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Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rivista Italiana di Conflittolgia is the property of Edizioni Labrys and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pope Francis, with his reform of the penal system of the Church, has introduced some changes in the regulation of penal remedies. The penal precept and surveillance have been recovered, which provide new possibilities for the prevention of crimes and avoid recourse to penalties, while continuing to prosecute transgressions of criminal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rivista Italiana di Filosofia Politica is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rivista Italiana di Conflittolgia is the property of Edizioni Labrys and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay investigates the organisation and plans for cross-border police surveillance during the 1960s and 1970s in the key border area of South Tyrol, in Northern Italy. At a time when political and ethno-nationalist terrorism appeared, the threats it posed took on an international character. This study seeks to understand the re-organisation of police surveillance and the militarisation of borders in peacetime, investigating continuities and ruptures in the history of policing in Republican Italy; it focuses on the exchange of knowledge between security experts and the transformation of organisation and practices of police officers with the task of monitoring borders. This leads on to propose conceptual reflections on the formats, effects and boundary-setting in transnational police actions, as well as on the spaces of interaction between transnational actors in the recent past. Which of these are devices of police border surveillance? How were areas of competence assigned to different Public Security bodies? What did they represent for the history of the police of Republican Italy? How was cross-border surveillance negotiated and how was it organised? How did the exchange of knowledge develop police cooperation and how did this influence diplomatic relations between Italy and Austria during the cold War? Cross-border surveillance took on an important role in the relations between states in negotiating areas of surveillance and legitimate competencies. This study is based on unpublished documents created by the Ufficio Affari Riservati (U.A.R.) of the Italian Ministry of the Interior, which make it possible to reconstruct an organisation chart of the civilian and military corps engaged at the border and to investigate the cross-border Italian–Austrian police cooperation in its theoretical and technical-scientific aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In George Orwell's 1984, Big Brother is the inscrutable leader of Oceania. Thanks to his media pervasiveness, his image assumes, an iconic value, expression par excellence of control and power. However, he is an icon without reference: no one has ever really seen the Big Brother. He is a strongly iconic entity and at the same time he is not visible, perhaps not even existing: a mere representation of the apparatus of power. He is a fictional icon circulating first of all in the narrative universe of 1984. He emerges from the pages of the novel and becomes an icon (or meta-icon) also within contemporary culture: in the game of his translations across the media, through the reuses and reconfigurations to which he was subjected in the arts, in popular culture, even in advertising, the Orwellian character (or non-character) becomes the emblem of the vision: image of control and mass surveillance, but also - weakly - of spectator's voyeurism (the TV program).

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. Nosocomial water systems may be contaminated by Legionella spp; therefore, health care facilities represent a potential health risk for patients and health care staff. Active, well-planned clinical and environmental surveillance in hospitals is the most important instrument of prevention. Aim and Methods. The aim of the present article was to outline the state of the art in legionellosis control and prevention among Italian health care facilities by reporting some experiences in the field. Results. Our results showed that Legionella spp. are largely reported as both hospital water system contaminants and etiological agents in water-related health care-associated infections (HCAI) in Italy. Among the numerous sources of HCAI, water is the most investigated, although it has been demonstrated that air sampling may provide additional information for risk assessment. Conclusions. More appropriate risk assessment is needed, especially in large facilities. In addition, more sensitive diagnostic tests should be used and dedicated training courses should be implemented in health care facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. We evaluated the trend of four years (2015 - 2018) of "alert organisms" surveillance carried out at the 450 bed teaching hospital S. Andrea in Rome. Methods. All patients with an "Alert organism" isolation were screened. In accordance with definitions used by the Centers for Disease Control patients with an "alert organism" isolation were evaluated for infection or colonization, by an infection control team (ICT). Results. Between April 2015 and December 2018 a total 4,762 specimens with "Alert organism" isolation were screened and 1,601 patients were surveyed and included in the study. Overall 780 (48.8%) patients developed an healthcare acquired infection (HAI) at our institution, whereas 311 (19.4%) entered with a community acquired infection, 254 (15.8%) with an infection acquired in another healthcare setting and 256 (16.0%) resulted simply colonized. The 780 patients who developed an HAI at our institution presented 878 infectious episodes and the isolation of 931 microorganisms. C. difficile infections were the most common (27.2%), followed by 21.3% respiratory tract infections, 16.9% urinary tract infections, 15.5% surgical site infections, 12.5% bloodstream infections, 3.6% ulcers and 3.0% others. Among HAI group Gram negatives (54.1%) were more frequent than Gram positives (45.9%), whereas in patients entering in the hospital already with a community infection Gram positives overpassed Gram negatives (58.7% vs. 41.3%; p<0.001). Most common pathogens responsible for HAI were C. difficile (25.6%), Klebsiella spp. (25.5%), MRSA (19.6%) and Acinetobacter spp. (15.3%). Notably 30.0% HAI at other institutions were represented by C. difficile. Impressively, >40% of community acquired infections were related to MRSA. Conclusions. The present study provided some useful insight into the major multi-resistant pathogens epidemiology at our institution. The Authors succeeded in organizing a multidisciplinary ICT that created a partnership feeling with the hospital personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annali di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità is the property of Societa Editrice Universo s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Constitutional History / Giornale di Storia Costituzionale is the property of Giornale di Storia Costituzionale (Journal of Constitutional History) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Testicular cancer is an infrequent disease, accounting for 1% to 2% of all malignant neoplasms in men. However, it represents the most common solid malignancy among men between 15 and 35 years old. The standard initial treatment for stage I seminoma is radical inguinal orchiectomy. Since the mid-20th century, the traditional treatment after surgery had consisted in external photon beam radiotherapy directed to the para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes. Patients receiving radiotherapy achieve cause-specific survival rates approaching 100%, with virtually no relapses within the radiation portal. At the moment, the options for the management of stage I seminoma consist of surveillance, adjuvant radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy usually done with carboplatin. Patients should be informed of all treatment options and of potential benefits and side effects of each choice. Significant treatment-related morbidities following radiotherapy have been reported. Acute toxicities are generally mild and self-timing, but patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy alone had a significantly increased risk of second primary malignances (SPMs) and gonadal toxicity. The Medical Research Council (MRC) TE10 and TE18 randomized trials have investigated the reduction of the treatment volume and total dose to decrease the risk of radiation-related side effects. The MRC TE19 randomized trial compared radiotherapy and a single course of carboplatin AUC7. The preliminary results, reported in 2005, and also the updated results, reported in 2008 and 2011, confirm the non inferiority of single-dose carboplatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study for 45 cancer cases with potential occupational origin. It mentions that the case uses OCCAM approach, a control study where incidents are identified by hospital discharge records. It informs that controls are sampled from health population files and occupational histories are obtained by social security archives. The article further highlights that among 45 cases 24 were observed due to occupation.