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As countries start to implement the Sustainable Development Goals in their national development agendas, reviews of the current policy environment are necessary to ensure that the goals are achievable by 2030. The present study assesses the effectiveness of energy policy in Indonesia in supporting progress towards universal energy access, a substantial increase in renewable energy deployment, and improvement in energy efficiency. Laws and regulations related to energy were reviewed, and their contribution to achieving the energy targets of the Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia was evaluated in terms of policy effectiveness. Results show that providing electricity for the remaining 1.1 million households living in the outermost and least developed regions of the archipelago is very challenging. However, Indonesia is still on track to achieve 100% residential electrification by 2030 as long as enough budget is allocated annually. Indonesia may not be able to provide access to clean cooking fuels and technology for everyone by 2030. The current policy focusing mostly on gas for cooking will be less effective in reaching the remaining households that cook with solid biomass and usually live in poverty. Similarly, the current policy scenario is not sufficient to allow enough progress to achieve the renewable energy target. Finally, the assessment of energy efficiency policy suggests that sectoral energy use is shaped by variables and regulation not primarily intended to improve energy efficiency. • The electrification program as a national priority improves electricity access. • The clean cooking energy target may be missed as policy focuses on gas use only. • Regulatory uncertainties discourage investment in renewable electricity. • Energy use is shaped by policies not primarily intended for energy conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is a key enabling factor within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which include eradicating poverty and hunger, improving human well-being, and protecting the environment. Countries intending to incorporate SDGs in their development programs should expect an increase in energy consumption, and therefore, need to review their energy planning. The objective of this paper is to anticipate the additional energy requirements of Indonesia with the implementation of SDGs compared to business as usual (BAU) and current policy (CP) scenarios. Assuming all SDG targets were to be implemented in the Indonesian national development plan, the additional energy demand for each target by 2030 was calculated. It was found that 18 out of 169 SDGs targets required additional energy in the Indonesian context. Overall, more energy will be needed to achieve those 18 SDGs targets compared to the BAU scenario. Fortunately, the full realisation of the current energy policies will cover the additional energy required under the SDGs scenario. • Energy demand in Indonesia under the SDGs will increase by 5% of the BAU in 2030. • Under the national energy plan, the energy demand will be 19% higher than the BAU. • The national energy plan has anticipated energy demand under the SDGs scenario. • The current energy policy scenario calls for a dramatic increase in electricity use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]