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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The substantial quantity of discarded tomato pomace (TP) results in the waste of valuable resources. This study utilizes these tomato by-products by mixing them with water in a specific proportion and fermenting the mixture in two stages: first with yeast, and then with lactic acid bacteria. The most suitable microbial strains for TP fermentation were identified by evaluating parameters such as peptide content, degree of hydrolysis, and gel electrophoresis analysis. Subsequently, tomato pomace peptides (TPPs) were separated into peptides of different molecular weights using ultrafiltration. The IC50 values, ACE inhibitory activities, and in vitro stability of these peptides were compared, and their secondary structures and microstructures were characterized. The results indicated that the soluble protein concentration increased from 26.25 mg/g to 39.03 mg/g after 32 h of fermentation with strain RV171. After an additional 32 h of fermentation with Bifidobacterium thermophilum, the peptide content reached 49.18 ± 0.43%. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis showed that the TPP molecular weights were predominantly below 10 kDa. The IC50 results demonstrated that fractions with smaller molecular weights exhibited greater ACE inhibitory activities. Structural analysis confirmed that the TP hydrolysate was indeed a peptide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of hydroquinone with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of catalytic amounts of FeSO4 results in complex mixtures of oligomers. The average composition of these products is determined by the molar ratio of reagents and varies from (C6H4O4)n at the hydroquinone to hydrogen peroxide ratio 1 : 3 to (C6H4O6)n at the ratio 1 : 5. A characteristic feature of MALDI mass spectra for polymers is the periodicity of signals. However, no such periodicity is observed for the products of hydroquinone oxidation within the m/z range <1000 Da, indicating the absence of fixed sequences of structural fragments. This unique feature arises from the variable ratios and irregular positions of polyhydroxyphenylene and polyhydroxybenzoquinone fragments. Additionally, several factors contribute to the lack of mass-spectral periodicity, namely, the potential formation of peroxides, the presence of stable hydrates, various types of linkages, and possible interactions between hydroxylated phenylene and benzoquinone fragments. In contrast, for m/z values >1000 Da, MALDI mass spectra exhibit periodicity with a mass difference of Δ(m/z) = 74. This value likely corresponds to the fragment C2H2O3, which is neither a hydroquinone nor a benzoquinone structural unit. Taking into account that an equal Δ(m/z) value is observed for fragment ions in the EI mass spectrum of tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone, this gives indirect evidence for the presence of polyhydroxybenzoquinone fragments within the oligomers. A key issue regarding the structure of hydroquinone oxidation products is the type of linkages between the polyhydroxyphenylene and/or polyhydroxybenzoquinone units, which could involve C–C or C–O–C bonds (or both). The available spectral data do not resolve this issue conclusively. However, the presence of a sample of the composition (C6H4O6)n, in which each unit contains six oxygen atoms, suggests that at least one oxygen atom forms a bond between the units, indicating a C–O–C connection. Overall, the unique nature of oligomeric products of hydroquinone oxidation explains their high structural variability and redox properties, which likely contribute to their unique pharmacological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential and molecular properties of sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) milt peptide (SMP). SMP was obtained from alkali-extracted protein from sturgeon milt by enzymatic hydrolysis and purification, and its inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation was evaluated. Then, the molecular mass, secondary structure, crystalline structure, proton peak distribution and amino acid sequence were determined by various spectroscopies, and based on the obtained results, the anti-inflammatory activity of amino acid sequences was predicted. The results showed that at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, SMP inhibited NO and BSA degradation by 45.33% and 60.34%, respectively, which was significantly more effective than sturgeon milt protein (P < 0.05). Basic and hydrophobic amino acids accounted for 37.45% and 36.77% the total amino acids of SMP, respectively, with arginine accounting for the highest proportion (16.28%). The molecular masses of SMP were concentrated in the range of 206–1 040 Da, which mainly showed an irregular amorphous structure and exposed more hydrophobic groups in aqueous solution. SMP contained many short peptides, including MPY, YWH, YPY and VPPL, and these peptide sequences had anti-inflammatory properties. In summary, SMP has potential anti-inflammatory activity and possesses the potential for further development and application as a promising source of natural anti-inflammatory peptides.

Abstract Dictyophora rubrovalvata is a valuable fungus homologous to food and medicine, and its polysaccharide have been gaining increasing attention because of its plentiful activity. However, the structure and activity of its homogeneous polysaccharide have not been studied enough. In this study, two polysaccharides DRP-I and DRP-II were purified from D. rubrovalvata. Their structures were characterized by chemical composition, monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results showed that DRP-I and DRP-II were neutral heteropolysaccharides with molecular weights of 5.79 × 103 and 1.25 × 104 Da, respectively, which were composed of mannose, galactose, glucose, xylose and fucose. The main chains were → 6)-α-D-Galp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Galp-(2,1 → 6)-α-D-Manp-(2,1 → 6)-α-D-Galp-(1, and branch chains were β-D-Xylp-(1 → 3)-α-L-Fucp-(1 → 4)-α-D-Manp-(1 → and α-D-Galp-(1 → 3)-α-D-Galp-(1 → . The in vitro immunoactivity assays on dendritic cells showed that DRP-I and DRP-II could up-regulate the expression of IL-10 and IL-6 and inhibit the expression of TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner. This research indicated that DRP-I and DRP-II possessed immunoactivity by balancing the excessive inflammation, and molecular weight is an important factor affecting immunoactivity. Graphical Abstract

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The novel bioactive polysaccharide, Sacha inchi shell polysaccharide‐3 (SISP‐3), was isolated from the Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) shell using anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. This neutral polysaccharide fraction, characterized by a triple‐helix structure and a molecular weight of 17,684 Da, was successfully isolated. The composition analysis of SISP‐3 revealed the presence of Rha, Ara, Gal, Glc, and Fru in molar ratios of 7.2%:41.7%:40.3%:4.1%:6.7%. The dominant glycosidic linkage in SISP‐3 was identified as ⟶4)‐Galp‐(1⟶, accompanied by a complex branching pattern. The results from RAW264.7 cell experiments showed that SISP‐3 significantly enhanced cell viability, phagocytosis, and NO production. Additionally, it significantly stimulated the production of cytokines, including TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6, in RAW264.7 cells. These findings suggest that SISP‐3 serves as an immune active agent with immunomodulatory properties, indicating its potential as a natural immunomodulatory agent for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how fault-related structures influence oil and gas accumulation is crucial for geological investigations and exploration planning. This study, based on 3D seismic data, analyzes the northeast-trending strike-slip fault zone in the eastern part of the Bachu Uplift. Automatic fault extraction techniques were employed to delineate the strike-slip fault zone, and the parallel bedding indicator was used to identify reservoirs and investigate the fault's segmented features and reservoir-controlling characteristics. The results show that the northeast-trending strike-slip fault is primarily governed by simple shear stress and conforms to the Riedel shear model. Three distinct structural styles were developed: vertical, pull-apart, and push-up segments, each exhibiting varying profile characteristics and planar patterns. The segmentation of the strike-slip fault controls the distribution of Ordovician fault-karst reservoirs. An oil and gas enrichment model for the strike-slip fault zone has been established, characterized by external hydrocarbon supply, fault-mediated migration, segmented reservoir control, and high-elevation accumulation. This study offers valuable insights for the exploration of fault-karst reservoirs controlled by strike-slip faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incomplete reduction of graphene oxide (GO) yields reduced graphene oxide (rGO), characterized by a zero band gap and intrinsic layer stacking, thus constraining its practical utility across diverse domains. Fortunately, this challenge can be effectively addressed by employing a suitable substrate for the fabrication of MoS2/rGO heterostructures. Nanocomposites of MoS2/reduced graphene oxide (MoS2/rGO-700W and MoS2/rGO-560W) were synthesized using MoS2 and GO solutions as starting materials through microwave-assisted synthesis with microwave power treatments of 700W and 560W, respectively. Structural characterization results reveal that the particle size of MoS2 within the composites is notably smaller compared to that of pure MoS2. The MoS2/rGO-700W composite demonstrates a more homogeneous dispersion of MoS2 and features a well-developed hierarchical porous structure with increased pore volume and specific surface area. The MoS2/rGO-700W composite demonstrates elevated ID/IG ratio, C/O ratio and C = C peak area, suggesting that increased microwave power enhances the removal of oxygen-containing groups from rGO. This process significantly restores the extended conjugated structure of graphene, thereby offering enhanced conductivity at the MoS2 interface. Furthermore, the proposed strategy holds considerable theoretical value and provides significant insights for the development process of novel MoS2-based composite electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dictyophora rubrovalvata is a valuable fungus homologous to food and medicine, and its polysaccharide have been gaining increasing attention because of its plentiful activity. However, the structure and activity of its homogeneous polysaccharide have not been studied enough. In this study, two polysaccharides DRP-I and DRP-II were purified from D. rubrovalvata. Their structures were characterized by chemical composition, monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results showed that DRP-I and DRP-II were neutral heteropolysaccharides with molecular weights of 5.79 × 103 and 1.25 × 104 Da, respectively, which were composed of mannose, galactose, glucose, xylose and fucose. The main chains were → 6)-α-D-Galp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Galp-(2,1 → 6)-α-D-Manp-(2,1 → 6)-α-D-Galp-(1, and branch chains were β-D-Xylp-(1 → 3)-α-L-Fucp-(1 → 4)-α-D-Manp-(1 → and α-D-Galp-(1 → 3)-α-D-Galp-(1 →. The in vitro immunoactivity assays on dendritic cells showed that DRP-I and DRP-II could up-regulate the expression of IL-10 and IL-6 and inhibit the expression of TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner. This research indicated that DRP-I and DRP-II possessed immunoactivity by balancing the excessive inflammation, and molecular weight is an important factor affecting immunoactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(E)-4-Methoxy-2-(((4-methoxy-1H-indazol-3-yl)imino)methyl)phenol (C16H15N3O3 )compound was structurally characterized using IR, UV-Vis, 13C-NMR / ¹H-NMR and X-ray diffraction methods and it was determined that the compound structure was in the enol-imine form. Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to visualize the 3-dimensional surface properties of the molecular structure. The 6-311G(d,p) basis set of Density Functional Theory was used to determine the theoretical properties of the molecular structure. The UV-Vis spectra of the C16H15N3O3 compound were prepared in DMSO at a concentration of 5x10-5 M. 13CNMR and ¹H-NMR characterization analyses were given comparatively experimentally and theoretically. Detailed studies were made on the electrophilic nature, nucleophilic nature and chemical activities of the molecular structure with the help of theoretical calculations. As a result of these studies, we reached information on frontier molecular orbitals, hardness, softness, mulliken population analysis charges, MEP and contour surfaces. In addition, we combined our molecular structure theoretically with the basic building blocks of DNA, adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine bases and made calculations. As a result of these calculations, ECT (electrophilic based charge transfer) method and DN (charge transfer) were used to investigate the charge transfer and electrophilic and nucleophilic nature of the molecular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil and gas well drilling have long been faced with a technical difficulty-mud loss, and this problem still remains unresolved. Polymer gel lost circulation material (LCM), a kind of LCM commonly used today, has several deficiencies such as low pressure bearing capacity, small expansion after water absorption, poor high temperature and salt resistance as well as inability to self-degrade etc. To deal with these problems, a self-degradable polymer LCM was synthesized with carefully selected monomers at optimum conditions determined by orthogonal experiment. This degradable LCM, when first in contact with water, has low rate of expansion, and is thus easy to enter quickly into the fractures where a plugging layer is formed. The LCM forming the plugging layer continuously swells with time and forms in the fractures an embedded plugging layer, thereby increasing the retention ability of the LCM in the loss zones and the shear strength of the plugging layer. Experimental results show that the saturated water adsorption capacity of this LCM can be as high as 156.9 g/g, and the degradation rate of the LCM after 21 d exceeds 90%. In laboratory experiment, polymer sulfonate drilling fluid samples were treated with 5% of this LCM and several other LCMs presently in use and were then tested on a 3-5 mm wedge-shaped fracture tester, the drilling fluid treated with the new degradable LCM has a pressure bearing capacity of 17.5 MPa, significantly higher than those of the other LCMs. In dynamic damage experiment conducted at simulated formation conditions, rock cores with 3 mm fractures were used to evaluate the ability of the self-degradable LCM to resist formation damage. The experimental results show that the permeability recovery of the cores flooded with the new self-degradable LCM treated drilling fluid was 90%, indicating that the new self-degradable LCM causes very slight formation damage. In field application, the polymer sulfonate drilling fluid treated with the self-degradable LCM is able to successfully plug the fractures through which the mud is lost, proving that the LCM has good application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University is the property of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polysaccharides derived from Auricularia auricula exhibit diverse biological activities and hold significant potential for commercial utilization as functional food ingredients. In this investigation, polysaccharides from A. auricula were obtained using six extraction techniques (ammonium oxalate solution extraction, sodium hydroxide solution extraction, hot water extraction, pectinase and cellulase-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction). Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison was conducted to evaluate their physicochemical properties and biological functionalities. The ammonium oxalate solution extraction method yielded a higher extraction rate (11.76%) and polysaccharide content (84.12%), as well as a higher uronic acid content (10.13%). Although the six Auricularia polysaccharides had different molecular weight distributions, monosaccharide molar ratios, similar monosaccharide compositions, and characteristic functional groups of polysaccharides, they exhibited different surface morphology. In vitro assays showed that polysaccharides extracted by ammonium oxalate solution possessed good scavenging ability against DPPH free radical, hydroxyl free radical and superoxide anion free radical as well as reduction power of iron ion. At the same time, both polysaccharides extracted by ammonium oxalate solution and sodium hydroxide solution promoted NO production in mouse macrophages along with the secretion of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These results indicated significant differences in the structure and characteristics among Auricularia polysaccharides prepared by various extraction methods, which may be related to the variety or origin of A. auricula; furthermore, their bioactivities varied accordingly in vitro assays where the ammonium oxalate solution extraction method was found more beneficial for obtaining high-quality bioactive Auricularia polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) was extracted and purified from raw material obtained from P. sibiricum. The structural features of PSP were investigated by Congo red, circular dichroism spectrum, high‐performance gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. In vitro simulations were conducted to investigate the kinetics of PSP enzyme inhibition. Moreover, a type II diabetes mouse model (T2DM) with streptozotocin‐induced insulin resistance was established, and the indexes of lipid quadruple, insulin resistance index, oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), organ index, and pancreatic morphology of model mice were measured. The results showed that PSP mainly consists of monosaccharides, such as mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. It also has a β‐glycosidic bond of a pyranose ring and an irregular reticulated aggregated structure with a triple helix. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays revealed that PSP acts as a reversible competitive inhibitor of α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase. Furthermore, PSP was found to reduce insulin resistance index, increase OGTT and serum insulin levels, decrease free fatty acid content to improve lipid metabolism, and lower glycated serum protein content to enhance glucose metabolism in T2DM mice, thereby leading to a reduction in blood glucose concentration. Additionally, PSP exhibited reparative effects on the damaged liver tissue cells and pancreatic tissue in T2DM mice. The experiment results provide a preliminary basis for the therapeutic mechanism of PSP about type II diabetes and a theoretical reference for application in food and pharmaceutical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-Alanyl-L-tyrosine (L-Ala-Tyr) is a dipeptide formed by the condensation of L-alanine methyl ester and L-tyrosine. After entering the body, it can be rapidly broken down to release tyrosine. In this study, L-Ala-Tyr was successfully prepared by using α-ester acyltransferase as biocatalyst and alanine methyl ester (L-Ala-OMe) and tyrosine (L-Tyr) as acyl donor and nucleophile, respectively. The dipeptide yield was increased from 15 to 50% by optimizing the conditions: boric acid-borax (0.2 mol/L), 30°C, pH 9.5, 2:1 acyl donor to nucleophile ratio, DES (ChCl/urea), and 15%(v/v) water content. The catalytic product is then isolated and purified. The structure of the product was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and carbon spectroscopy. Its biological activity was preliminarily determined by the B16-F10 mouse melanoma cell model. The results showed that the purity of L-Ala-Tyr prepared by the separation and purification method of this study was 96.8%, and the mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that the structure of the peptide was consistent with the expected structure. In addition, the preliminary physiological activity identification results show that L-Ala-Tyr has no toxic effect on cells in the concentration range of 100–800 μmol·L−1, and at the optimal concentration, compared with the positive control 8-methoxypsoralen, it can promote the production of melanin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharide is one of the four fundamental substances that make up life and have various important biological activities. A deep understanding of the structure and activity of polysaccharide molecules is of guiding significance for the development of polysaccharides. The structure characterization of two new polysaccharides from Armillariella tabescens (AT-P) and Tricholoma portentosum (TP-P) by HPGPC, GC-MS, NMR and FT-IR indicated that AT-P was composed of glucose and galactose in a ratio of 3:8. Its skeleton structure was consisted of (1→6)-galactose residues and (1→3,6)-galactose residues with three branched chains. The TP-P was consisted of composed of rhamnose, xylose, glucose, galactose in the ratio of 1:1:2:9. Its skeleton structure was consisted of (1→4)-galactose residues, (1→4)-glucose residues and (1→2,6)-galactose residues with one branched chain. Within the concentration range of 1.25 and 40 µg/mL, both AT-P and TP-P could enhance the proliferation ability of T cells, B cells, and RAW 264.7 cells. AT-P and TP-P could significantly (P < 0.01) improve the proliferation efficiency of B cells at 20 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL, respectively, with a maximum of 70.16% and 76.28%, respectively. Both AT-P and TP-P could promote the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α by RAW 264.7 cells and promote the secretion of IL-1 by B and T cells. However, neither of they could not promote the secretion of IL-10 by RAW 264.7 cells and T cells. Their effects on the secretion of TNF-α by T and B cells were also different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel gelling polysaccharides (NPGP) were extracted and characterized from Nicandra physalodes (Linn.) Gaertn. seeds, while properties and potential application of NPGP gels with tea polyphenols were further explored. NPGP was composed of GalA, Glc, Rha, Gal, Xyl, Ara, and Man at a molar ratio of 71.87:17.13:3.10:2.55:2.19:1.64:1.52, with molecular weight of 6.32 × 104 Da and low methoxylation degree of 45.21%. The gelling properties of NPGP gel induced by tea polyphenols showed that tea polyphenols significantly improved the structural and rheological properties of NPGP gel, due to the formation of dense network by hydrogen bonds and the increase of crystalline degree of NPGP. NPGP gels with tea polyphenols could significantly ameliorated the texture, water-holding capacity, aggregation, leading force, and moisture distribution of surimi during freeze-thaw cycles. All results suggest that NPGP gels with tea polyphenols has fine properties and show potential to be applied as natural additives in food industry.

Understanding how fault-related structures influence oil and gas accumulation is crucial for geological investigations and exploration planning. This study, based on 3D seismic data, analyzes the northeast-trending strike-slip fault zone in the eastern part of the Bachu Uplift. Automatic fault extraction techniques were employed to delineate the strike-slip fault zone, and the parallel bedding indicator was used to identify reservoirs and investigate the fault’s segmented features and reservoir-controlling characteristics. The results show that the northeast-trending strike-slip fault is primarily governed by simple shear stress and conforms to the Riedel shear model. Three distinct structural styles were developed: vertical, pull-apart, and push-up segments, each exhibiting varying profile characteristics and planar patterns. The segmentation of the strike-slip fault controls the distribution of Ordovician fault-karst reservoirs. An oil and gas enrichment model for the strike-slip fault zone has been established, characterized by external hydrocarbon supply, fault-mediated migration, segmented reservoir control, and high-elevation accumulation. This study offers valuable insights for the exploration of fault-karst reservoirs controlled by strike-slip faults.

To improve the stability of Spirulina polyphenols through microencapsulation. Two types of microcapsules, Phe-PS and Phe-PS-Zein were prepared by embedding zein and porous starch (PS) in spirulina polyphenols (Phe). The microstructure, stability, antioxidant activity, and in vitro simulated digestion properties of Phe, Phe-PS, and Phe-PS-Zein were compared. The results showed that under the conditions of core to wall ratio of 1:10, temperature of 80 ℃, and magnetic stirring time of 120 minutes, the embedding rate of Phe-PS microcapsules was 60.29%. The encapsulation efficiency of Phe-PS-Zein microcapsules was the highest at core to wall ratio of 1:10, wall to material ratio of 1:1, stirring time of 90 minutes, temperature of 60 ℃, and pH of 7, reached 86.93%. The XRD and XPS spectra indicated that the diffraction peak intensity of the crystal decreased after the addition of zein, which was mainly related to the amorphous structure of zein. DSC analysis showed that the addition of protein as wall material improved the thermal stability of microcapsules. Compared with free Phe and Phe-PS, Phe-PS-Zein showed an increased ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and reduce Fe3+ by measuring its antioxidant activity, stability, and in vitro sustained-release effect. In summary, the Phe-PS-Zein particles could serve as an effective delivery carrier for Spirulina polyphenols. The results of this study would be expected to provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the high-value utilization of Phe.

The substantial quantity of discarded tomato pomace (TP) results in the waste of valuable resources. This study utilizes these tomato by-products by mixing them with water in a specific proportion and fermenting the mixture in two stages: first with yeast, and then with lactic acid bacteria. The most suitable microbial strains for TP fermentation were identified by evaluating parameters such as peptide content, degree of hydrolysis, and gel electrophoresis analysis. Subsequently, tomato pomace peptides (TPPs) were separated into peptides of different molecular weights using ultrafiltration. The IC50 values, ACE inhibitory activities, and in vitro stability of these peptides were compared, and their secondary structures and microstructures were characterized. The results indicated that the soluble protein concentration increased from 26.25 mg/g to 39.03 mg/g after 32 h of fermentation with strain RV171. After an additional 32 h of fermentation with Bifidobacterium thermophilum, the peptide content reached 49.18 ± 0.43%. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis showed that the TPP molecular weights were predominantly below 10 kDa. The IC50 results demonstrated that fractions with smaller molecular weights exhibited greater ACE inhibitory activities. Structural analysis confirmed that the TP hydrolysate was indeed a peptide.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A neutral Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (NPCP) was isolated and purified from Polygonatum cyrtonema by various chromatographic techniques, including DEAE-52 and Sephadex-G100 chromatography. The structure of NPCP was characterized by HPLC, HPGPC, GC-MS, FT-IR, NMR, and SEM. Results showed that NPCP is composed of glucose (55.4%) and galactose (44.6%) with a molecular weight of 3.2 kDa, and the sugar chain of NPCP was →1)-α-D-Glc-(4→1)-β-D-Gal-(3→. In vitro bioactivity experiments demonstrated that NPCP significantly enhanced macrophages proliferation and phagocytosis while inhibiting the M1 polarization induced by LPS as well as the M2 polarization induced by IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages. Additionally, NPCP suppressed the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in both M1 and M2 cells but promoted the secretion of IL-10. These results suggest that NPCP could serve as an immunomodulatory agent with potential applications in anti-inflammatory therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Mn(SCN)2(2,2′-bipy)2] (1) and [Co(SCN)2(2,2′-bipy)2] (2) were synthesized at ambient temperature by adding aqueous solutions of manganese(II) or cobalt(II) chloride hydrate to aqueous acetonitrile solutions of 2,2′-bipyridine (2,2′-bipy) and potassium thiocyanate. Elemental analyses, FT-IR and UV–vis spectra were used to characterize 1 and 2. Single crystal X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the crystal structures of 1 and 2, revealing that the two are structurally similar. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 consist of Mn or Co ion chelated by two molecules of 2,2′-bipy through four nitrogen atoms and two NCS anions, giving distorted octahedral geometries. The isothiocyanate group is not bridging, instead, two ligands coordinate in a cis arrangement to the manganese or cobalt center by their nitrogen atoms while the sulfur atoms are free. Through hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions, the discrete units of 1 and 2 extend to 3D supramolecular networks with flower and fishbone-like structures. The luminescence behavior of 2,2′-bipy, 1 and 2 were investigated. On HepG2 (liver) and MCF-7 (breast) cancer cells, the anticancer effects of 1 and 2 were evaluated. The activity of 1 and 2 on MCF-7 is more significant than that of HepG2. The IC50 of 1 was lower in HepG2 and MCF-7 cells than for 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation, X-ray crystal structure, Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis of the three complexes (1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione): (2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid)2: H2O [(tp)· (Hbza)2 · H2O, Hdcba = 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid] (1) (1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione): (2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid) [(tp) · (Hpyca), Hpyca = 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid] (2) and (1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione): (3-nitrophthalic acid) [(tp) · (Hntpa)] (3) based on 1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione, 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid, and 3-nitrophthalic acid are reported. XRD and FTIR analysis indicated that they are all co-crystal. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a = 7.1019(7) Å, b = 12.9494(12) Å, c = 26.253(3) Å, β = 93.536(3)°, V = 2409.8(4) Å3, Z = 4. 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 6.9863(7) Å, b = 25.437(3) Å, c = 7.3987(7) Å, β = 95.152(2)°, V = 1309.5(2) Å3, Z = 4. 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a = 14.2133(15) Å, b = 8.2333(9) Å, c = 15.3860(17) Å, β = 117.236(5)º, V = 1600.9(3) Å3, Z = 4. The imidazole-carboxylic acid synthon of the CO2H···N type is observed in all the co-crystal. The imidazole H–N also donated the N–H···O hydrogen bonds in all cases. Apart from the classical hydrogen bonds, the auxiliary expanding interactions as CH···O, CH3···O, CH···Cl, O···O, Cl···O, Cl···Cl, Cl···π, O···π, and π···π also play important roles in the structure extension. For the coexistence of the various weak interactions these structures adopted the most common R22(7) supramolecular synthon. In conclusion, we have shown that 2D–3D connections can be constructed by the collective non-covalent interactions. In the three prepared supramolecular assemblies there are plenty of weak nonbonding interactions such as directional hydrogen bonds of O–H···N, N-H···O, O–H···O, intra- and interchain CH···O, CH3···O, CH···Cl, O···O, Cl···O, Cl···Cl, Cl···π, O···π, and π···π interactions, on account of these collective weak interactions, these compounds displayed the 2D–3D framework structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the high-value utilization of buckwheat protein resources, α-glucosidase-inhibiting glycopeptide (α-GIG) was prepared by fermentation of Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus thermophilus which were selected from 6 strains. One-factor-at-a-time method aimed to determine the level of experimental factors and a further response surface experiment was used to optimize fermentation. The fermentation broth was separated and purified by Sephadex G-25 and reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to prepare a-GIG. The method of β-elimination reaction was used to determine the type of glycopeptide bond and infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the secondary structure. The inhibitory effects of α-GIG on α-glucosidase was investigated by enzyme kinetics. The results showed that when the inoculum was 2%, pH was 7.5, solid-liquid ratio was 1:14.8 and fermentation time was 2.8 d, the α-glucosidase inhibition rate was 70.83%. I1, I2, I3 were separated from Sephadex G-25, and I2 with the best enzyme inhibitory effect whose IC50 is 1.72 mg/mL. I2 was further separated and purified by RP-HPLC to obtain α-GIG with a purity of 94.17%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggest that the secondary structure composition was estimated as 70.51% β-folding, 18.95% α-helices and 10.54% β-corner α-elimination reaction demonstrated the existence of 0-glycosidic linkage in "-GIG. The results of the enzyme inhibition kinetics study showed that α-GIG exhibited a mixed-type non-competitive inhibition of α-glucosidase. Therefore, α-GIG had the potential to be developed as a natural α-glucosidase inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study analyzed the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in Chinese quince fruits at six growth stages. UPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF-MS identified and quantified the chemical composition, while radical scavenging ability assessed antioxidant capacities. PA concentration peaked during mid-growth and declined as fruits ripened. The highest total proanthocyanidin content occurred in August (1776.69 ± 56.97 mg PB2/100 g FW). Catechin and epicatechin were the primary PA subunits, forming trimers to tetradecamers and higher degrees of PAs. The PA extracts were composed predominantly of highly polymerized B-type procyanidins with degrees of polymerization (DP) greater than 4, which accounted for over 93% of total PA content, along with minor amounts of dimeric and trimeric prodelphinidins. Molecular weight of PA samples decreased as fruits ripened. The highest antioxidant activities against DPPH+• and ABTS+• were observed in July (IC50 = 7.17 ± 0.073 µg/mL) and August (IC50 = 67.47 ± 2.29 mg/mL), respectively, with the highest FRAP activity in July. Immature fruits with elevated PA content and antioxidant capacity show promising potential for functional food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharide derivatives with two types of functionalities were synthesized; reactive groups for click-chemistry approaches and groups that can tune the water solubility of the products. Xylan phenylcarbonates (XPCs) and cellulose phenylcarbonates (CPCs) with degrees of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.6 to 3.0 were prepared as starting materials. In a modular synthesis approach, these carbonate derivatives were converted with different amines to obtain functional xylan carbamates (XCs) and cellulose carbamates (CCs) with (i) reactive alkynyl- or furfuryl groups and / or (ii) hydrophilic hydroxyalkyl or tertiary amino groups. Both types of functionalities were introduced separately or simultaneously in a convenient one-pot-approach. Mixed polysaccharide carbamates with low, intermediate, and high DS values (0.6 to 2.5) were successfully prepared and characterized. The water solubility of the carbamates and mixed carbamates was tuned by variation of the type and DS of the two hydrophilic substituents. Surprisingly, some of the products showed lower or upper critical solution temperatures (LCSTs, UCSTs). Thus, the thermoreversible phase transition in aqueous solutions was studied. The products obtained in this work are very promising for the preparation of hydrogels through selective covalent crosslinking as well as for the fabrication of thermoresponsive biomaterials.

In this paper, the preparation of Selenized Gastrodia elata polysaccharides (SeGEP) was conducted through HNO3-Na2SeO3 method using GEP and sodium nitrite as the raw materials, and the modification conditions were optimized by single factor experiment combined with response surface method using selenium content as the index. Ultraviolet spectrum (UV), infrared spectrum (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), particle size test, zeta potential test, Congo red test, iodine-potassium iodide test, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were carried out to explore the structure of GEP and SeGEP. Antioxidant tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of selenylation modification on GEP in vitro. The results showed that the optimum selenylation parameters were as follows: Reaction temperature 74 ℃, nitric acid concentration 0.041%, reaction time 8.4 h, and under the optimum conditions, the selenium content could be reached to 3891.05±10.86 μg/g. Structural characterization analysis showed that SeGEP had been successfully accomplished, and SeGEP had reduced the particle size, increased the absolute value of Zeta potential and improved the stability in solution by comparing with GEP. It was also found that both GEP and SeGEP might possess triple helix with long side branched chain structures, whereas selenylation modification could change the micromorphology of GEP. The in vitro antioxidant results showed that the DPPH radical scavenging rate of SeGEP at 10 mg/mL was 98%±1.52% and the maximum iron reducing power was 0.99±0.24, and the ABTS+ radical scavenging rate of SeGEP at 1 mg/mL was 97.49%±1.16%, respectively. SeGEP exhibited higher antioxidant activities than that of GEP, indicating that selenylation modification could improve the antioxidant ability of GEP. This study provided a theoretical basis for the development of selenium supplement and functional food related to selenized Gastrodia elata polysaccharides.

To preliminarily assess the primary reasons for the reduction in polysaccharide content in Polygonatum sibiricum processed through the "Nine Steaming-Nine Processing" method and its impact on the in vitro activity of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides, this study measured the levels of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in Polygonatum sibiricum processed through the "Nine Steaming-Nine Processing" method. The study also examined the structural changes of purified polysaccharides from Polygonatum sibiricum before and after the "Nine Steaming-Nine Processing" process and analyzed the influence of these changes on the in vitro activity of Polygonatum sibiricum. The results indicated that the "Nine Steaming-Nine Processing" induced the Maillard reaction in Polygonatum sibiricum, resulting in a 5-HMF content of (631.3±21.5) μg/g, and the levels of carboxymethyl lysine (CML) and carboxyethyl lysine (CEL) were (342.4±11.3) μg/g and (63.7±9.8) μg/g, respectively. This processing also had varying degrees of impact on the structure and composition of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides. The glucose (Glc) content increased, while mannose (Man) and galacturonic acid (GalUA) content significantly decreased, with Man decreasing from 34.53% to 17.06%, and GalUA decreasing from 9.59% to 1.77%. The research suggests that Polygonatum sibiricum undergoes the Maillard reaction during the "Nine Steaming-Nine Processing", leading to the formation of a certain amount of AGEs. Simultaneously, the "Nine Steaming-Nine Processing" method can enhance the in vitro hypoglycemic activity of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides to a certain extent.