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Density, surface tension, and viscosity of various liquid electrical steels are measured at different temperatures, varying in their silicon content between 3 and 6 mass%. Density and surface tension are determined using the maximum bubble pressure method, while viscosity is investigated comparatively using a vibrating finger viscometer and an oscillating crucible viscometer. The results are compared with models known from the literature. Based on this, the density of the steel [ρ] = kg m−3 and the surface tension [σ] = N m−1 can be described as a function of temperature [θ] = °C and silicon content [Si] = mass% using the equations: ρ(θ,Si)=−1.28×θ−104.18×Si+9081.8, σ(θ,Si)=10−4×[ −0.00903×θ2−1.21494×Si2+29.268×θ−1.987×Si−22334 ]. There is a lack of experimental data in the literature for high‐temperature thermophysical properties for electrical steels. This underlines once again the novelty and significance of this study, as the determined thermophysical properties are essential for a wide range of applications. For instance, they are crucial in the production of metallic powders for additive manufacturing by atomization to adjust the properties of the powders precisely. The findings are also important for steelmaking itself, as the corrosion behavior of refractory material can be better determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate data on the high‐temperature thermophysical properties, which are density, surface tension, and viscosity, are indispensable for performing high‐precision casting simulations of Ni‐based superalloys. Viscosity is the most important thermophysical property for thermofluidic analysis. However, measuring the viscosity of an alloy, which is lower than that of molten glass, is difficult, and experimental viscosity data are limited. Herein, the density of Ni‐based superalloys is measured using the maximum bubble pressure (MBP) method to determine viscosity. The viscosity is evaluated using the oscillating crucible method. The surface tension is simultaneously measured using the MBP method. In these results, the average density values [kg m−3] of Alloy 65, Alloy 718, Alloy WA, and Alloy 720 are 7.52 × 103, 7.43 × 103, 7.82 × 103, and 7.52 × 103, respectively. The average surface tension values [N m−1] of Alloy 65, Alloy 718, Alloy WA, and Alloy 720 are 1.55, 1.54, 1.47, and 1.51, respectively. The fitting equations of the molten Ni‐based superalloys are as follows. 1) Alloy 65: ln(η [mPa s])=6569×(1θ [K])−1.844$$ \mathrm{ln}(\eta  [\text{mPa} \text{s}])=6569\times \left(\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\theta  [\text{K}]$}\right.\right)-1.844$$; 2) Alloy WA: ln(η [mPa s])=6097×(1θ [K])−1.621$$ \mathrm{ln}(\eta  [\text{mPa} \text{s}])=6097\times \left(\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\theta  [\text{K}]$}\right.\right)-1.621$$; 3) Alloy 720: ln(η [mPa s])=6179×(1θ [K])−1.700$$ \mathrm{ln}(\eta  [\text{mPa} \text{s}])=6179\times \left(\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\theta  [\text{K}]$}\right.\right)-1.700$$; 4) Alloy 718: ln(η [mPa s])=6344×(1θ [K])−1.724$$ \mathrm{ln}(\eta  [\text{mPa} \text{s}])=6344\times \left(\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\theta  [\text{K}]$}\right.\right)-1.724$$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]