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A macroscopic passenger flow simulation model based on system dynamics is proposed in this paper. It considers the key factors influencing the dynamics of passenger flow from a holistic perspective of the stations and then models the dynamic change in the number of passengers. Firstly, the transmission of passenger flow for a general many-to-many relation between nodes are presented. When the sum of sending capacities heading for a downstream node is less than the receiving capacity of this node, the aggregation of stranded passengers will form the queuing part of the node. The results coming from a passenger flow simulation of a subway station in Beijing show that the proposed model performs well by comparing it with the real data. It can be applied to describe the dynamic change in the number of passengers and the level of service for the facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical model is proposed to simulate the passenger flow in a subway station using the ordinary differential equation with the average passenger density in the facilities as the state variable. In order to realize the well-organized inbound process, a linear programming-based feedback control model (LFCM) is proposed to compute the optimal feedback passenger inflows of various facilities and velocities to improve the level of service. In order to deal with the unsolvable LFCM, which is caused by the cyclic operation characteristic of a subway station, a network-switch mechanism is incorporated to the LFCM to improve the performance of control model. Finally, a small numerical example is used to illustrate the features of our proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more passengers prefer to travel by subway system, and congestion is inevitable in the routine operation of subway stations. To alleviate congestion, junctions with chamfer zone (JCZs) are built in subway stations. The main intention of this work is to investigate the improvement of walking efficiency by the chamfer zone. Firstly, the specific walking behaviors of pedestrians in JCZs are investigated, and the principle of detour behavior is proposed. Secondly, a walking model considering the detour behavior is developed for pedestrians traversing the JCZ, and model parameters are calibrated by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Then, the influences of chamfer geometry on walking speed, walking time and time headways are simulated and analyzed. Results indicate that the walking efficiency will be improved by about 7.1% when the chamfer length is 1 meter. The interference among pedestrians is lower, and most time headways fall within the range of 0.1 ∼ 0.3 s, which means pedestrians walk steadily in the JCZ. Finally, the walking parameters of pedestrians in JCZs and corners are compared in various scenarios, and the matching correlation between chamfer length and turning angle is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corridor with corner may be the potential bottleneck in subway station, and walking behavior of passengers around corner is random. In this study, walking process of passenger around corner is divided into five phases according to field survey, i.e., pre-turning straight-going, ready-turning, turning, distance-adjusting and post-turning straight-going. An advanced social force model is proposed to model the turning behavior of passenger around corner, taking visual angle, walking preference and steering force into consideration. To improve walking efficiency, the influences of geometry of facility, walking preference of passengers and arrival rate of passenger flow are investigated. Results show when angle of corner is less than 120°, the walking speed slows down sharply and walking time extends. To improve the walking efficiency, passengers can be guided to walk in lines orderly. The maximum of throughput can be obtained with proper arrival rate. Once the volume of passengers exceeds the facility capacity, effects of "stop-and-go" and "faster is slower" will occur around corner. • Analyzing and demonstrating the walking process of passengers around corner. • Modeling movement of turning passengers with advanced social force model. • Verifying the proposed model with controlled experiments. • Quantifying arrival rate and corner angle influencing on walking efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new GDM method is developed based on incomplete PFPRs. • The sufficient conditions for the missing elements to be expressible are presented. • The missing elements in unrepresentable incomplete PFPRs are estimated. • The weights of decision-makers are determined based on the consensus degree. Completing the Pythagorean fuzzy preference relations (PFPRs) based on additive consistency may exceed the defined domain. Therefore, we develop a group decision-making (GDM) method with incomplete PFPRs. Firstly, sufficient conditions for the expressibility of estimated preference values in PFPRs based on additive consistency are presented. Next, the correction algorithm is developed to correct the inexpressible elements in incomplete PFPRs. Then, a GDM method based on incomplete PFPRs is proposed to determine the objective weights of decision-makers. Finally, an example of subway station safety management during COVID-19 is selected to illustrate the applicability of the developed GDM method. The results show that the developed GDM method effectively identifies the crucial risk factor in subway station safety management and has better performance in terms of computational time complexity than the multiplicative consistency method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turning junction of subway station is bottleneck being prone to congestion. Speeds of passengers fluctuate in these zones, which will diminish walking efficiency of the passengers and level of service (LOS) of facility. This paper explores the correlation between junction width and walking efficiency of passengers in subway station. Firstly, walking trajectories of passengers at junctions are abstracted from video footages with object detection and tracking algorithm. The parameters of walking behaviors of passengers in conditions with various junction widths are measured. With the calibrated turning social force model (TSFM), walking processes of passengers are simulated, and the optimal widths of junctions are estimated. Results show that the farther away from the inner turning boundary edge (TBE) is, the earlier the individual starts to turn. When junction width is more than 3 m, the walking efficiency will not be higher with junction widening during peak hours. The optimal width of junction is 5.41 m in the passenger-merging scenario with mean arrival rate of 1.67 ped ⋅ s−1. • Abstracting passengers' trajectories based on deep learning algorithm. • Turning trajectory is symmetrical to the turning center. • Exploring the correlation between junction width and walking efficiency. • Turning angular speed of passenger is calibrated to be 29.6 degree/s. • In merging flow scenario with 1.67 ped/s, the passage should be about 5.41 m wide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at crowding phenomenon in the subway. As passengers are inclined to choose the route with minimum disutility, we put forward a route choice model which is constructed to achieve minimum objective function of feasibility for the optimal solution. Meanwhile we set passenger volume threshold values according to capacity of facilities. In the case of actual capacity exceeding the threshold, the decision node of constrained route will be selected; computing procedure about searching decision points will be presented. Then we should set rational restrictions at the decision node of the minimum utility function route to prevent too many passengers’ access to platform. Through certification, this series of methods can effectively ensure the safety of the station efficient operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As bottlenecks of walking facilities in subway stations, merging passages are prone to congestion when passengers walk and evacuate under daily operation and emergency conditions. The general social force model (SFM) can accurately reproduce the self-organization phenomena of passenger crowds, such as the strip and lane formation. However, the SFM cannot model the overtaking behaviors of individuals who try to avoid collisions with the preceding walkers. To depict the walking behaviors of passengers in merging passages, the SFM is improved by considering the overtaking behaviors of passengers (OSFM) in this paper. Firstly, the trajectories of heterogeneous passengers are abstracted from video footages including the processes of overtaking behaviors. Next, the principle of overtaking, which leads passenger to detour with the shortest route and avoid colliding with the preceding passenger, is put forward to reproduce the overtaking processes of heterogeneous passengers in merging passages. The OSFM is verified to be more accurate than the social force model with only a centripetal force appended (ISFM). Then, the probability of overtaking behavior is estimated based on analysis of the simulation scenarios with various population densities. Finally, some simulation experiments of heterogeneous passengers with different arrival intervals in the merging passages are conducted based on the OSFM. The results show that when population density is below 0.08 ped/m2 or exceeds 1.56 ped/m2, the overtaking behavior scarcely occurs, but when the density is in the range of 0.25–0.4 ped/m2, the overtaking behaviors are mostly likely to occur. The probability of overtaking behavior will decrease with the density increasing when the density exceeds 0.4 ped/m2. What is​ more, the total passing time and walking speeds are more sensitive to the change of layouts of merging passages when the arrival interval of passengers obeys exponential distribution. • Examining the correlation between overtaking probability and population density. • Exploring the walking efficiency of heterogeneous passengers in merging passage. • Overtaking behavior mainly occurs in the density range of 0.25–0.4 ped/m2. • Passing time and walking speeds are sensitive to the change of junction layouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]