duration of lockdowns to obtain periodic outbreaks. Further, we assess the influence of epidemic with or without lockdown on the economy and evaluate its economical efficacy by means of the level of population wealth. The percentage of productive individuals among isolated people influences the wealth state of the population during lockdowns. The latter increases with the rise of the former for fixed epidemic parameters. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers in designing effective lockdown strategies to control future epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and related school closures greatly interfered in students' social, emotional, and academic development creating behavioral struggles after returning to school. This concurrent mixed-methods study examined teacher perceptions of student behavioral change and social–emotional learning (SEL) during the return to in-person schooling in fall 2021. Teachers (N = 120) from a Midwestern state completed online surveys consisting of both closed and open-ended questions about student's social, emotional, and academic behavior. Teachers also responded to questions about SEL program implementation in their schools before and during the pandemic. Teachers overwhelmingly reported worsened student behavior since returning to school. Content analysis revealed academic motivation struggles were most often reported, followed by social and emotional struggles, respectively. Additionally, teachers from schools with SEL programs were significantly less likely to report academic motivation struggles. Findings suggest that SEL programs may help mitigate COVID-related academic motivation struggles. Possibilities for future research on student behavior and SEL as the pandemic recedes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Limited knowledge exists on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the pandemic lockdown on cancer detection and diagnoses in Switzerland. Population-based Swiss cantonal cancer registry data of the cantons of Zurich and Zug from 2018/19 to 2021 were used. Differences in cancer diagnoses were analyzed descriptively and using multivariate regression models. A decrease in all-cancer incidence was observed in 2020 compared to 2018/19, mainly during the lockdown phase in April. Meanwhile, higher all-cancer incidence rates were observed in 2021 compared to 2018/19. The impact in Switzerland was less severe than in other countries. Our findings may inform the decisions of policymakers and the public health system during future pandemics. Background/Objectives: This study aims to investigate differences in cancer diagnosis based on absolute case numbers and age-standardized incidence rate ratios (IRRs) in the pre-Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) years (2018/19) and the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020, 2021) in two Swiss cantons. Methods: Data of the Swiss cantonal cancer registry of the cantons of Zurich (ZH) and Zug (ZG) were used to descriptively investigate differences in annual and monthly absolute numbers regarding all-cancer and the five most common cancer types. Directly age-standardized monthly incidence rates (IRs) were calculated. Multivariate Quasipoisson regression models were fitted to determine the IRRs with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Annual absolute numbers of all investigated cancers were similar in 2018/19, 2020, and 2021, except for prostate cancer (increase of 20.8% in 2021 compared to 2018/19). In 2020, there were generally more cancer diagnoses in January and February followed by a decrease in April and May. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, lower IRs were observed in 2020 for all-cancer (IRR = 0.96 [95% CI 0.96, 0.97]) and female breast cancer (0.92 [0.89, 0.96]), whereas higher IRs were observed in 2021 for all-cancer (1.02 [1.02, 1.02]) and prostate cancer (1.23 [1.18, 1.28]). Conclusions: Cancer detection and diagnoses decreased during the first year of the pandemic, especially during the most stringent lockdown phase in April. The findings of this study may inform the decisions of policymakers and public health system during future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quasi-consensus has steadily formed in the scientific literature on the fact that the prevention measures implemented by most countries to curb the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic have led to significant reductions in pollution levels around the world, especially in urban environments. Fewer studies have looked at how these reductions at the ground level translate into variations in the whole atmosphere. In this study, we examine the columnar values of aerosols at 51 mainland European stations of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). We show that when considered in the context of the long-term trend over the last decade, the columnar aerosol levels for 2020, at the regional level, do not appear exceptional. Both the yearly means and the number of episodes with extreme values for this period are within one standard deviation of the long-term trends. We conclude that the spatially and temporally localized reductions do not add up to statistically significant reductions at the global levels of aerosols. Furthermore, considering that pandemic lockdowns can be thought of as a simulation of a climate change mitigation scenario, we conclude that such lifestyle-based changes present a very low potential as a global climate change mitigation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The national lockdowns that occurred all over the world in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic have been found to have impacted alcohol use. The aim was to evaluate the impact of COVID‐19‐related national lockdowns on alcohol‐related traffic collisions, injuries, and fatalities in Lithuania. Methods: Using monthly data from the Lithuanian Road Police Service for January 2004 to December 2022, we performed interrupted time‐series analyses using a generalized additive model to evaluate the impact of COVID‐19‐related national lockdowns on alcohol‐related traffic collisions, injuries, and fatalities. In Lithuania, the COVID‐19‐related lockdowns occurred from March 2020 to June 2020 and from November 2020 to June 2021. Results: Although overall rates for traffic collisions and injuries decreased during the COVID‐19‐related lockdowns in Lithuania, these lockdowns were associated with a 3.21% (95% CI: 1.19%, 5.23%) increase in the relative proportion of alcohol‐related traffic collisions and a 2.46% (95% CI: 0.12%, 4.80%) increase in the relative proportion of alcohol‐related traffic injuries. The association between the lockdowns and alcohol‐related traffic fatalities was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The COVID‐19‐related national lockdowns in Lithuania were associated with a decrease in the overall rate of traffic collisions and injuries, but an increase in the relative proportion of alcohol‐related traffic collisions and injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 lockdown affected children, especially those with autism spectrum disorder, due to the disruption in rehabilitation and educational activities. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 315 preschool-aged children, 35 of which had autism, to investigate this impact. A questionnaire was administered to explore socio-demographic status, familiar/home environment, and COVID-19 exposure. The clinical features of autistic subjects were also examined. Seven variables were considered to describe the effect of pandemic: Remote learning, Behavior changes, Home activities, Sleep habits, Night awakenings, Physical activity, Information about the virus. The lockdown had a significant impact on Remote learning, Behavior changes, and Information about the virus in participants with autism. Moreover, we found a worsening in repetitive movements, echolalia, restricted interests, and aggressive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on two surveys of international students in Sydney and Melbourne, undertaken in 2019 and during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns. Using the concept of bounded agency, we identify how the challenges of living in one of the world's most expensive rental housing markets impact students' perceptions of their academic attainment. We find housing insecurity, unaffordability and condition, amplified by financial stress, contribute significantly to student anxiety about their studies. These relationships differ by student background and education. We argue students' agency to meet their educational ambitions in Australia is constrained by the cost of housing and the housing choices they consequently make to mitigate financial stress. Our findings suggest the importance of 'town' or non-institutional aspects of the international student experience on their satisfaction and academic outcomes. We call for further research to explore these relationships in other global contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The causal effect of successive population-wide lockdowns in response to increased COVID-19 cases on mental health has yet to be examined using robust methods. A natural experiment design underpinned by objective data can improve our understanding surrounding the definitive impact of social distancing restrictions. Methods: The study employed a natural experiment design underpinned by objective data. Health service cost for visits to general practitioners and psychologists and medication dispensing costs served as objective measures of mental health. Difference-in-difference (DID) estimators, which in this study quantify differences in spending changes between groups over time, were produced based on three comparisons: Victoria 2020 lockdown comparison, Victoria 2021 lockdown comparison, and New South Wales (NSW) 2021 lockdown comparison. Specifically, differences in public health service spending during lockdown periods and the same timeframe in 2019 for Victoria and NSW, and control groups (remaining states and territories), were compared. Results: Positive estimator values indicate that public health service spending for Victoria and NSW increased more during lockdown periods compared to control states and territories. The Victorian lockdowns of 2020 and 2021, but not the NSW lockdown of 2021, resulted in increased public spending for general practitioner mental health consults (2020 DID estimator: $8498.96 [95% CI $4012.84, $12,373.57], 2021 DID estimator: $6630.06 [95% CI $41.27, $13,267.20], all monetary values in AUD$) and short visits to psychologists (2020 DID estimator: $628.82 [95% CI $466.25, $796.00], 2021 DID estimator: $230.11 [95% CI $47.52, $373.98]). The first Victorian lockdown in 2020 and the NSW lockdown in 2021 resulted in greater spending on short visits to clinical psychologists. Spending on long visits to psychologists and clinical psychologists and medication spending did not change. Conclusions: Strict lockdowns can have an adverse impact on population mental health. The impact is particularly evident in those who have a history of previous mental health concerns but does not necessitate extra use of medications, suggesting that psychological care can address the adverse impact of the lockdowns. What is known about the topic? Previous research varied in methodology, using self-reports and healthcare data to understand COVID-19 social distancing public health measures' effects on mental health. What does this paper add? This study introduces robust, objective data via a natural experiment design, examining the impact of successive lockdowns on mental health service usage and medication expenditures in specific Australian regions. What are the implications for practitioners? Findings highlight the need for flexible mental health services that can swiftly respond to increased demands during prolonged restrictions, without necessarily increasing medication use, guiding future policy and resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies evaluated the use of Household Disinfectant and Cleaning Products (HDCPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic, but no population-based cohorts used longitudinal data. We studied changes in HDCPs during the first lockdown, based on longitudinal data from the French population-based NutriNet-Santé and CONSTANCES cohorts. Methods: Based on standardized questionnaires on household cleaning tasks in 2018–2019 and around the first lockdown in France (March17-May3 2020), we compared the duration of weekly use of HDCPs (< 1 day/week, < 10 min/week; 10-30 min/week; > 30 min/week) and the household cleaning help (yes/no) before and during the lockdown period by Bhapkar and McNemar's tests. Moreover, we assessed self-reported changes in the frequency of HDCPs during the lockdown from before (unchanged/increased). Results: Analyses were carried on 31,105 participants of NutriNet-Santé (48 years, 75% women, 81% ≥ high school diploma) and 49,491 of CONSTANCES (47 years, 51% women, 87% ≥ high school diploma). During the lockdown, compared with 2018–2019, duration of HDCPs use increased (> 30 min; NutriNet-Santé: 44% versus 18%; CONSTANCES: 63% versus 16%) and household help decreased (NutriNet-Santé: 5% versus 40%; CONSTANCES: 3% versus 56%). Regarding the frequency of HDCPs use, 55% of participants of NutriNet-Santé (57% women/49% men) and 83% of CONSTANCES (86% women/81% men) reported an increased use since the beginning of the lockdown, significantly higher among women (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The frequency and duration of weekly use of HDCPs has significantly increased since the pandemic. As the use of HDCPs is associated with health issues, further studies are now needed to evaluate the potential health impacts of these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]