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Background Accidental dislodgement of central venous catheters is a frequent complication in NICU and it often requires catheter replacement. Subcutaneously anchored sutureless devices (SAS) have been recently introduced in clinical practice for securement of different types of central catheters, but they have never been used in neonates. We evaluated safety and efficacy of SAS in neonates. Methods All neonates who required central venous catheters inserted via ultrasound-guided cannulation during 12 months of clinical practice in our NICU. We adopted SAS for securement of all central venous catheters inserted in neonates via ultrasound guided cannulation either of the brachio-cephalic vein (centrally inserted central catheters: CICC) or the femoral vein (femorally inserted central catheters: FICC). Results: seventy-two central catheters were inserted in 70 preterm and term neonates (3-4 Fr power injectable polyurethane catheters; 62 CICC + 10 FICC) and they were all secured with SAS. Mean postmenstrual age at the time of insertion was 31 weeks and mean weight was 1400 g. SAS was easy to place in all cases. The median duration of the line was 6 weeks. No accidental dislodgement of CICC or FICC was recorded. All SAS but one were left in place until elective removal of the catheter. In all patients, SAS removal was easy and uneventful, and it did not require any sedation or local anesthesia. Conclusions: SAS was effective in preventing accidental catheter dislodgement in 100% of cases. Complications during insertion, maintenance and removal were negligible.

Background: Placement of peripheral intra-venous cannulas and epicutaneo-caval catheters is routinely performed in in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and both devices require visible superficial veins easy to cannulate. NICU patients are intrinsically characterized by poor and fragile vein asset, so that puncture and cannulation of superficial veins is often a challenge even for trained clinicians and cannulation frequently results in a stressful, painful, difficult procedure. Methods and results: Rapid Superficial Vein Assessment is meant to offer a systematic pre-procedural evaluation of all superficial veins of the newborn, so to allow a rational choice of the best insertion site, tailored on the single patient, and optimized for the specific type of venous access device. The superficial veins are examined systematically, both with and without NIR technology, exploring seven skin areas in the following order: (1) medial malleolus, (2) lateral malleolus, (3) retro-popliteal fossa, (4) back of the hand and wrist, (5) antecubital fossa, (6) anterior scalp surface, and (7) posterior scalp surface. Conclusions: The aim of the protocol is to increase the first attempt success rate and reduce the duration of the procedure, the number of attempts for single patient and possibly to limit complications, stress, and pain in neonates.

Background: The correct position of the tip of a central venous access device is important in all patients, and especially in neonates. The traditional method of tip location (approximated intra-procedural length estimation + post procedural chest X-ray) is currently considered inaccurate and not cost-effective by most recent guidelines, which recommend the adoption of tip location by intracavitary electrocardiography (IC-ECG) whenever possible. Methods: This study prospectively investigated the applicability, the feasibility, the accuracy, and the safety IC-ECG for tip location in neonates requiring insertion of ultrasound-guided centrally inserted central venous catheters (CICCs) with caliber 3Fr or more. All catheter tip locations were verified using simultaneously both IC-ECG and ultrasound-based tip location, using the Neo-ECHOTIP protocol. Results: A total of 105 neonates were enrolled. The applicability of IC-ECG was 100% since a P wave was evident on the surface ECG of all neonates recruited for the study. The feasibility was also 100% since an increase of the P-wave was detected in all cases. The accuracy was also 100%, since a perfect match between IC-ECG based tip location and ultrasound-based tip location was found. There were no adverse events directly or indirectly related to the IC-ECG technique; no arrhythmias occurred. Conclusions: When applied to ultrasound guided CICCs, tip location by IC-ECG is applicable and feasible in neonates, and it is safe and accurate.

Pneumothorax in newborns can be life-threatening. The traditional treatment of pneumothorax is chest drain placement. Recently, modified pigtail catheter has been proposed as a less traumatic approach despite limited experience in infants. To compare the effectiveness and safety of pigtail catheters versus traditional straight chest drains in term and preterm infants with pneumothorax, in two tertiary neonatal units: Policlinico Hospital in Bari, IT and John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, UK. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 47 newborns with pneumothorax admitted to the two units between October 2009 and June 2017, and treated with either pigtail catheters or straight chest drains. Three newborns (6.7%) were excluded from the study because they were treated with both types of drains. The remaining 44 neonates were included in the analysis. Overall, 56.8% (n = 25/44) of pneumothoraces were drained with pigtail catheters and 43.2% (n = 19/44) with straight drains. No differences in gestational age and birth weight were found. The success rate, defined as complete radiological resolution of the pneumothorax after drainage, was significantly higher in the pigtail group (96.0% versus 73.7%; p 0.05). Days of drainage, length of hospital stay and duration of respiratory support were not significantly different. Subcutaneous emphysema and drain dislodgement/malfunction occurred only in the straight drain group (0.0% versus 11.1%; p = 0.181). No significant differences in mortality between the two groups were found (28.0% pigtail group versus 26.3% straight drain group; p 0.05).Conclusion: Pigtail catheters are a safe and effective alternative to traditional chest drains for infants with pneumothorax. What is Known:• Air leaks in newborns can represent an emergency, especially among preterms;• The first treatment in a life-threatening pneumothorax is thoracentesis with needle aspiration or placement of a chest drain.What is New:• Pigtail catheter have been described as an alternative to traditional chest drains;• Pigtail catheters are a safe and effective alternative to traditional chest drains for infants with pneumothorax.