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1. Prolonged fasting outperforms short-term fasting in terms of glucose tolerance and insulin release: a randomised controlled trial.

Author

Solianik, Rima, Židonienė, Katerina, Eimantas, Nerijus, and Brazaitis, Marius

Subjects
FASTING, GLUCOSE intolerance, BODY temperature, NORADRENALINE, CATECHOLAMINES, HEALTH outcome assessment, STARVATION, INSULIN, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, RECTUM, INSULIN sensitivity, GLUCOSE tolerance tests, INSULIN resistance, KETONES, PSYCHOLOGICAL stress
Abstract

Fasting is related to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, but it is unknown whether the duration of fasting influences these factors. We explored whether prolonged fasting increases norepinephrine and ketone concentrations and decreases core temperature to a greater extent than short-term fasting; if so, this should lead to improved glucose tolerance. Forty-three healthy young adult males were randomly assigned to undergo a 2-d fast, 6-d fast or the usual diet. Changes in rectal temperature (TR), ketone and catecholamine concentrations, glucose tolerance and insulin release in response to an oral glucose tolerance test were assessed. Both fasting trials increased ketone concentration, and the effect was larger after the 6-d fast (P < 0·05). TR and epinephrine concentration increased only after the 2-d fast (P < 0·05). Both fasting trials increased the glucose area under the curve (AUC) (P < 0·05), but the AUC remained higher than the baseline value after participants returned to their usual diet in the 2-d fast group (P < 0·05). Neither fasting had an immediate effect on the insulin AUC, although it increased after return to their usual diet in the 6-d fast group (P < 0·05). These data suggest that the 2-d fast elicited residual impaired glucose tolerance, which may be linked to greater perceived stress during short-term fasting, as shown by the epinephrine response and change in core temperature. By contrast, prolonged fasting seemed to evoke an adaptive residual mechanism that is related to improved insulin release and maintained glucose tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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3. Two-day fasting evokes stress, but does not affect mood, brain activity, cognitive, psychomotor, and motor performance in overweight women.

Author

Solianik, Rima and Sujeta, Artūras

Subjects
*PSYCHOLOGICAL stress, *OVERWEIGHT women, *BEHAVIOR modification, *FASTING, *AEROBIC exercises
Abstract

The physiological, cognitive state, and motor behavior changes that occur during acute fasting are not completely understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the effect of 2-day total fasting on evoked stress, mood, brain activity, and cognitive, psychomotor, and motor function in overweight women. Eleven overweight women (body mass index above 25 kg/m 2 ) aged 20–30 years were tested under two conditions allocated randomly: 2-day zero-calorie diet with water provided ad libitum and 2-day usual diet. One week before the experiment, aerobic fitness was evaluated. Subjective stress ratings in relation to the diet, autonomic function, prefrontal cortex activity, cognitive performance, psychomotor coordination, and grip strength were evaluated before and after each diet. The study demonstrated that fasting decreased log-transformed high-frequency (HF) power, without affecting heart rate. The relative maximum oxygen uptake was negatively correlated with subjective stress rating and changes in log-transformed HF. Fasting did not affect mood, brain activity, and cognitive, motor, and psychomotor performance. Thus, 2-day total fasting evoked moderate stress with a shift of the autonomic nervous system balance toward sympathetic activity in overweight women. Better aerobic endurance is likely to facilitate the capacity for dealing with acute fasting. Regardless of the evoked stress, cognitive state and motor behavior remained intact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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4. Tai chi improves psychoemotional state, cognition, and motor learning in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author

Solianik, Rima, Mickevičienė, Dalia, Žlibinaitė, Laura, and Čekanauskaitė, Agnė

Subjects
*AGE factors in cognition, *COVID-19 pandemic, *TAI chi for older people, *MOTOR learning, *EMOTIONAL state, *BRAIN-derived neurotrophic factor
Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 10-week tai chi intervention on psychoemotional state, cognition, and motor learning in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants aged 60–78 years were randomized to either a control group (n = 15) or a tai chi group (n = 15) for a 10-week period. The tai chi group received two, 8-form tai chi classes of 60 min duration per week. Changes in psychoemotional state, cognition, and the learning of fast and accurate reaching movements were assessed. In addition, the potential roles of the autonomic nervous system and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were investigated. Tai chi practice decreased (P < 0.05) perceived stress, whereas no change in autonomic nervous system activity was observed. Improvements in mental switching correlated with decreased depressive symptoms and increased BDNF levels (P < 0.05), whereas improvements in inhibitory control tended to correlate with BDNF levels (P = 0.08). Improvements in visuospatial processing tended to correlate with decreased depressive symptoms (P = 0.07) while improved visuospatial processing correlated with improved motor planning during learning tasks (P < 0.05). This study suggests that tai chi is an effective intervention that can be delivered under pandemic conditions to improve mental and physical function in older adults. • Healthy older adults practiced tai chi for 10 weeks during the COVID-19 pandemic. • Tai chi improved cognition and learning of fast and accurate reaching movements. • Cognitive improvements correlated with changes in depression and BDNF levels. • Motor learning improvements were associated with improved cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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5. Šešių dienų badavimo įtaka antropometrijai, kūno kompozicijai, patiriamam stresui ir neuroraumeninei funkcijai

Author

Sergejeva, Justina and Solianik, Rima

Subjects
body composition, stress, neuroraumeninė funkcija, kūno kompozicija, water only fasting, maximal voluntary contraction, badavimas, maksimali valinga jėga, neuromuscular function, stresas
Abstract

Tyrimo problema. Badavimas, geriant tik vandenį ad libitum, yra veiksminga priemonė svorio mažinimui, ligų gydymui bei sveikatos rodiklių gerinimui, tačiau ilgalaikis badavimas, trunkantis daugiau negu 4 dienas, nėra gerai ištyrinėtas. Dėl badavimo metu atsiradusios hipoglikemijos įvyksta metabolinis persijungimas, kai pagrindiniu ląstelių energijos šaltiniu tampa ketonų kūnai, padidėja simpatinės nervų sistemos aktyvumas, kuris lemia kūno adaptaciją prie stresinių sąlygų bei išlaiko motorinės sistemos aktyvumą, kas svarbu išgyvenamumui. Vis dėlto, ilgalaikio badavimo įtaka neuroraumeninei funkcijai nėra gerai ištyrinėta, todėl nėra žinoma, kokį poveikį šešių dienų badavimo laikotarpiu įvykstantis metabolinis persijungimas organizme bei patiriamas stresas gali turėti atskiruose neuroraumeninės sistemos lygmenyse t.y. galvos ir nugaros smegenyse (centriniame lygmenyje) bei raumenyje (periferiniame lygmenyje). Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti šešių dienų badavimo įtaką antropometrijai, kūno kompozicijai, patiriamam stresui ir neuroraumeninei funkcijai. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti šešių dienų badavimo įtaką antropometrijai ir kūno kompozicijai. 2. Įvertinti šešių dienų badavimo įtaką patiriamam stresui. 3. Įvertinti šešių dienų badavimo įtaką neuroraumeninei funkcijai. 4. Įvertinti šešių dienų badavimo įtaką neuroraumeniniam nuovargiui. Hipotezė. Remdamiesi atliktų tyrimų duomenimis, manome, jog šešių dienų badavimas sumažins kūno kompozicijos rodiklius, padidins ketozę bei simpatinės nervų sistemos aktyvumą dėl patiriamo streso, tačiau neuroraumeninės sistemos funkcijos nepablogės nei periferiniame, nei centriniame jos lygmenyje. Tyrimo metodai. 10 sveikų vyrų dalyvavo 6 dienų badavimo, geriant tik vandenį ad libitum eksperimente. Kūno kompozicijos rodikliai, širdies susitraukimų dažnis, gliukozės ir ketonų koncentracija kraujyje, maksimali valinga jėga ir nevalinga jėga, periferinis bei centrinis neuroraumeninės sistemos nuovargis buvo įvertinti prieš badavimą, po 6 dienų badavimo ir po 7 atsigavimo, tiriamiesiems maitinantis ad libitum. Rezultatai. Po 6 dienų badavimo reikšmingai sumažėjo kūno svoris, kūno riebalų, liesoji ir vandens masės (p < 0,05). Reikšmingai sumažėjo gliukozės koncentracija ir padidėjo ketonų koncentracija kraujyje (p < 0,05), tačiau nepasikeitė širdies susitraukimo dažnio rezultatai (p > 0,05) po badavimo. Badavimas neturėjo įtakos maksimaliai valingai jėgai ir nevalingai jėgai prieš varginantį jėgos palaikymo krūvį (p > 0,05), tačiau reikšmingai sumažino centrinę aktyvaciją (p < 0,05). Badavimas neturėjo įtakos maksimaliai valingai jėgai ir centriniam nuovargiui varginančio jėgos palaikymo krūvio metu (p > 0,05) ir reikšmingai sumažino periferinį žemų dažnių nuovargį (p < 0,05). Išvados. Šešių dienų badavimas reikšmingai sumažino kūno svorį dėl sumažėjusios riebalinės ir liesosios kūno masės, kuris išliko reikšmingai sumažėjęs ir po 7 dienų atsigavimo. Badavimas neturėjo įtakos autonominei nervų sistemai, maksimaliai valingai jėgai ir nevalingai jėgai, bet sumažino centrinę aktyvaciją prieš jėgos palaikymo krūvį, kuri atsistatė po 7 dienų atsigavimo. Šešių dienų badavimas neturėjo įtakos centriniam nuovargiui ir sumažino periferinį žemų dažnių nuovargį po jėgos palaikymo krūvio, kuris vėl padidėjo po 7 dienų atsigavimo., The problem of our study. Water only fasting ad libitum is an effective intervention for weight loss, disease treatment and improvement of health indicators. However, long-term fasting lasting more than 4 days is not well investigated. As a result of hypoglycemia during fasting, a metabolic switch occurs, when ketone bodies become the main energy source for the body, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system increases, which determines the body's adaptation to stressful conditions, and maintain the motor system active, which is important for survival. However, the effect of prolonged fasting on neuromuscular function have not been well established. Therefore, it is not known how the metabolic switching in the body and the perceived stress during the six-day fasting period can effect individual levels of the neuromuscular system, i.e. the brain and spinal cord (central level) and muscle (peripheral level). The aim of the study. To determine the influence of six-day fasting on anthropometry, body composition, perceived stress and neuromuscular function. Objectives: 1. To evaluate the influence of six-day fasting on anthropometry and body composition. 2. To evaluate the influence of six-day fasting on the perceived stress. 3. To evaluate the influence of six-day fasting on neuromuscular function. 4. To evaluate the influence of six-day fasting on neuromuscular fatigue. Hypothesis. Based on the research data, we believe that six-day fasting will reduce the indicators of body composition, increase ketosis and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system due to stress, but the neuromuscular system functions will not be deteriorated neither at its peripheral or central level. Methods. Ten healthy men completed six-day water only fasting ad libitum. Body composition, heart rate, blood glucose and ketone concentrations, maximal voluntary contraction and nonvoluntary contraction torque, peripheral and central neuromuscular fatigue were evaluated before fasting, after 6 days of fasting and after 7 days of recovery with usual diet. Results. After six-day fasting, body weight, body fat, fat-free mass and total body water were significantly reduced (p < 0,05). There was a significant decrease in blood glucose concentration and an increase in blood ketone concentration (p < 0,05), but no change in heart rate results (p > 0,05) after fasting. Fasting had no effect on maximal voluntary contraction torque and nonvoluntary contraction torque before fatiguing sustained isometric contraction task (p > 0,05), but did significantly reduced central activation (p < 0,05). Fasting had no effect on maximal voluntary contraction torque and central fatigue during fatiguing sustained isometric contraction task (p > 0,05) and significantly reduced peripheral low-frequency fatigue (p < 0,05). Conclusions. A six-day fasting resulted in a significant reduction in body weight due to a decrease in fat and fat-free mass, which remained significantly reduced after 7 days of recovery. Fasting had no effect on autonomic nervous system, maximal voluntary contraction torque and nonvoluntary contraction torque, but reduced central activation before fatiguing sustained isometric contraction task, which recovered after 7 days of recovery. A six-day fasting had no effect on central fatigue and reduced peripheral low-frequency fatigue after fatiguing sustained isometric contraction task, which increased again after 7 days of recovery.

Published
2023

6. A 10-week yoga practice has no effect on cognition, but improves balance and motor learning by attenuating brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in older adults.

Author

Čekanauskaitė, Agnė, Skurvydas, Albertas, Žlibinaitė, Laura, Mickevičienė, Dalia, Kilikevičienė, Sandra, and Solianik, Rima

Subjects
*BRAIN-derived neurotrophic factor, *COGNITIVE ability, *EXECUTIVE function, *YOGA, *CONTROL groups, *HEALTH of older people
Abstract

Despite studies investigating the effect of yoga on cognitive and motor functioning in older adults, the effect on dual-task performance and motor learning and the specific mechanisms underlying the positive effect of yoga remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yoga on cognition, balance under single- and dual-task conditions, and motor learning. The potential role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in induced improvement was also explored. Participants aged 60–79 years were randomized to either a control group (n = 15) or a yoga group (n = 18) for a 10-week period. The yoga group received 90-min duration yoga classes two times per week. Changes in cognition, balance under single- and dual-task conditions, and learning fast and accurate reaching movements were assessed. Yoga practice decreased (P < 0.05) the velocity vector of the center of pressure under single- and dual-task conditions, whereas no changes in cognitive performance were observed. Although reaction and movement times during learning were decreased in both groups (P < 0.05), a faster reaction time (P < 0.05) and shorter movement time (P < 0.05) were observed in the yoga group than in the control group. Significant moderate relationships (P < 0.05) between changes in BDNF levels and functional improvements were observed. Thus, 10 weeks of yoga practice resulted in improved balance and learning in the speed–accuracy motor task that were mediated by increased BDNF levels, but had no impact on cognition in older adults. • Older adults performed 90-min duration yoga two times per week for 10 weeks. • Yoga practice had no effect on cognition. • Yoga improved motor learning and balance under single- and dual-task conditions. • Balance and motor learning improvements were associated with increased BDNF levels. • No improvement in mood and reduction in stress were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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