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Known carbapenem compounds with inhibitory effect towards beta-lactamase enzymes are formed from bicyclical beta lactam structural scaffolds. On the basis of results from theoretical computational methods and molecular modelling we have designed and developed a synthetic route towards novel, biologically active tricyclic derivatives of carbapenems.

Reactions of dimethyl 5-aryl-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxo-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2–a]pyrazole6,7-dicarboxylates 3a–e with excess of hydrazine hydrate gave propanohydrazides 5a–e in 70– 99% yields. The ring opening of pyrazolo[1,2–a]pyrazole-6,7-dicarboxylates 3a–e proceeded stereoselectively, furnishing the rel-(4'R,5'S)-isomers of 3-[5-aryl-3,4-bis(hydrazinocarbonyl)4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-methyl-butanohydrazides 5a–e. The X–ray structure of 5a was determined.

Some new six-membered aplysinopsin analogues were prepared from 5-dimethylaminomethylidene-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetriones and indole derivatives. Also 2-[[(2,4,6-trioxohexahydropyrimidin-5-ylidene)methyl]amino]-3-dimethylaminopropenoates were synthesized and employed in the synthesis of fused 2H-pyran-2-ones.

Simple and stereoselective syntheses of aplysinopsins and their analogs from either methyl 2-[(2,2-disubstituted ethenyl)amino]-3-(dimethylamino)prop-2-enoates 11 or 5-[(dimethylamino)methylidene]imidazolidine-2,4-diones 20 are described. The structures of products are established by 1H- and 13C-NMR, and NOESY spectroscopy, and X-ray crystal-structure analysis.

[reaction: see text] Reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-3-pyrazolidinone (1) with 2-indanone (2) gave 5,5-dimethyl-2-(1H-indenyl-2)-3-pyrazolidinone (3) instead of the expected azomethine imine 4. Although reaction of 2-substituted 3-pyrazolidinones with acetylenedicarboxylates usually gives ring expansion products, such as 1,2-diazepines, treatment of 3 with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates (5, R = Me; 6 R = Et) resulted in the formation of rel-(7aR,12aS)-6,7-bis(alkoxycarbonyl)-3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-7aH-indano[1,2-b]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-ones (7, R = Me; 9, R = Et) as major products and 3,4-bis(alkoxycarbonyl)-7,7-dimethyl-2-(indenyl-2)-6,7-dihydro-2H,6H-1,2-diazepin-5-ones (8, R = Me: 10, R = Et) as minor products.

A wide variety of pathogens have acquired antimicrobial resistance as an inevitable evolutionary response to the extensive use of antibacterial agents. In particular, one of the most widely used antibiotic structural classes is the beta-lactams, in which the most common and the most efficient mechanism of bacterial resistance is the synthesis of beta-lactamases. Class C beta-lactamase enzymes are primarily cephalosporinases, mostly chromosomally encoded, and are inducible by exposure to some beta-lactam agents and resistant to inhibition by marketed beta-lactamase inhibitors. In an ongoing effort to alleviate this problem a series of novel 4-substituted trinems was designed and synthesized. Significant in vitro inhibitory activity was measured against the bacterial beta-lactamases of class C and additionally against class A. The lead compound LK-157 was shown to be a potent mechanism-based inactivator. Acylation of the active site Ser 64 of the class C enzyme beta-lactamase was observed in the solved crystal structures of two inhibitors complexes to AmpC enzyme from E. cloacae. Structure-activity relationships in the series reveal the importance of the trinem scaffold for inhibitory activity and the interesting potential of the series for further development.

Cycloadditions of various 1,3-dipoles to methyl (S)-1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3-[(E)-cyanomethylidene]-2-pyrrolidinone-5-carboxylate (9) were studied. Reactions of 9 with diazomethane (10) and 2,4,6-trimethoxy-benzonitrile oxide (11), carried out under neutral conditions, gave the corresponding optically active spiro compounds 16-18 with low diastereoselectivity (20-30% diastereomeric excess). On the other hand, reactions of 9 with nitrile oxide 11 and nitrile imines 14, 15, carried out in the presence of a base, afforded racemic pyrazolo and isoxazolo fused 2-pyrrolidinones 21-23 in 82-86% diastereomeric excess. Optically active dipolarophile 9 was isomerized in the presence of basic alumina to give methyl (RS)-1-tert-butoxy-carbonyl-3-cyanomethyl-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5H-pyrrole-5-carboxylate (19). Treatment of the racemic dipolarophile 19 with dipoles 11 and 14, afforded fused 2-pyrrolidinones 23 and 21. These observations support compound 19 as the key-intermediate in the formation of racemic cycloadducts 21-23.

5-(2-Phenyl-1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one (2) and its oxo derivatives as well as some novel 5-bromoaplysinopsin analogues were synthesized employing dimethylamine substitution in N,N-dimethyl-methylideneimidazolidinones (6).

Methyl 2-acetyl-3-{[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]amino}prop-2-enoate (4) and phenyl-methyl 2-acetyl-3-{[2-(dimethylamino)-1(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]amino}prop-2-enoate (5) were prepared in three steps from the corresponding acetoacetic esters, and used as reagents for the preparation of N3-protected 3-amino-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones 10–12, 5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one 13, 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]-pyridin-4-one 19 and 2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones 20–23. Free 3-amino-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones 24–26 were prepared from 10–12 by removal of the 2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-oxobut-1-enyl or 3-oxo-2-[(phenyl-methoxy)carbonyl]but-1-envl as N-protecting group by various methods.