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Remote pilotage constitutes a novel type of service aiming at reduction of operational costs and safety improvement. However, the increased inter-connectivity of remote pilotage renders it vulnerable to cyberattacks. In this paper, we investigate a novel approach to cybersecurity risk analysis, which integrates System-Theoretic Process Analysis method, Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service, and Elevation of Privilege (STRIDE) method, SysML, MITRE ATT&CK, and ranking method. To integrate the methods, we apply a series of relevant adjustments and amendments. As a result, we are able to investigate multiple facets of cyber risk, identify the most critical issues and propose relevant risk control measures. For the remote pilotage, the most important STRIDE attacks involve Spoofing, Tampering, and Denial of Service attacks, whilst the most critical MITRE ATT&CK attack techniques are the use of default credentials, the exploitation of public-facing applications, and replication through removable media, if general hacker profile is considered for the attack., Business Finland provided financial support for this work through the Sea4Value research program.

Objective: In this research, a marker-less ‘smart hallway’ is proposed where stride parameters are computed as a person walks through an institutional hallway. Stride analysis is a viable tool for identifying mobility changes, classifying abnormal gait, estimating fall risk, monitoring progression of rehabilitation programs, and indicating progression of nervous system related disorders. Methods: Smart hallway was build using multiple Intel RealSense D415 depth cameras. A novel algorithm was developed to track a human foot using combined point cloud data obtained from the smart hallway. A method was implemented to separate the left and right leg point cloud data, then find the average foot dimensions. Foot tracking was achieved by fitting a box with average foot dimensions to the foot, with the box’s base on the foot’s bottom plane. A smart hallway with this novel foot tracking algorithm was tested with 22 able-bodied volunteers by comparing marker-less system stride parameters with Vicon motion analysis output. Results: With smart hallway frame rate at approximately 60fps, temporal stride parameter absolute mean differences were less than 30ms. Random noise around the foot’s point cloud was observed, especially during foot strike phases. This caused errors in medial-lateral axis dependent parameters such as step width and foot angle. Anterior-posterior dependent (stride length, step length) absolute mean differences were less than 25mm. Conclusion: This novel marker-less smart hallway approach delivered promising results for stride analysis with small errors for temporal stride parameters, anterior-posterior stride parameters, and reasonable errors for medial-lateral spatial parameters.

Stride length analysis represents an easy method for assessing race walking kinematics. However, the stride parameters emerging from such an analysis have never been used to design a training protocol aimed at increasing stride length. With this aim, we investigated the effects of stride frequency manipulation during three weeks of uphill (2%) training on stride length at iso-efficiency speed. Twelve male race walkers were randomly allocated to one of two training groups: stride frequency manipulation (RWM, n=6) and free stride frequency (RWF, n=6). Results. Kinematic parameters measured before and after the 3-week training in RWM showed increased stride length (4.54%; p