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Sacroiliac (SI) joint dysfunction is a significant contributor to low back pain. Percutaneous SI joint fusion is a minimally invasive procedure that can provide excellent pain relief for patients, but it is not without complications, especially in patients with abnormal lumbosacral anatomy. We report the case of a 71-year-old man with sacral dysmorphism who had a painful SI joint that was refractory to conservative therapy. After undergoing an elective percutaneous SI joint fusion, he was discharged in stable condition. He returned in a delayed fashion with a large subgluteal hematoma. Imaging revealed disruption of a branch of the superior gluteal artery (SGA). Surgical exploration and ligation of the SGA were undertaken. Sacral dysmorphism affects SI joint fusion procedures by altering sacral anatomy and the safe zones for SI joint implants. Variations in lumbosacral anatomy can also alter the course of the SGA and adjacent nerves. Due to the wide prevalence of sacral dysmorphism, especially in the setting of low back pain, pre-surgical planning to avoid iatrogenic injuries must be considered with advanced imaging studies such as a computed tomography angiogram of the pelvis or catheter-based angiogram, or alternative surgical approaches to the SI joint must be taken.

Background Exact knowledge of the sacral anatomy is crucial for the percutaneous insertion of iliosacral screws. However, dysplastic anatomical patterns are common. In addition to a preoperative computed tomography (CT) analysis, conventional radiographic measures may help to identify upper sacral dysplasia and to avoid damage to surrounding structures. Aiming to further increase safety in percutaneous iliosacral screw placement in the presence of sacral dysmorphism, this study examined the prevalence of previously established radiographic signs and, in addition, defined the “critical SI angle” as a new radiographic criterion. Methods Pelvic CT scans of 98 consecutive trauma patients were analysed. Next to assessment of established signs indicating upper sacral dysplasia, the critical sacroiliac (SI) angle was defined in standardized pelvic outlet views. Results The critical SI angle significantly correlates with the presence of mammillary bodies and an intraarticular vacuum phenomenon. With a cut-off value of − 14.2°, the critical SI angle detects the feasibility of a safe iliosacral screw insertion in pelvic outlet views with a sensitivity of 85.9% and a specificity of 85.7%. Conclusions The critical SI angle can support the decision-making when planning iliosacral screw fixation. The clinical value of the established signs of upper sacral dysplasia remains uncertain.

Objective Preoperative planning of the starting point and safe trajectory for iliosacral screw (SI screw) fixation using CT scans for safe and accurate fluoroscopically controlled percutaneous SI screw placement. Indications Transalar and transforaminal sacral fractures. SI joint disruptions and fracture-dislocations. Non- or minimally displaced spinopelvic dissociation injuries. Contraindications Transiliac instabilities. Sacral fractures with neurological impairment requiring decompression. Relevant residual displacement after closed reduction attempts. Insufficient fluoroscopic visualization of the anatomical landmarks of the upper sacrum. Surgical technique Preoperative planning of the starting point and the safe screw trajectory using CT scans and two-dimensional multiplanar reformation tools. Fluoroscopically guided identification of the starting point using the lateral view according to preoperative planning. Advancing the guidewire under fluoroscopic control using inlet and outlet views according to the planned trajectory. Predrilling and placement of 6.5 mm cannulated screws. Postoperative management Weightbearing as tolerated using crutches. Immediate CT scan in case of postoperative neurological impairment. Generally no screw removal. Results Fifty-nine screws were placed in 34 patients using the described technique. There were 2 cases of screw malpositioning (anatomical landmarks inadequately identified and fluoroscopically controlled SI screw fixation should thus not have been performed at all; in a case with sacral dysmorphism, preoperative planning suggested a posterior and/or caudal S1 starting point, respectively, but intraoperatively, selection of a different starting point and screw trajectory resulted in screw malpositioning with iatrogenic L5 nerve palsy).

Background Iliosacral screw fixation is safe and effective but can be complicated by loss of fixation, particularly in patients with osteopenic bone. Sacral morphology dictates where iliosacral screws may be placed when stabilizing pelvic ring injuries. In dysmorphic sacra, the safe osseous corridor of the upper sacral segment (S1) is smaller and lacks a transsacral corridor, increasing the need for fixation in the second sacral segment (S2). Previous evidence suggests that S2 is less dense than S1. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to further evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) of the S1 and S2 iliosacral osseous pathways through morphology stratification into normal and dysmorphic sacra. Materials and methods Pelvic computed tomography scans of 50 consecutive trauma patients, aged 18 to 50 years, from a level 1 trauma center were analyzed prospectively. Five radiographic features (upper sacral segment not recessed in the pelvis, mammillary bodies, acute alar slope, residual S1 disk, and misshapen sacral foramen) were used to identify dysmorphic characteristics, and sacra with four or five features were classified as dysmorphic. Hounsfield unit values were used to estimate the regional BMD of S1 and S2. Student’s t-test was utilized to compare the mean values at each segment, with statistical significance being set at p Results A statistical difference in BMD was appreciated between S1 and S2 in both normal and dysmorphic sacra (p p = 0.047). No difference in density was appreciated at S2 based on morphology. Conclusions Our results would indicate that, based on BMD alone, fixation should be maximized in S1 prior to fixation in S2. In cases where S2 fixation is required, we recommend that transsacral fixation should be strongly considered if possible to bypass the S2 body and achieve fixation in the cortical bone of the ilium and sacrum. Level of evidence Level III.