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Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: Se pretende demostrar la seguridad de la reparación valvular mitral en endocarditis. Material y método: Del 2008 al 2019, hubo un total de 22 casos de reparación mitral de etiología endocardítica en nuestro centro (14 de ellas corresponden a los tres últimos años). Edad media de 60,8 años, la mayoría varones (72,7%), con un EuroSCORE-II medio del 5,9 ± 7,9%. El 63,6% se trataban de endocarditis activas en el momento de la intervención. Resultados: En la mayoría de los casos existía prolapso del velo posterior (54,5%) o de ambos velos (13,6%). La técnica de reparación más usada fue la resección (36,4%), seguida del implante de neocuerdas (22,7%) y la combinación de neocuerdas con cierre de cleft (18,2%). Se empleó anillo en la mayoría de los casos (81,8%). Sólo un caso mantuvo hemocultivos positivos postoperatorios (infección por Candida parapsilosis). Con un seguimiento de 22,1 ± 20,0 meses, no hubo ningún éxitus y sólo un caso de necesidad de reintervención. Conclusiones: En la literatura, la reparación valvular mitral ha demostrado su superioridad en mortalidad, preservación de la función ventricular izquierda y disminución de eventos tromboembólicos respecto a la sustitución valvular mitral. No obstante, la tasa de reparación mitral en endocarditis es menor que la de enfermedad degenerativa. A la vista de nuestros resultados, con ausencia de mortalidad y baja tasa de fallos de reparación, asociado al aumento del número de casos y complejidad cada año, es una estrategia de elección siempre que sea técnicamente posible. Abstract: Introduction and objectives: The aim is to demonstrate the safety of mitral valve repair in endocarditis Material and method: From 2008 to 2019, there were a total of 22 cases of mitral repair of endocardial etiology in our center (14 of them correspond to the last 3 years). Average age of 60.8 years, most of them males (72.7%), with a mean EuroSCORE-II of 5.9 ± 7.9%. 63.6% were active endocarditis at the time of the intervention. Results: In most cases there was prolapse of the posterior leaflet (54.5%) or both leaflet (13.6%). The most used repair technique was resection (36.4%), followed by neo-chord implantation (22.7%) and the combination of neo-chords with cleft closure (18.2%). Ring was used in most cases (81.8%). Only 1 case maintained positive postoperative blood cultures (Candida parapsilosis infection). With a follow-up of 22.1 ± 20.0 months, there were no deaths and only 1 case of need for reoperation. Conclusions: In the literature, mitral valve repair has shown superiority in mortality, preservation of left ventricular function, and decrease in thromboembolic events compared to mitral valve replacement. However, the mitral repair rate in endocarditis is lower than degenerative disease. In view of our results, with absence of mortality and low rate of repair failure, associated with the increase in the number of cases and complexity each year, it is a strategy of choice whenever technically possible.

Resumen: La endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad mortal, que a pesar de las mejoras en su manejo sigue estando asociada a gran mortalidad y complicaciones graves. Se presenta el caso clínico de un hombre de 35 años con cuadro neurológico asociado a masa valvular aórtica con doble lesión valvular. Sospechando endocarditis infecciosa, fue intervenido de sustitución valvular aórtica. El paciente tenía antecedentes de espondiloartropatía tratada con certolizumab y de betatalasemia. Presentó en el postoperatorio un taponamiento cardiaco tardío, complicaciones en la cicatrización de la herida quirúrgica y un bloqueo aurículo-ventricular que requirió de implante de marcapasos. Al cuarto mes postoperatorio fue reintervenido con el hallazgo de un seudoaneurisma subanular, encontrando una desestructuración del anillo aórtico nativo. Se realizó una nueva reintervención pasados 5 meses, decidiéndose implante de homoinjerto aórtico en posición subcoronaria. Se realizó un exhaustivo diagnóstico diferencial sin confirmación del agente etiológico hasta la positividad de Tropheryma whipplei en el material quirúrgico de la última cirugía. Abstract: Infective endocarditis is a fatal disease, which, despite improvements in its management, is still associated with high mortality and serious complications. A case is presented of a 35 year-old man with neurological symptoms associated with an aortic valve mass with a double valvular lesion. Suspecting infectious endocarditis, aortic valve replacement was performed. The patient had a history of spondyloarthropathy (treated with certolizumab) and beta-thalassaemia. In the postoperative period, he had a late cardiac tamponade, complications in the healing of the surgical wound, and anatrial-ventricular block requiring pacemaker implantation. He was re-intervened in the fourth post-operative month, with the finding of a sub-annular pseudoaneurysm, and a disruption of the native aortic ring. In a further intervention after 5 months it was decided to implant an aortic homograft in a sub-coronary position. An exhaustive differential diagnosis was made without confirmation of the aetiological agent until Tropheryma whipplei was found in the surgical material of the last surgery. Palabras clave: Endocarditis, Enfermedades de las válvulas cardiacas, Enfermedades reumáticas, Tropheryma, Keywords: Endocarditis, Heart valve diseases, Rheumatic diseases, Tropheryma

BACKGROUND Clinical characteristics, risks, and outcomes in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients with zygomycosis in the era of modern immunosuppressive and newer antifungal agent use have not been defined. METHODS In a matched case-controlled study, SOT recipients with zygomycosis were prospectively studied. The primary outcome measure was success (complete or partial response) at 90 days. RESULTS Renal failure (odds ratio [OR], 3.17; P = .010), diabetes mellitus (OR, 8.11; P < .001), and prior voriconazole and/or caspofungin use (OR, 4.41; P = .033) were associated with a higher risk of zygomycosis, whereas tacrolimus (OR, 0.23; P = .002) was associated with a lower risk of zygomycosis. Liver transplant recipients were more likely to have disseminated disease (OR, 5.48; P = .021) and developed zygomycosis earlier after transplantation than did other SOT recipients (median, 0.8 vs 5.7 months; P < .001). Overall the treatment success rate was 60%. Renal failure (OR, 11.3; P = .023) and disseminated disease (OR, 14.6; P = .027) were independently predictive of treatment failure, whereas surgical resection was associated with treatment success (OR, 33.3; P = .003). The success rate with liposomal amphotericin B was 4-fold higher even when controlling for the aforementioned variables. CONCLUSIONS The risks identified for zygomycosis and for disseminated disease, including those that were previously unrecognized, have implications for further elucidating the biologic basis and for optimizing outcomes in SOT recipients with zygomycosis.

Infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in heart transplantation (HTx). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common viral infection during the first year after HTx, but it is more unusual after this time. We present the case of a patient who underwent an HTx due to a severe ischemic heart disease. Although the patient did not have a high risk for CMV, infection, he suffered a reactivation during the first year and then up to six more episodes, especially in his eyes. The patient received different treatments against CMV and the immunosuppression was changed several times. Finally, everolimus was introduced instead of cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil was withdrawn. The presented case provides an example of how the immunosupresion plays a key role in some infections in spite of being a suitable antiviral treatment.

Background Rhino-orbital-cerebral disease is a significant manifestation of zygomycosis in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, its characteristics and outcome are not well addressed. Methods SOT recipients with zygomycosis as per the European Organization for Research and Treatment in Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group criteria in a cohort study at our centers published previously and those identified with a PubMed search from the 1950s to November 2009 were studied. Patients with mycosis involving the sinuses, orbits, or central nervous system (CNS) were included. Results Patients comprised a total of 90 SOT recipients with rhino-orbital-cerebral zygomycosis, including 13 in our cohort and 77 in the literature. CNS disease occurred in 57% (51 of 90). Overall mortality was 52.3% (46 of 88), and the mortality in patients with CNS disease was 73.5% (36 of 49). In logistic regression analysis, older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.21, P=0.002) was associated with a higher mortality rate, whereas lipid formulations of amphotericin B compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02-0.50, P=0.006) and surgery (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.01-0.94, P=0.043) were independently associated with an improved survival even when controlled for CNS involvement and the era of diagnosis of disease. Conclusions Rhino-orbital-cerebral zygomycosis, particularly CNS disease, is associated with substantial mortality rate in SOT recipients. Older age is a significant risk factor for mortality, whereas lipid formulations of amphotericin B and surgery improved outcomes.

Fifty-eight solid organ transplant recipients with zygomycosis were studied to assess the presentation, radiographic characteristics, risks for extra-pulmonary dissemination and mortality of pulmonary zygomycosis. Pulmonary zygomycosis was documented in 31 patients (53%) and developed a median of 5.5 months (interquartile range, 2-11 months) posttransplantation. In all, 74.2% (23/31) of the patients had zygomycosis limited to the lungs and 25.8% (8/31) had lung disease as part of disseminated zygomycosis; cutaneous/soft tissue (50%, 4/8) was the most common site of dissemination. Pulmonary disease presented most frequently as consolidation/mass lesions (29.0%), nodules (25.8%) and cavities (22.6%). Patients with disseminated disease were more likely to have Mycocladus corymbifer as the causative pathogen. The mortality rate at 90 days after the treatment was 45.2%. In summary, pulmonary zygomycosis is the most common manifestation in solid organ transplant recipients with zygomycosis, and disseminated disease often involves the cutaneous/soft tissue sites but not the brain.