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Pyrolysis of waste furniture wood, mixed plastics and waste tyres was examined separately and in different combinations from the perspective of improved value products and energy production. The effect of different combinations of furniture wood, plastics and tyres on the product distribution during co-pyrolysis was analyzed. The experimental work throughout this study was performed at a temperature of 500 °C. Prior to the pyrolysis experiments, thermogravimetric analysis was done to assess the thermal degradation behavior of all selected feedstocks. During individual pyrolysis, mixed plastic wastes produced 70.6 wt% of pyrolysis liquid, which is 37.9% and 33.4% more than furniture wood and waste tyres. During co-pyrolysis, a binary blend of mixed plastics and waste tyres produced 63.3 wt% of pyrolysis liquid, which is 7.65% more than the logarithmic mean value, indicating a positive synergistic interaction on liquid production. The liquid yield of the ternary blend was observed to be as low as 54.4 wt% due to the lower volatiles present in the blend. The presence of volatiles in the feedstock is correlated with the production of liquids by individual and co-pyrolysis. For feed-flexible, more efficient, and cleaner operating systems, the increased liquid production offers crucial information. With the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC–MS), the impact of different combinations on product characterization was investigated. The characterization study of the pyrolysis liquid obtained from mixed plastics showed the presence of different aromatic and aliphatic compounds. The findings offered viable options for efficiently utilizing waste materials, particularly plastics and tyres to improve the quality and substance of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the non-isothermal co-pyrolysis of walnut shell (WS), Enteromorpha clathrata (EN), and their blends (WEB) was studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). For all the samples, three different decomposition stages were identified by the thermogravimetric analysis. At the same temperature, the mass loss of WEB was always stable between the values of WS and EN. In addition, different heating rates resulted in different TG–DTG profiles. The interaction between WS and EN showed a gradual enhancement with temperature increase, and the most significant interaction was generated when the blending proportion of WS and EN was 7:3. The Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), and masterplots methods were used to determine the kinetic triplets. The results show that for different blending ratios, the effective activation energies of WS and EN co-pyrolysis vary from 86.21 to 247.86 kJ mol−1 when the conversion rate is 0.2–0.8. The most appropriate mechanism for the pyrolysis of 70WS30EN is g(α)=[-ln(1-α)]1/2 with kinetic parameters: apparent activation energy 86.21 kJ mol-1 and pre-exponential factor 8.99 × 1016 s−1. The findings in this paper provide a reference for further research on the co-pyrolysis of aquatic and terrestrial biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis behaviors of peanut shells (PS) and tea plant branches (TPB) were explored with a focus on the physicochemical properties, thermal degradation behavior, synergistic effect, and thermo-kinetic analyses. The differences between individual biomass and the equivalent blend were also highlighted. Results showed that the blend sample showed an enhancement in fixed carbon content but a reduction in moisture and ash contents, when compared to those of the individual PS. The average activation energies (Ea) of the equivalent blend estimated by three isoconversional methods (i.e., Friedman, KAS, and Starink methods) were 181.65, 166.87, and 167.14 kJ/mol, respectively. The average Ea and ΔH of the blend were quite lower than those of the TPB but slightly higher than those of the PS. During pyrolysis, ΔH and ΔG exhibited positive values which showed the decomposition was endothermic and non-spontaneous. Negative ΔS values were first observed, followed by positive ΔS values at late conversion stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co‐pyrolysis behavior of low‐grade coal with two different feedstocks (beeswax and petroleum wax) at different compositions (w/w) [(75:25), (50:50), (25:75)] is investigated by using a thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer under the non‐isothermal condition at a constant heating rate of 20°C/min from an ambient temperature to 900°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The kinetic and thermodynamic analysis for the thermal decomposition of the sample parameters was carried out by applying the model fitting Coats–Redfern method to the thermogravimetry data of different feedstocks. The activation energy of thermal degradation of coal is found to be 55.8 kJ/mole. A decrease in activation energy is observed by the addition of 25% and 50% waxes in the blended sample and the blended sample with 25% wax and 75% coal has the lowest activation energy. The activation energy for coal‐beeswax blend (75:25) is 35.718 KJ/mol, but it is 34.237 KJ/mol for coal‐petroleum wax blend (75:25). The value of ∆H decreases by the addition of waxes and follows the order (Coal: Feedstock) {(75:25) < (50:50) < (25:75)}, while that of value of ∆S increases by the addition of waxes and follows the order {(75:25) > (50:50) > (25:75)}. However, the value of ΔG does not significantly shift as the blend ratio of the feedstocks is altered. The addition of both feedstocks with the coal sample showed some degree of synergy. The result illustrates that the co‐pyrolysis of coal with wax be energy economical than individual pyrolysis and this study would give precious scope to design a more efficient conversion system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pyrolysis of waste furniture wood, mixed plastics and waste tyres was examined separately and in different combinations from the perspective of improved value products and energy production. The effect of different combinations of furniture wood, plastics and tyres on the product distribution during co-pyrolysis was analyzed. The experimental work throughout this study was performed at a temperature of 500 °C. Prior to the pyrolysis experiments, thermogravimetric analysis was done to assess the thermal degradation behavior of all selected feedstocks. During individual pyrolysis, mixed plastic wastes produced 70.6 wt% of pyrolysis liquid, which is 37.9% and 33.4% more than furniture wood and waste tyres. During co-pyrolysis, a binary blend of mixed plastics and waste tyres produced 63.3 wt% of pyrolysis liquid, which is 7.65% more than the logarithmic mean value, indicating a positive synergistic interaction on liquid production. The liquid yield of the ternary blend was observed to be as low as 54.4 wt% due to the lower volatiles present in the blend. The presence of volatiles in the feedstock is correlated with the production of liquids by individual and co-pyrolysis. For feed-flexible, more efficient, and cleaner operating systems, the increased liquid production offers crucial information. With the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC–MS), the impact of different combinations on product characterization was investigated. The characterization study of the pyrolysis liquid obtained from mixed plastics showed the presence of different aromatic and aliphatic compounds. The findings offered viable options for efficiently utilizing waste materials, particularly plastics and tyres to improve the quality and substance of products.

A carbon material Cu-corn straw-sludge biochar (Cu-CSBC) was prepared by hydrothermally modifying sewage sludge and corn stover. The composite coupled to ultrasound can effectively catalyze the activation of PS for organic pollutants degradation, and the removal rate of 20 mg/L TC reached 89.15% in 5 min in the presence of 0.5 g/L Cu-CSBC and 3 mM PS. The synergistic effect between the factors in the system, the reaction mechanism, and the efficient removal of TC in the aqueous environment were explored in a Cu-CSBC/US/PS system established for that purpose. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis both demonstrated the Cu-CSBC/US/PS system generated •OH, SO4–•, 1O2, and O2- •, which involved in the reaction. The Cu, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups on the Cu-CSBC surface promoted the generation of radicals and non-radicals for the degradation process, which was dominated by both radical and non-radical pathways. The degradation pathway is proposed by measuring the intermediate products with LC-MS. Finally, the stability of the Cu-CSBC/US/PS system was tested under various reaction conditions. This study not only prepared a novel biochar composite material for the active degradation of organic pollutants by PS but also provided an effective method for the resource utilization of solid waste and sludge treatment. HIGHLIGHTS Cu-CSBC prepared from co-pyrolyzed biomass–sludge to activate PS.; US and Cu-CSBC have a positive synergistic effect on the system.; The TC removal efficiency of the Cu-CSBC/US/PS system exceeded 99%.; The US can promote the production of free radicals in the system.; The main intermediates and pathways of TC degradation were identified.;

This study investigated the effects of different proportions of waste polyethylene (WP) and waste cooking oil (WCO) on the chemical and physical properties of the resulting co‐pyrolysis oil produced in an indigenously developed laboratory‐scale fixed bed batch‐type reactor. The proportion of WCO was altered in increments of 10% from 10% to 90%, and correspondingly, the proportion of WP was adjusted from 90% to 10% (by weight). The highest liquid fuel yield, reaching 70.9% by weight, was achieved using a 40:60 ratio of WCO to WP (W40P60) at a constant heating rate of 12°C and a temperature of 500°C. The obtained fuel exhibits promising properties, including a high calorific value (max HHV around 45.63 MJ/kg) and other advantageous properties such as low viscosity, low oxygen and nitrogen content, and absence of sulfur. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GCMS) were examined on the resulting liquid fuel. The GC–MS spectra predominantly display alkanes, constituting approximately 41% by weight, and alkenes, making up roughly 20% by weight. These analyses revealed properties akin to commercial diesel, emphasizing the potential of waste cooking oil and waste polyethylene proportions in liquid diesel like fuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) with polypropylene (PP) was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor. The effects of pyrolysis temperature (400‒700 °C) and biomass:plastic ratio (0‒100%) on product quantity and quality as well as synergism during co-pyrolysis were investigated. Feedstock characterisation results showed that PKS and PP were able to produce sustainable liquid fuel and chemical. The highest bio-oil yield of 67.65 wt% was obtained at 600 °C and PKS:PP ratio of 25:75. A substantial amount of the desired compounds (60.12%) was obtained consisting of hydrocarbons (37.49%) and alcohols (22.23%). Positive synergistic effects on the production of hydrocarbons and esters, as well as the inhibition of acids and ketones, were prominent at 500 °C and PKS:PP ratio of 75:25. The plausible reaction mechanism for formation of major products was proposed. Co-pyrolysis of PKS and PP has generated bio-oil with a larger hydrogen and carbon content and lower oxygen composition compared to PKS bio-oil. Additionally, the resultant bio-oil has a slightly higher calorific value (47.74 MJ/kg) than the calorific value of commercial diesel fuels (46 MJ/kg), thus, offering an alternative for fuel applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study uncovered the effect of pyrolysis temperature (400, 500, 600, and 700 °C), and biomass-to-plastic ratio (100:0, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 0:100) on the product distribution and synergistic effect during co-pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) and medical bottle (MB). The highest bio-oil yield of 65.93 wt% was attained at 500 °C and PKS:MB ratio of 25:75. To determine the synergistic effect, the product distributions (yield and chemical composition) were compared with those obtained from pyrolysis of individual components. The positive synergistic effect on the production of hydrocarbons and inhibition of acids were most dominant at PKS:MB ratio of 75:25. The presence of PKS-derived oxygen radicals and hydrogen abstraction from MB can accelerate the formation of hydrocarbons via secondary cracking and deoxygenation reaction. The produced oil at PKS:MB ratio of 50:50 showed better characteristics compared to PKS-derived oil which contains higher carbon (45 % higher), and hydrogen content (66 % higher), and lower oxygen content (71 % lower).

This paper summarizes the utilization status of low-rank coal and biomass resources in China, expounds the synergistic effect mechanism of coal and biomass co-pyrolysis, systematically summarizes the effects of heating rate, pyrolysis temperature, biomass type, mixing ratio, reactor type, carrier gas flow rate and pyrolysis atmosphere on the synergistic effect in the process of coal and biomass co-pyrolysis, and analyzes and looks forward to the development direction and research direction of coal and biomass co-pyrolysis technolog y・ The co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass can combine the advantages of pyrolysis alone and exert a synergistic effect in the pyrolysis process to improve the yield and quality of pyrolysis products・ It can also alleviate the problems of low■:rank coal and biomass burning in large quantities polluting the environment and low energy utilization. Therefore, many scholars at home and abroad have explored the synergistic effect mechanism of co-pyrolysis and the influence of different factors on the synergistic effect from different angles and methods, so as to help the clean utilization of low-rank coal and the efficient utilization of biomass resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy & Power / Reneng Dongli Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy & Power and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The municipal sludge in mountainous cities and the sludge was co-pyrolyzed with agricultural and forestry wastes including rice stalk, rice husk, eucalyptus brand and eucalyptus leaf.The effects of co-pyrolysis on the physicochemical properties and Cu (II) adsorption properties of biochar were investigated, and the synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis on Cu (II) adsorption properties was discussed.The results showed that compared with sludge biochar, the C contents of biochar derived from co-pyrolysis of sludge with rice husk, rice stalk, eucalyptus branch and eucalyptus leaf were increased by 0.64 times, 0.87 times, 1.04 times and 1.22 times, respectively; the O contents were increased by 1.11 times, 1.25 times, 2.01 times and 2.17 times, respectively; the maximum adsorption capacities of Cu (II) were enhanced by 28.4%,60.3%,82.7% and 99.7%,respectively.Co-pyrolysis had a significant synergistic effect on the adsorption capacity of Cu (II) on biochar, and the synergistic value of the maximum Cu (II) adsorption capacity of biochar derived from co-pyrolysis of sludge with eucalyptus leaf was the highest (90.13%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of waste generated by the COVID-19 pandemic is still a challenge to the government in most countries. The present study shines its light on the catalytic effect of metal oxide on converting COVID-19 waste i.e. used face masks into valuable products through co-pyrolysis. The co-pyrolysis trial was carried out for a mixture of waste face mask (WFM) and Moringa oleifera (MO) biomass at a constant temperature of 450°C for 15 min of resident time. This investigation focuses on studying the catalytic effect of calcium oxide (CaO) on the by-products of the pyrolysis process. From the FT-IR studies, it is observed that the CaO catalyst assisted to reduce oxygen as well as sulphur and carboxylic acids in the bio-oil due to its strong basic nature. The FE-SEM images suggest the increase in porous structure with catalytic pyrolysis (CP) char compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis (NCP) char. The catalytic activity of CaO increased the alcoholic content with a reduction in aldehydes and ketones in the bio-oil. The addition of WFM to the biomass with CaO catalyst pyrolysis (CP) delivered a higher oil yield of 52% compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis (NCP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the synergistic effect between peat and lignite coal was investigated in terms of kinetic energy and mass loss trends using a thermogravimetric analyzer. Thermogravimetric non-isothermal studies were conducted at different heating rates under inert nitrogen atmosphere. Kinetic analysis was performed using model-free KAS, OFW, and Starink methods and the average activation energies varied between 88.62 kJ/mol and 204.28 kJ/mol. Differential mass loss trends were determined using experimental and theoretical data. An obvious deviation was obtained at a blend ratio of PT:CL40:60. Thus, results revealed that the PT and CL copyrolysis has synergistic effects, especially for sample PT:CL40:60. SEM and BET analyses were performed on the coke sample of peat, coal, and PT: CL40:60 blend ratio samples for further analysis. The surface area of peat and coal was determined to be 416 m² /g and 83.06 m² /g, respectively. It was concluded that the porosity and surface area of coal (187.02 m² /g) increased with the addition of peat. The results are expected to be useful in the design of peat biomass and coal co-pyrolysis systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking rubber and ginkgo biloba leaves as raw materials (the mass ratio is 5 : 2), this study prepared biochar by co‐pyrolysis at 700–900 °C and explored its adsorption performance on the emerging water pollutant ciprofloxacin. The pyrolysis behaviors of rubber, ginkgo biloba leaves, and their mixture were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The microstructure and physicochemical properties of the co‐pyrolysis biochar prepared in this study were probed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) and element analysis. Meanwhile, the internal mechanism of prepared co‐pyrolysis biochar adsorbing ciprofloxacin was investigated using adsorption kinetics models and isotherm adsorption models. The results show that there is a synergistic effect between rubber and ginkgo biloba leaves during the co‐pyrolysis process. Due to the addition of ginkgo biloba leaves, the maximum mass loss rate of rubber reduces from −5.80 %/min to −4.98 %/min, the corresponding pyrolysis temperature decreases from 335.11 °C to 319.57 °C, and the calculated thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermogram (DTG) curves after mixing the two raw materials deviate from the experimental curves. As the pyrolysis temperature increases from 700 °C to 900 °C, the yields of biochars decrease from 28.62 % to 19.21 %, while the specific surface area significantly increases (337.5042 m2/g). The processes of co‐pyrolysis biochars prepared at different temperatures absorbing ciprofloxacin conform to the pseudo‐second‐order model (R2=0.9847, 0.9404 and 0.9772, respectively). The Langmuir‐Freundlich model describes the isotherm adsorption behaviors of co‐pyrolysis biochars prepared at different temperatures on ciprofloxacin excellently (R2=0.9976, 0.9995 and 0.9993). The co‐pyrolysis biochar prepared at 900 °C has the highest adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin, 306.6 mg/g. This study provides an essential reference for the application of co‐pyrolysis biochar of low‐cost and environment‐friendly in the removal of water pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and coal is considered as an effective way to reduce the carbon footprint. Bamboo is being a potential source of bioenergy particularly in the North East States of India; the thermal performance and synergetic behaviour of co-pyrolysis of bamboo with high ash Indian coal are investigated at various heating rates in a thermogravimetric analyser. Three different blend samples (25% bamboo with 75% coal, 50% bamboo with 50% coal and 75% bamboo with 25% coal) are used. The kinetic parameters are determined using three isoconversional methods: Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose. Average activation energy for all three blend samples is found in the range of 121–253 kJ/mol. Co-pyrolysis of all three blend samples have revealed some synergistic effect. However, the blend containing 25% of bamboo has shown the highest synergetic effect in terms of thermodynamic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis with biomass is a promising solution to obtain high-quality products for sewage sludge (SS) treatment. In the present study, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and fixed bed reactor were used to investigate the synergistic effect and bio-oil characteristics during co-pyrolysis of SS and pinewood sawdust (WS). The results show a significant interaction between SS and WS, and the most apparent synergistic effect appears at the WS proportion of 50 wt. %. Co-pyrolysis of SS with WS promotes the generation of bio-oil while reducing gas formation, but less effect can be observed on the char yield. In the case of 50 wt. % WS addition, the maximum bio-oil yield (40.54%) was obtained at 550 °C, which was increased by 13.65% relative to the calculated value. Moreover, at 550 °C, the production of acids, sugars, and nitrogen-containing compounds during co-pyrolysis decreased by 47.68%, 54.34%, and 71.89%, respectively. In the meanwhile, the phenolic compounds are 29.92% higher than the theoretical value. Besides, high temperatures can decrease acids, alcohols, ketones, esters, and sugars and increase hydrocarbon production during co-pyrolysis. The above results indicated that the addition of WS can effectively improve the quality of bio-oil from SS pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Southeast University / Dongnan Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Southeast University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, conventional thermogravimetric analysis and a new congruent–mass thermogravimetric analysis were used to study the reaction mechanism of the co-pyrolysis process of coal and biomass in the thermogravimetric analyzer, the effects of heating rate and carrier gas flow rate on co-pyrolysis were investigated, and kinetic analysis was conducted for the major pyrolysis stages to explore whether there was a synergistic effect in the co-pyrolysis process. The surface morphology of pyrolytic coke was evaluated by the fractal dimension method. The results show that congruent–mass thermogravimetric analysis can compare the interactions in the co-pyrolysis process more intuitively and reduce the influence of initial mass on the determination of interaction relationship. Synergistic effect appears in co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass. With the increase of heating rate, the thermogravimetric hysteresis appeared and the thermogravimetric curve gradually moved to the high temperature region. With the increase of carrier gas flow rate, the synergistic effect weakens. The kinetics of different reaction stages was analyzed by Coats–Redfern method; the results show that the activation energy required in the main co-pyrolysis stage of the mixture is lower than that in the pyrolysis stage alone. The micromorphology shows that biomass coke has a more developed pore structure than coal, and the box dimension indicates that co-pyrolysis increases the surface irregularity of coke. It is of great significance to judge the interaction mechanism of two or even multiple mixed samples in the process of co-pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a kind of pyrolysis feedstock, algae has shown great potential in generating valuable products such as pyrolytic oil, gas and semi-coke. Thermal transformation of algae and other carbon-based materials via co-pyrolysis could generate fuels or value-added products. This paper aims to summarize the present researches about the co-pyrolysis characteristics of algae biomass with different low quality carbon-based materials. Our discussion mainly focuses on the research status of experimental analysis and theoretical calculations. State-of-the-art technologies and methods for the co-pyrolysis such as dry distillation system of fixed bed reactor, fluidized bed reactor, and micro-scale experimental analysis of TGA, FTIR, MS and Py-GCMS are reviewed in detail. The reaction mechanism which should be obtained through theoretical calculation is critically reviewed in this paper. Based on the quantum chemistry calculation results of the previous researches, the key developments about the co-pyrolysis chemistry of algae were summarized by focusing on molecular structure of the reactant and corresponding reaction pathways. It cannot be denied that there are also great gaps between quantum chemistry modeling and the actual co-pyrolysis process, indicating a pressing need for more complex quantitative calculation models and algorithms. Overall, the recent progress of crude bio-oil production, the excellent characteristic and future prospect of co-pyrolysis were discussed and concluded in this paper, which sheds light on further investigation of algae comprehensive utilization. The structure diagram of the article [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuels have provided humans with an enormous and stable primary energy source to rapidly develop advanced technologies, increasingly efficient machines and industries, as well as greater varieties of consumer products. While humans enjoy the conveniences of the modern world, critical global issues have also been created, such as an exponential hike in waste generation, rapid depletion of finite fossil fuels, greater environmental pollution, and climate change. Two major anthropogenic wastes are biomass waste and plastic waste. Each year, 464 million tonnes of plastic waste are generated globally, with only 20% recycled, 25% incinerated, while 55% landfilled. Likewise, 140 billion tonnes of biomass from the agriculture sector and 181.5 billion tonnes of lignocellulosic biomass from forestry and agricultural residues are produced worldwide annually, with only 40% and 4.5% biomass reuse respectively. This mountainous underutilised biomass and plastic wastes presented a good opportunity for recycling into biofuels instead of landfilling or open dumping, thus promoting circular bioeconomy. Pyrolysis stands out as a promising thermochemical route to synthesize biofuels, and co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic benefits from synergistic interactions between both feedstocks, enhancing the yield and quality of biofuels. Therefore, in this review, the synergistic mechanism of biomass and plastic co-pyrolysis is described, and recent advances in this field are comprehensively presented. The importance of applying circular bioeconomy frameworks on biomass and plastic wastes are also highlighted.

The unsustainable management of sewage sludge induces environmental and economic issues, yet sewage sludge is a promising feedstock for the production of biofuels by pyrolysis. Actual challenges include poor chemical stability, high water content, high viscosity, high concentrations of nitrogen, and the presence of oxygen in the produced biofuels. Moreover the produced biochars contain elevated amounts of toxic metals and, as a consequence, may not be used in agricultural soils. Here we review the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge with other materials to enhance bio-oil quality. Several studies show that co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge with non-biomass materials reduces water, oxygen and nitrogen contents, activation energy, and enthalpy; and increases the calorific value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy utilization of furfural residue is an effective way for the clean production and carbon emission reduction of the furfural industry. In this study, the co-pyrolysis behaviors and products distribution of furfural residue and long flame coal were investigated via TG-FTIR-GC/MS and infrared fast heating technique. According to the analysis of TG-FTIR-GC/MS, the functional groups of carbonyl, phenolic and alkyl were generated with the co-pyrolysis process. As the temperature rose from 500 to 800 °C, the yield of oil increased from 15.27 to 18.24 wt% before decreasing to 16.64 wt%. With the increase in heating rate, the yield of oil increased first from 18.24 to 20.90 wt% and then decreased to 16.70 wt% at 40 °C/s. RSM was employed to optimize the oil yield and the highest oil content of 21.73 wt% was obtained at 650 °C and 30 °C/s. The analysis of GC-MS shows that elevating the temperature and heating rate decreased the content of ketone, phenol, ether, and furan. In addition, the result of simulated distillation shows that the total content of light fractions of oil is between 71.86 % and 77.16 % at all co-pyrolysis conditions. The evolution of char structure was analyzed by Raman, EPR and BET. The higher temperature and heating rate promoted the deoxidation of char to form carbon-centered radicals and developed pore structures. The findings may yield useful insights into the synergistic mechanism of co-pyrolysis between long flame coal and furfural residue, thereby enhancing our comprehension and facilitating future commercial applications. • Co-pyrolysis synergistic effects of coal and furfural residue were analyzed systematically. • Higher temperatures promoted the cleavage of C-O, C-H and β-O-4 to produce radicals. • Co-pyrolysis enhanced oil yields up to 21.73 wt% with over 70 % light fractions. • Infrared fast heating developed pore structures promoting the deoxidation of char. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with a feedstock having a high hydrogen content, such as plastics, is one of the most efficacious and promising approaches to ameliorate bio-oil yield and quality. Polystyrene, a common thermoplastic, is an attractive feedstock for co-pyrolysis as it contains almost 99 wt% of volatile matter based on proximate analysis. A comprehensive review of the co-pyrolysis of different types of lignocellulosic biomass and polystyrene is provided here, with the primary focus on the reactor configurations, along with the quantity and quality of targeted products of interest. Kinetic modeling has been used to elucidate the role of polystyrene on the relevant activation energies and reaction mechanisms. Most of the experimental studies have employed a fixed bed reactor but a few have employed a fluidized bed reactor. The environmental and economic aspects of the process with respect to feedstock and products are considered. Finally, future perspectives and challenges in the commercialization of the co-pyrolysis process for the two types of feedstock are discussed. [Display omitted] • Most co-pyrolysis studies employed TGA and fixed bed reactors followed by fluidized bed reactors. • Co-pyrolysis of biomass and polystyrene provides a higher liquid yield than that obtained by using other plastics. • Blending ratio is the most significant parameter among the operating conditions. • Alkali metals entail a catalytic effect during the co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and polystyrene. • Co-pyrolysis of biomass with plastics could address issues of energy crisis and plastic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the co-pyrolysis of tea stem (TS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), with an emphasis on their interactions during the pyrolysis process. The effects of heating rate and TS/PET ratio on synergy of TS with PET pyrolysis was examined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The experimental runs were conducted at three mixing ratios (i.e., 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) of TS to PET and four heating rates (i.e., 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C/min). The results show that the TS/PET ratio is the main factor determining the synergy of the two components. In particular, the mixture of 25 % TS and 75 % PET exhibited the least antagonistic effects, while the mixture of 75 % TS and 25 % PET had strong synergistic positive and negative effects. Moreover, the FT-IR analysis of the co-pyrolysis process suggested the presence of oxygenated compounds, including hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, indicating the potential formation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the co-pyrolysis process. A new kinetic modeling approach including seven independent parallel reactions (IPR), was developed to illustrate the complex decomposition behavior of the TS-PET mixture. The outcome of kinetic modeling using nonlinear multivariate optimization resulted in a quality of fit ranging from 1.38 % to 3.55 %. These results accurately depict the experimental evidence and offer useful understanding of the reaction kinetics and the overall influence of the mixing ratio on the kinetic triplets. [Display omitted] • Thermal degradation of tea stem and PET mixture has been deeply investigated. • Multivariate analysis was used for kinetic modeling. • Co-pyrolysis decomposition is explained by seven independent parallel reaction. • Ratio of tea stem to PET highly influenced the positive effects of co-pyrolysis. • Mixture synergistic effects on mass loss rate and kinetic triplets were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-pyrolysis of biomass and polymeric wastes offers a promising approach for waste reduction and valuable product recovery while decreasing fossil fuel dependence. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of blending waste tire (WT) or polystyrene (PS) with sawdust (SD) at varying effective hydrogen/carbon ratio (H/C eff) on liquid product distribution. Thermal degradation behavior was analyzed using TGA-FTIR, followed by fixed-bed reactor pyrolysis experiments at different temperatures. The devolatilization of SD primarily occurred between 185 and 390°C, while WT and PS decomposed between 250 and 500°C and 350–460°C, respectively. Results showed that SD addition to WT accelerated degradation at lower temperatures. Optimal H/C eff ratios were 0.42 for WT/SD and 0.64 for PS/SD blends at 500°C, maximizing valued hydrocarbons, reducing pollutants, and yielding the highest liquid fraction. TGA-FTIR analysis revealed the presence of various functional groups, including C-H, C C, CO 2 , and O-H. The pyrolytic oil showed improved stability with significantly fewer undesired compounds. This research provides theoretical and practical insights into the control and application potential as well as the limitations of high-value energy products derived from the co-pyrolysis of SD, WT, and PS. • Mixing ratios has a considerable effect on the temperature gradient. • The optimal H/C eff ratio for WT/SD blends was considered at 0.42 H/C eff and at 500 0C. • The optimal H/C eff ratio for PS/SD co-pyrolysis was obtained at 500 0C and at 0.64 H/C eff. • The increasing H/C eff promoted the decrease of N- and O-containing compounds in bio-oil. • SD improved pyrolysis oil quality by reducing PAHs, sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Co-pyrolysis of plastics and biomass can effectively improve the quality of bio-oil and solve the problem of plastic pollution. However, synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis on kinetics and the role of biomass H/Ceff in co-pyrolysis are still not conclusive. In this work, the co-pyrolysis synergistic effects of three different hydrogen-to-carbon ratio (H/Ceff) of biomass-rice husk (RH), sugarcane bagasse (SUG), and poplar wood (PW) with hydrogen-rich polypropylene (PP) were studied using a thermogravimetric method. The total synergy degree (φ) and the difference between experimental and theoretical weight losses (ΔW) were defined, and the activation energies of various experimental materials were calculated by the isoconversional method. The results showed that the addition of PP reduced the dependence of product species on biomass H/Ceff during co-pyrolysis. The synergistic effect of biomass and PP was related to biomass types, pyrolysis temperature, and mass ratio of biomass to PP. The mixture of SUG and PP showed positive synergistic effect at all mass ratios. Simultaneously, at the low temperature of pyrolysis, the synergistic effect is inhibited in all mixtures, which might be due to the melting of PP. Kinetic analysis showed that the activation energy could be reduced by 11.14–31.78% by co-pyrolysis with biomass and PP. A multi-step mechanism was observed in both the pyrolysis of a single sample and the co-pyrolysis of a mixture, according to Criado’s schematic analysis.

The co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics presents a promising approach for generating hydrocarbon fuels and high-value chemicals while addressing environmental pollution concerns. This study investigates the pyrolysis process by examining mixtures of pine sawdust (PS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with varying mass proportions and heating rates using analytical methods including thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) coupled analysis, pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and kinetic analysis. The study highlights the impact of heating rate on product distribution, with significant changes observed when the biomass ratio is at 30 %. Moreover, the addition of high-density polyethylene leads to an increase in polyol content in the liquid product. Analysis of product types reveals that plastics act as "hydrogen donors," supplying hydrogen to biomass during co-pyrolysis, thus reducing oxygen chemicals. Results from the kinetic analysis show that the activation energy for co-pyrolysis is lower than individual pyrolysis, also indicating a synergistic effect. Overall, this research provides insights into the synergistic benefits of co-pyrolysis and establishes a theoretical foundation for advancing co-pyrolysis technology. [Display omitted] • A synergistic effect on the co-pyrolysis of pine sawdust with HDPE was observed. • Co-pyrolysis of pine sawdust with HDPE was analyzed using TG-FTIR and Py-GC-MS. • Co-pyrolysis of pine sawdust and HDPE promoted aliphatic hydrocarbons and polyols generation. • The heating rate affects the production concentration of hydrocarbon compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising worldwide need for energy, driven by industrial expansion, population increase, and transportation demands, poses a substantial issue. Microalgae are extremely promising raw materials for biofuel production, and pyrolysis is an efficient method of turning biomass into bioenergy. However, biofuels generated from microalgae pyrolysis frequently have inferior fuel characteristics due to high quantities of moisture and nitrogen. At the same time, population growth has resulted in a large increase in plastic trash, causing serious environmental issues. While some plastics are recycled, a large portion stays useless, adding to environmental issues. The present research looks at how to overcome these issues by investigating the co-pyrolysis of waste plastics and microalgae biomass. This technique provides synergistic benefits for both fuel and value-added product manufacturing. The resultant materials can be utilized as chemicals and to absorb pollutants, providing ecologically acceptable waste management solutions and supporting sustainability. Co-pyrolysis inhibits the transformation of oxygen and nitrogen to bio-oil in a highly efficient method, increasing oxygen release as H 2 O and nitrogen conversion to gas products. The paper fully examines the physicochemical features of microalgae biomass and waste plastics, offering a thorough overview. It also summarizes the present research state of microalgae biomass and plastic co-pyrolysis technology, highlighting the synergistic impacts and identifying future development opportunities. The review's last part addresses the economic feasibility, critical challenges, and the potential of co-pyrolysis processes, offering light on this method of waste disposal and sustainable energy generation. • Co-pyrolysis of microalgae and biomass waste yields superior-quality biofuels. • Positive synergies among diverse materials robustly enhance biofuel quality in co-pyrolysis. • Catalyst integration enhances bio-oil quality, reducing oxygenated compounds and improving HHV. • A proposed comprehensive facility leverages co-pyrolysis and microalgae processing advantages for industry acceleration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new idea for oil production by co-pyrolysis of oil shale and cherry pit was given. • Adding 30% oil shale into cherry pit rose up the oil yield by14.63% during pyrolysis. • More oxygen migrated into oxygen-containing gases rather than co-oil and char. • More H · free radicals preferring to attack H α and H ar led to a rising co-oil quality. • Synergistic effect occurred during co-pyrolysis due to the hydrogen migration. The pyrolysis oil of oil shale is characterized as being of better quality and having a lower yield, whereas the bio-oil from cherry pit has a higher yield but a higher oxygen content, which limits their efficient and clean application. Thus, the pyrolysates characteristics of oil shale and cherry pit have been investigated using a fixed bed reactor to fully utilize their inherent properties in this paper. In addition, the interaction mechanism during co-pyrolysis is explored by analyzing the hydrogen migration pathways. The results reveal that a remarkable synergistic effect on the oil and gas occurs during co-pyrolysis, and the co-oil yield of OS 30 CP 70 improves by 14.63 % compared with the weighted value. During co-pyrolysis, the concentrations of hydrogen- and oxygen-containing gases are higher than expected, and the hydrogen and oxygen contents of char are lower than expected, which is related to that more hydrogen and oxygen of oil shale and cherry pit migrate into gas instead of char. Additionally, more hydrogen and less oxygen migrate into the co-oil during pyrolysis, causing an increase in aliphatics and a reduction in aromatics and oxygenated compounds, and enhancing the quality of the co-oil. 1H NMR shows that the H · free radical is most likely to attack the H α and H ar sites of cracking fragments rather than H β and H γ sites, resulting in the co-oil containing more short-chain aliphatics and aromatics with fewer rings. Besides, the alkali and alkaline earth metals in cherry pit improve the cracking of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups and inhabit the migration of oxygen into co-oil, leading to a decrease in H o content. The energy efficiency of co-pyrolysis is higher than that of individual pyrolysis, which all exceed 90 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-utilization of waste tires (WT) and agricultural and forestry residues (AFR) provides an effective means to produce energy while simultaneously providing solution for waste treatment and environment protection. In this paper, co-pyrolysis of WT and AFR (cotton stalk, CS, peanut shell, PS, and poplar branch, PB) was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and pyrolyzer coupled with gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (Py-GC/MS). The synergistic effects of mass loss rate and hydrocarbon content were quantified from the results of co-pyrolysis of WT with CS, PS, or PB with the weighted average of individual pyrolysis of the feedstocks. The results showed that the mass loss rate of WT with CS, PS, or PB in co-pyrolysis increased by 3.06 %, 3.84 %, and 0.61 %, respectively, compared to the weighted average of individual pyrolysis, while the hydrocarbon content increased by 19.20 %, 18.26 % and 2.97 %, respectively. The addition of AFR to WT made the pyrolysis easier. In co-pyrolysis, the amount of O-compounds decreased while that of hydrocarbons (aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic hydrocarbons) increased. Co-pyrolysis of AFR and WT had an effect on reducing aromatic and nitrogen content. These results provide insights into the synergistic effects, from the products distribution and offer potential waste treatment method for these wastes via thermochemical conversion. [Display omitted] • Co-pyrolysis process enhanced thermal degradation of waste tires and biomass. • Functional groups of waste tires and biomass were analyzed using FTIR. • Synergistic effects of mass loss and hydrocarbon were quantified in co-pyrolysis. • Aliphatic hydrocarbon was the main product using Py-GC/MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis of sludge and sawdust, which are two renewable and abundant biomass resources, offers a promising environmental-friendly way to produce valuable energy products. In this study, the synergistic effect between sludge and sawdust was quantified by fixed bed reactor and thermogravimetric experiments. The product yield and product quality were also studied. The results showed that both temperature and sawdust addition significantly affected the distribution of co-pyrolysis products. Biochar yield decreased with increasing temperature, with the highest yield at 700 °C. With the addition of sawdust, the yield of biochar first increased and then decreased. The highest biochar yield was 58.1 wt% after adding 10 wt% sawdust. The yield of bio-oil initially decreases and then increases with temperature. With the addition of sawdust, the yield of bio-oil first decreased and then increased. The process condition of a temperature of 700 °C–800 °C and a sawdust addition ratio of less than 30 wt% is more favorable for the production of bio-oil. Increasing temperature and the addition of sawdust boosteded syngas production and calorific value. When the sawdust ratio was 10 wt%, it exhibited the most pronounced influence on gas yield and demonstrated less susceptibility to temperature variations. The most obvious increase in the calorific value of syngas was observed at 700 °C and 10 wt% sawdust ratio. Taking into account the product yield and product quality, the optimum conditions for co-pyrolysis were determined to be 750 °C and a sawdust ratio of 10 wt%. • The synergistic effect was studied through the variation of product yield. • Effect of synergistic mechanism on calorific value of syngas is revealed. • The optimum reaction conditions for co-pyrolysis were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing recognition that the degradation of plastics in the environment is a serious problem. This study investigated and reported on the feasibility of removing end-of-life plastics from circulating in the environment. The specific example focuses on non-recyclable plastics found in a waste diversion program for compostable materials, known as the Green Bin Program. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the types of polymers in this stream, as well as to determine if it could be successfully turned into char without separation of its components. The measurements show that polyethylene (72 wt.%), polypropylene (14 wt.%) and polyethylene terephthalate (12 wt.%) are the main constituents of this stream, with minor contributions from polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), Nitrile rubber and Nylon. Samples of the as-received waste containing plastics and fibrous material were subjected to a slow pyrolysis process. The yield of the char product depended on the conditions of the pyrolysis and a strong synergistic effect was noted when both the plastic and fibrous materials were co-pyrolyzed. The study of variable pyrolysis conditions, along with DTA-TGA-MS studies on the mechanism of the char formation, indicate that the positive effect results from enhanced interaction of plastics with air, in the presence of fibrous material, during the initial/pre-treatment step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, co-pyrolysis of low-lipid Nannochloropsis sp. (NS) and waste polystyrene (PS) was deeply investigated using TG-MS-FTIR and Fixed bed reactor to characterize their thermal behaviors, kinetics, evolved gases, and products distribution. The (D)TG investigation of the co-pyrolysis process revealed two distinct stages of thermal decomposition: the first stage (150–420 °C) was mostly caused by NS decomposition, whereas the second stage (420–550 °C) was attributed to NS-PS decomposition. The difference between experimental and theoretical mass loss (ΔW) was lower than zero when the proportion of NS was 75% and 65%. In addition, the average activation energy of the blends containing 75% and 65% of NS was less than sole NS. Thus, based on thermal behaviors and activation energies, the blends with an NS content of 75% and 65% exhibited the strongest synergistic effect. The results of TG-MS, TG-FTIR, and GC-MS analyses revealed that the co-pyrolysis considerably boosted the production of hydrocarbons, notably aromatic hydrocarbons, while concurrently restricting the production of nitrogenous and oxygenous compounds. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the utilization of low-lipid microalgae. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to disclose the interaction during the co-pyrolysis of sawdust (Wood) and municipal solid waste (MSW) using a thermogravimetric analyzer at the heating rates of 10, 30, and 50 °C/min. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that Wood enhanced the depolymerization reaction of plastics in MSW, while MSW could reduce the thermal decomposition temperature of lignocellulosic substances in Wood. In addition, the devolatilization indexes (Di) for the blended samples were approximately 3 times that of Wood, and the maximum of which was −2.5729 × 10−6 %·min−1·K−3 (in WM11), implying that co-pyrolysis was conducive to the release of volatile matter. Moreover, the apparent activation energy (Eα) was calculated by the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) methods. When the mass ratio of MSW to Wood was 1:1, the value of the average activation energy (Eave) was optimal, which was 191.37 kJ/mol. Additionally, the experimental Eave of WM11 was 15.15 kJ/mol lower than the theoretical. Furthermore, thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS) were calculated, and the results verified that co-pyrolysis was a feasible and advantageous way to convert waste into energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomass Chemical Engineering is the property of Editorial Office of Biomass Chemical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The complex composition of biomass leads to wide variations of pyrolysis products, which makes the prediction of pyrolysis product profiles greatly difficult. This study firstly found that biomass co-pyrolysis with oil sludge (OS) made product profiles well-predictable. Co-pyrolysis of three biomass components, hemicellulose (Hemi), cellulose (Cel), and lignin (Lig) with OS increased the comprehensive pyrolysis index compared to OS pyrolysis alone. Moreover, co-pyrolysis with OS led to a weaker intensity of gas release (CH 4 , H 2 O, CO, and CO 2) and lower apparent activation energies than pyrolysis of individual biomass components. OS/Hemi and OS/Cel co-pyrolysis promoted the formation of char and gaseous products as well as the generation of oxygenates in oil products. On the other hand, OS/Lig co-pyrolysis enhanced gas production and contributed to the formation of hydrocarbons like long straight-chain alkanes with less oxygenates formation. Using co-pyrolysis results of OS/Hemi, OS/Cel, and OS/Lig, the product yields and oil compositions of OS/real biomass co-pyrolysis (woody biomass and rice straw) were successfully predicted based on only Hemi/Cel/Lig composition ratios of the biomass. Because direct interactions between OS and biomass components might be prior to pyrolytic interactions among biomass components, it enables the excellent predictability. It also proposes that OS or other appropriate materials might facilitate the industrial applications of miscellaneous biomass pyrolysis owing to reliable predictions of product profiles based on the biomass composition ratios. [Display omitted] • Oil sludge (OS) enhanced oxygenate formation of biomass pyrolysis. • Lignin with OS promoted hydrocarbons production. • Predictions of product profiles of biomass pyrolysis are usually difficult. • However, OS addition enables precise prediction of pyrolysis product profiles. • Prior interactions between OS and biomass components such as low activation energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• (Co–)pyrolysis behaviors and synergistic effects of PMR and additives were studied. • Co-pyrolysis showed synergistic effect on biochar and tar and antagonistic effect on gas. • Co-pyrolysis was beneficial to improve the aromaticity and graphitization of biochar. • Ketones showed the highest synergistic effect during co-pyrolysis of PMR and WD. • The possible reaction pathways for synergistic effect were speculated. Co-pyrolysis is considered as a promising method to treat solid waste and improve product properties. In this work, the co-pyrolysis behavior of penicillin mycelial residues (PMR) and rice husk (RH) and wood dusts (WD) was studied, the physicochemical properties of co-pyrolysis products (gas, tar and biochar) were systematically analyzed, and the interaction effects were discussed. TG results showed that the synergistic effect of PMR co-pyrolysis with WD was much higher than that of PMR co-pyrolysis with RH. And co-pyrolysis showed synergistic effect on biochar and tar and antagonistic effect on gas. XRD, Raman and XPS results showed that the co-pyrolysis of PMR and additives (RH and WD) was beneficial to improve the aromaticity and graphitization of biochar. For the co-pyrolysis of PMR and RH, the enhancement of Maillard and Mannich reaction promoted the formation of N-containing heterocyclic compounds, the N-containing compounds obtained better synergistic effects (S = 21.28 %). During the co-pyrolysis of PMR and WD, the decarboxylation, glycoside bond breaking, inner ring C–O group breaking and C–C bond breaking of macromolecules promoted the increase of ketones and furans, especially the ketones obtained the greatest synergistic effect (S = 73.93 %). And the possible reaction pathways for synergistic effect during co-pyrolysis of PMR with RH and WD was speculated, the application framework of pyrolysis products based on the concept of green sustainable development was designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis of coal slime (CS) and sewage sludge (SS) is a promising technology to achieve waste reduction and recovery of value-added products. For the first time, pyrolysis behavior, kinetics, thermodynamics, dendrite neural network modelling, and evolved char structure were examined in the co-pyrolysis of CS and SS. The results showed that blending CS and SS at a weight ratio of 6:4 yielded a higher synergy in relation to the obtained kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. At lower temperatures, the active hydroxyl radicals released from SS pyrolyzed volatiles accelerate the dehydrogenation reactions of CS. The interaction between oxygen radicals, such as ether bonds in SS volatiles, and aromatics or hydrocarbon compounds in CS char increases the content of oxygenated compounds in the pyrolytic char by significantly enhancing its reactivity. As the temperature rises, the demethylation reaction of aliphatic hydrocarbons in SS volatiles generates a considerable amount of hydrogen radicals. This intensifies the formation of small-ring aromatic compounds during co-pyrolysis, further facilitating the condensation of small-ring aromatics into larger-ring aromatics at higher temperatures. In addition, a novel dendrite neural network model was successfully applied to predict the co-pyrolysis behavior of CS and SS, whereby the transfer function of interaction was obtained. [Display omitted] • The addition of SS enhances the pyrolytic reactivity of CS. • CS and SS blend at 6:4 yielded the highest synergetic effect than other ratios. • Interaction increased small aromatic rings and O-containing functional groups in co-pyrolysis char. • The interaction raised the formation of ethers and π-type oxygenated radicals in co-pyrolysis char. • Dendrite Net is, for the first time, applied for the co-pyrolysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global energy consumption has increased as a result of a growing population and industrialization, leading to a number of complications such as fossil fuel exhaustion, electrical shortages, and pollution. Due to these challenges, it was necessary to discover and apply abundant renewable energy sources, especially biomass, using thermochemical conversion methods such as co-pyrolysis. Synergistic improvements can be made to fuel and value-added products by using plastic waste and solid biomass feedstock mixtures. The present research provides an indication of earlier investigations, current achievements, and upcoming possibilities in the co-pyrolysis of solid biomass and plastic waste for the generation of superior-quality biofuels. The properties of key plastic waste components are addressed, with an emphasis on the synergistic benefits that may be obtained by co-pyrolyzing them with biomass. A range of state-of-the-art experimental methodologies for the co-pyrolysis study is assessed using different types of reactors. The obstacles and prospects for advancement in the co-pyrolysis of various solid biomass and plastic waste mixes are also highlighted. This critical evaluation indicated that co-pyrolysis of solid biomass with plastic waste is more advantageous than typical biomass pyrolysis independently and it is a simple, effective, and optional method of accomplishing effective waste management, boosting energy security, and lowering reliance on fossil fuels. [Display omitted] • Co-pyrolysis of solid biomass with plastic waste was investigated • Feedstock ratio plays an important role for optimum yield and quality of product • Oxygenated compounds decreases and aromatic hydrocarbons increases via co-pyrolysis • Challenges and future directions of biomass and plastic co-pyrolysis are highlighted [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Microwave co-pyrolysis of industrial sludge and biomass and synergies were studied. • Biomass addition significantly improved the co-pyrolysis. • Co-pyrolysis enhanced the bio-oil and gas with significant reduction in biochar. • Microwave co-pyrolysis improved the quality of bio-oil and biochar. • Interactions reduced the release of volatile pollutants and heavy metal hazards. Microwave co-pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge (TS) and furfural residue (FR) was investigated in this study. Comprehensive pyrolysis index (CPI) was employed to investigate pyrolysis performance and FR addition significantly improved co-pyrolysis. Product distribution showed that increasing FR ratio enhanced the bio-oil and gas with significant reduction in biochar. For bio-oil, FR addition neutralized the strong alkalinity and inhibited the formation of nitrogen compounds. Moreover, bio-oil maintained a very low oxygenates content (0.97–5.97%). For biochar, co-pyrolysis was favorable for the enrichment of C and H and mitigated the potential contamination. FR addition increased the calorific value and contributed to pore development of biochar. Online inspection displayed that co-pyrolysis drastically restrained the release of sulfur-compounds and nitrogenates in volatile, while enhanced the production of alkanes, aldehydes, and ketones. Moreover, the interaction between TS and FR was influenced by their major components. For heavy metals (HMs), Er was at low risk for most HMs and FR addition ratios of 40 and 80 wt% appeared to be more favorable. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that FR addition changed the decomposition behavior and affected co-pyrolysis process. This study also evaluated the co-pyrolysis synergistic mechanisms of TS and FR. Overall, microwave co-pyrolysis is a novel and effective method to reduce environmental pollution and produce high-quality products, providing new insights for the low consumption and efficient utilization of industrial solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-pyrolysis behavior of coal and polypropylene (PP) was investigated by reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) simulation in the present study. In addition to analyzing the co-pyrolysis behavior at the atomic scale, the trajectories of different elements from different material sources were first observed. The weight loss of coal and PP is consistent with previous experimental studies, demonstrating the reliability of the ReaxFF MD simulation. The analysis of pyrolysis products showed that all blended systems contributed to tar and H 2 yields at high temperatures compared to the calculated values. Among them, the coal/PP (6:4) system had the most significant effect on improving tar yield. H 2 can be divided into three types according to different sources of H·, and with the increase of PP proportion, H· from PP is more willing to produce H PP2 at 3000 K. Then, the kinetics of the co-pyrolysis systems with multiple heating rates were studied, and only the activation energy of the coal/PP (4:6) system was reduced. Subsequently, we gave the mechanism by combining the pyrolysis process and the change in the number of free radicals. The blended systems promoted the production of more H· through PP, which made heavy compounds in coal further decomposition. [Display omitted] • The co-pyrolysis of coal and polypropylene was studied using ReaxFF MD. • Five blended systems exhibited positive synergistic effects on tar and H 2 yields. • The kinetics of co-pyrolysis systems with multiple heating rates was analyzed. • The H elements from different sources were separated and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Our results show the advantages of co-pyrolysis of microalgae and plastic. • Adding plastics (except PVC) reduced the solid residue in co-pyrolysis. • Physical and chemical effect increased solid residue of microalgae-PVC blend. • The interaction between microalgae and PET increased the total production of CO 2. • Synergy between microalgae and plastics lowered the apparent activation energy. The coexistence of plastics and microalgae in the ocean has brought great challenges to the environment. Therefore, co-pyrolysis of microalgae Dunaliella salina (DS) and typical plastics (polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) were investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The results showed that the coating effect of the molten plastics promoted the pyrolysis of DS. The solid residue amounts of DS-PP, DS-PS, and DS-PET blends were reduced by 1.55 wt%, 1.39 wt%, 1.69 wt%, respectively, as a result of the hydrogenation reaction between the unsaturated products generated by plastics and biochar. While for DS-PVC, attributed to the physical and chemical effects during the co-pyrolysis process, the solid residue was increased by 1.36 wt%. For the other three blends, the solid residues were reduced due to the hydrogenation reaction between the unsaturated products generated by plastics and biochar. FTIR analysis of gaseous products indicated the total CO 2 production increased significantly for DS-PET. Besides, the alkyls generated by DS reacted with HCl during DS-PVC co-pyrolysis, the resulting products were then fixed in biochar. Kinetic results suggested that due to the co-pyrolysis with DS, the activation energies of PP, PS, and PET were reduced by 1/2, 1/3, and 3/4, respectively, and this value for PVC in its second stage was reduced by 1/4. Our results indicated the advantage to co-pyrolyze the microalgae and marine plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clean Coal Technology is the property of Clean Coal Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is growing recognition that the degradation of plastics in the environment is a serious problem. This study investigated and reported on the feasibility of removing end-of-life plastics from circulating in the environment. The specific example focuses on non-recyclable plastics found in a waste diversion program for compostable materials, known as the Green Bin Program. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the types of polymers in this stream, as well as to determine if it could be successfully turned into char without separation of its components. The measurements show that polyethylene (72 wt.%), polypropylene (14 wt.%) and polyethylene terephthalate (12 wt.%) are the main constituents of this stream, with minor contributions from polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), Nitrile rubber and Nylon. Samples of the as-received waste containing plastics and fibrous material were subjected to a slow pyrolysis process. The yield of the char product depended on the conditions of the pyrolysis and a strong synergistic effect was noted when both the plastic and fibrous materials were co-pyrolyzed. The study of variable pyrolysis conditions, along with DTA-TGA-MS studies on the mechanism of the char formation, indicate that the positive effect results from enhanced interaction of plastics with air, in the presence of fibrous material, during the initial/pre-treatment step.

• Waste plastic disposal represents serious environmental issue. • Co-pyrolysis of biomass sawdust and PS enhance bio-oil properties. • Synergistic effect is most evident for lower share of plastic content. • PS yields high amount of valuable aromatic hydrocarbons as well as toxic PAHs. • Optimal plastic content in fuel mixture is between 20–40 % for high quality bio-oils. Usage of traditional biomass raises serious concerns regarding its sustainability due to the inefficient combustion in household stoves and potential over-usage if the intention is to replace fossil fuels in power plants. Co-pyrolysis of biomass feedstock with different waste materials, especially plastics, might be a promising alternative for sustainable usage of enhanced biofuels. Even more, co-pyrolysis can help to integrate waste management schemes into the power production sector. Plastics materials have properties similar to those of fossil fuels in terms of heating value and the absence of oxygenated compounds; therefore, they could significantly improve the properties of biomass products, especially bio-oils. Especially interesting for this method is polystyrene (PS) since it yields a high share of liquid fraction, which is the most valuable pyrolytic product. In this work, co-pyrolysis was performed for a mixture of waste biomass sawdust (oak, poplar and fir wood) and waste polystyrene from dairy product packaging. Pyrolysis was carried out for sawdust and polystyrene alone, and their respective fuel blends (PS/SD 25−75%, PS/SD 50−50%, PS/SD 75−25%) from room temperature to 600 °C with a retention time of half an hour. The highest yield of liquid fraction was noticed for mixtures with 75 % of PS, while the lowest one was for blends with 25 % of PS, with a yield of 83.86 % and 62.33 %, respectively. Additionally, the mass spectrometric analysis was carried out to determine the chemical composition of the obtained oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For thermal and kinetic analyses of co-pyrolysis of biomass and coal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is usually used to get valuable information for accurate design of co-pyrolysis facilities. In this study, pyrolysis mechanism of the equal mixture of tomato, pepper, and eggplant wastes as greenhouse vegetables wastes (GVW) and its blend with coal was investigated by using TGA with different heating rates. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated by using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) models. To highlight the synergistic effect between GVW and coal during co-pyrolysis, the deviation between the experimental and calculated values of mass loss and mass loss rate was calculated. The average activation energy (Ea) of 100%wt calculated by FWO and KAS models was 74.27 and 67.00 kJ mol−1, whereas Ea of 0%wt was 133.99 and 129.84 kJ mol−1, respectively. The average Ea of 25%wt was 148.34 and 145.19 kJ mol−1, while it was 57.21 and 49.40 kJ mol−1 for 50%wt. The positive values of deviation indicated the existence of synergistic effect between GVW and coal during co-pyrolysis. The blend of 50%wt with the smallest Ea and ΔS was the best combination for the simultaneous valorization of GVW and coal through pyrolysis. • Co-pyrolysis of greenhouse vegetable wastes (GVW) and coal was performed by TGA. • FWO and KAS models were used to calculate kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. • Synergistic effect was observed during co-pyrolysis of GVW and coal. • The lowest activation energy was obtained at the mixture of 50%wt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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