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In total, 38 patients with cystic dorsal wrist tumours managed with surgical excision were prospectively followed up for 2 years. Tissue was examined histologically after primary surgery and at recurrence. Two distinct tissue types were found: ganglion cyst and synovial cyst., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ganglion cyst of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an uncommon pathology with uncertain etiology. There is no consensus on their management. The current systematic review aimed to discuss the clinical and histopathological features of ganglion cysts of TMJ, to aid in appropriate treatment. A literature search was done and a total of 20 cases were retrieved from published databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. The cyst presented with swelling in all the cases followed by pain (50 %) and trismus (35 %) as other common symptoms. Though CT and MRI proved helpful in determining the location of the cyst, a histopathological examination was essential in concluding its final diagnosis. It is a pseudocyst lined by dense fibro-connective tissue with myxoid tissue degeneration. Histologically, it is essential to distinguish them from the clinically and radiographically similar true cyst of TMJ, synovial cyst. The lining of ganglion cyst is devoid of epithelium and synovial cells. Surgical excision was found to be the treatment of choice with minimal recurrence (10 %) being reported., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Painful ganglion cysts that develop in the hallux and finger usually enlarge progressively to the peripheral direction. Simple resection of satellite ganglion cyst alone has been reported to cause a high rate of recurrence and treatment is often very difficult. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the appropriate surgical treatment for painful satellite ganglion cysts in the hallux and finger and discuss the origin of the ganglion cysts in cases treated surgically at our hospital. We reviewed five cases (three males and two females, ages 55-87 years), three of which occurred in the hallux and two in the finger. In all cases, the preoperative magnetic resonance image showed a large fluid of the flexor tendon sheath. And also, joint effusion was found in the metatarsophalangeal joint and the proximal interphalangeal joint. The first case of the hallux ganglion underwent simple excision of the cyst and had recurrences three times. In the other four cases, the additional synovectomy of the metatarsophalangeal joint and the proximal interphalangeal joint was performed along with ganglion cyst excision. These cases had no recurrence up to 1 year after operation. Recently, there have been reports that tendon sheath ganglions are connected to the ankle, wrist, hallux, and phalangeal joints. Although there are a few cases in our department, satellite ganglion cyst of the hallux and finger possibly originates from adjacent joints. Additional synovectomy of the affected joint should be performed for the excision of satellite ganglion cyst to prevent recurrence., (© Japan College of Rheumatology 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) synovial cysts are rare, unlike peripheric locations like the wrist or the knee. They share similar presentations with ganglion cyst, benign and sometimes malignant lesions. Only histopathological analysis confirms diagnosis in some cases, finding a true cyst lined by synoviocytes containing synovial fluid. They seem to be related to an increased articular pressure following trauma. In this study we present two cases of TMJ synovial cyst and a systematic review of the literature. A total of 32 cases were retrieved from published literature in PubMed, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov databases using the search terms 'TMJ synovial cyst', 'temporomandibular synovial cyst', 'jaw joint synovial cyst'. Swelling (91.3%) and pain (78.3%) were the most common symptoms. MRI was the most commonly used imaging modality that was found to be beneficial for diagnosis. In almost all cases the cyst was removed under general anesthesia, allowing histopathological examination. Only two patients still had pain after removal of the cyst. No recurrence was observed ., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To evaluate the factors affecting the clinical and radiological findings of juxtafacet cyst patients., Material and Methods: Between January 2011 and December 2018, eight patients diagnosed with juxtafacet cyst were reviewed, retrospectively. Patient demographics; signs and symptoms; and neurological examination, radiological, and surgical findings were noted., Results: The mean age was 54 years (range, 34â€"69 years) with five (62.5%) females and three (37.5%) males. There were nine juxtafacet cysts in eight patients. Five cysts (55.5%) were located at the L3â€"L4 level, two cysts (22.2%) at the L4â€"L5 level, and two cysts (22.2%) at the L5â€"S1 level. In all patients with L3â€"L4 cysts, the intercrest line was intersecting the spinal column at L4 vertebral body level. The most frequent symptoms were back pain and radiculopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography revealed degenerative facet arthropathy in six patients (75%). Three patients (37.5%) had a medical history of trauma. One patient (12.5%) was treated conservatively. Seven patients (87.5%) were advised to undergo surgical treatment., Conclusion: Degeneration and instability are the main causes of juxtafacet cysts. They are mainly seen at the L4â€"L5 level due to higher movement capacity of this level. But, if the intercrest line intersects the spinal column at higher levels, degeneration and instability risks move to upper levels, and juxtafacet cysts may occur at the L3â€"L4 or upper levels.

Objective: The presence of findings at wrist MRI that may mimic disease is a diagnostic problem. The purpose of this study is to examine the occurrence of bone marrow changes resembling edema, joint fluid, and ganglion cysts over time, in a cohort of healthy children., Materials and Methods: Seventy-four of 89 healthy children included in a study of normal MRI findings of the wrists were reexamined after a period of 4 years, using the same 1.5-T MRI technique-namely, a coronal T1-weighted and a T2-weighted fat-saturated sequence. A history of handedness, diseases, and sports activity was noted., Results: Bone marrow edema or edemalike changes were seen in 29 of 74 (39.2%) wrists in 2013 as compared with 35 of 72 (48.6%) wrists in 2009 (p = 0.153), all in different locations. Changes were found in central parts of the bone, on both sides of a joint, or near bony depressions. Fifty percent of all subjects had at least one fluid pocket greater than or equal to 2 mm. The location was unchanged in 47% of the joints. In 24% of the individuals, at least one ganglion cyst was seen. Six ganglion cysts present on the first scan were not seen on the follow-up scan, and 11 new ganglion cysts had appeared., Conclusion: Awareness of normal MRI appearances of the growing skeleton is crucial when interpreting MRI of children, and such findings must not be interpreted as pathologic abnormalities.

Purpose: Differentiating between ganglion and synovial cysts by standard histology is difficult, leading to inaccurate statements on frequency for each of these periarticular lesions. The purpose of this study was to use immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to 1) calculate the accuracy of the histologic diagnoses, 2) determine the frequency of ganglion and synovial cysts of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and 3) compare the frequency of these lesions in the TMJ compared with the extracranial skeleton in patients treated at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)., Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing treatment of TMJ cysts at MGH from 2001 through 2013. IHC analysis of tissue samples for each patient was completed and compared with the original histologic diagnoses. Categorical variables, including age, gender, and sidedness, were recorded. A natural language search of the MGH Department of Pathology database determined the frequency of extracranial periarticular cysts during the same period., Results: Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Eleven cysts were synovial and 2 were ganglion based on histology. IHC analysis identified 2 false-positive synovial cyst diagnoses, resulting in 100% sensitivity and 50% specificity for the original histologic assessment and a percentage error of 22%. Of the periarticular TMJ lesions, 69% were synovial cysts and 31% were ganglion cysts. The frequency of TMJ versus extracranial ganglion cysts was 0.24%, and the frequency of TMJ versus extracranial synovial cysts was 0.60% based on 3,176 extracranial cysts (1,506 synovial; 1,670 ganglion)., Conclusion: This study represents the largest single-institution experience with periarticular cysts of the TMJ, and contrary to previous reports, TMJ cysts appear to be more frequently synovial than ganglion. IHC can be used to overcome the relatively poor specificity of histologic diagnosis of synovial cysts., (Copyright © 2016 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ganglion cysts are common pseudocystic masses, whereas those arising from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are rare entities. We report a case of ganglion cyst of the right TMJ with symptomatic bilateral TMJ internal derangement in a 24-year-old man. Disk repositioning using bone anchors and excision of the ganglion cyst were performed. A unique characteristic of inflammatory infiltrates was revealed in the specimen, and the relationship between these 2 distinct entities and probable pathogenesis of infectious involvement are discussed.

Background: Ganglion cysts of the cruciate ligament are rare and sometimes asymptomatic. The authors present three cases of ganglion cysts of the cruciate ligament with atlantoaxial subluxation, which has rarely been reported previously., Methods: Generally, ganglion cysts of the cruciate ligament are reported as case reports. Several theories regarding the process of cyst formation and the development of treatment options have been described. However, trans-oral decompression with total removal of the cyst may be one of the options for treatment of this kind of disease., Results: A retrospective review of three patients, two female and one male patient, with a mean age of 68 years was conducted. The operation performed was a trans-oral decompression with cyst removal for all patients. Clinical outcomes were evaluated after the operation. All patients underwent trans-oral decompression with total removal of the cyst, followed by posterior fusion and pathologic examination of the cyst, revealing myxoid stroma with an absence of synovial linings., Conclusion: The ganglion cysts and synovial cysts of the cruciate ligament are two different diseases with different presentation, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and pathologic findings.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical findings of 6 cases with synovial or ganglion cysts occurring in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)., Study Design: Six patients with histopathologically confirmed TMJ cysts who were examined by MRI were included in this study. Two oral radiologists retrospectively evaluated MR images., Results: MR images revealed a homogeneous well defined mass of the TMJ in all cases. These cysts demonstrated low signal intensity on proton density-weighted (PDW) and homogeneous very high signal on T2-weighted (T2W) images. They were all characteristically continuous with the joint capsule. Regarding clinical features, all 6 patients had some type of TMJ pain., Conclusions: TMJ cysts were identified as well defined homogeneous masses with low signal intensity on PDW and very high signal on T2W images, and characterized by continuity with the joint capsule. All of the patients with TMJ cysts exhibited some type TMJ pain., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The origin for complex intraneural cysts remains controversial despite recent emerging evidence to support their articular origin. The coexistence of intraneural and adventitial cysts has been described due to the proximate neurovascular bundle, i.e., the articular (neural) branch and vessels at the joint capsule. To clarify the pathogenesis, anatomically based imaging patterns can be identified. This paper characterizes a common finding identified on MRI describing the adventitial component originating from the superior tibiofibular joint (STFJ). MRIs of patients with fibular (peroneal) (n = 24) and tibial (n = 7) intraneural ganglion cysts were reviewed. Eleven patients with fibular intraneural ganglion cysts were identified as having a coexisting adventitial component. In all cases, the adventitial cyst extended from the anterior portion of the STFJ, within the capsular vessels, and along the anterior tibial vessels. The reproducible anatomy permitted the identification of an imaging pattern: the "vascular U" sign, consisting of cystic anterior tibial vessels running through the interosseous membrane between the proximal tibia and fibula. This sign was seen on axial MR image(s) obtained at the level of the fibular neck in all cases. To generalize these findings, the rare tibial intraneural ganglion cysts (derived from the posterior aspect of the STFJ) were examined; two cases had coexisting adventitial cysts with visualization of the vascular U sign. This new imaging pattern can improve the identification of adventitial cysts at the level of the STFJ., (Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Object: Juxtafacet cysts (JFCs) in usual locations have recently been shown to have joint connections. The pathogenesis of JFCs in unusual locations has remained obscure. The authors hypothesize that all JFCs, including atypical ones, are joint derived., Methods: In this study the authors sought to explain the occurrence and formation of clinical outliers of spinal JFCs. In Part I, they performed an extensive literature search to identify case reports of spinal intraneural cysts that have been unappreciated despite the fact that they should occur. In Part II, they studied far-lateral (extraforaminal) cysts treated at their institution and reported in the literature. The presence of a joint connection was specifically looked for since this finding has not been widely appreciated., Results: In Part I, 3 isolated case reports of spinal intraneural JFCs without reported joint connections were identified: 2 involving L-5 and 1, C-8. In Part II, 6 cases involving patients with far-lateral JFCs treated at the authors' institution were reviewed and all 6 had joint connections. Two of these cases had been previously published, although their joint connections were not appreciated. In 2 of the newly reported cases, arthrography confirmed a communication between the facet and the cyst. Only 1 of 5 cases in the literature had a recognized joint connection., Conclusions: The authors believe that all JFCs are joint derived. This explanation for intraneural and extraneural JFCs in typical locations would be consistent with the unified articular (synovial) theory and the pathogenesis for intraneural and extraneural ganglion cyst formation in the limbs. Facet joints appear no different from other synovial joints occurring elsewhere. Understanding the pathogenesis of these cysts will help target treatment to the joint, improve surgical outcomes, and decrease recurrences.

A case of tumour localized in the distal forearm is described. CT imaging of the lesion mimicked a malignancy because of it's heterogeneous structure. Primary intended for open diagnostic biopsy, intraoperatively a lesion was recognized as a polycystic ganglion growing from the wrist joint. The tumour was resected completely and histopathology confirmed its benign nature. Authors touch the diagnostic difficulties in atypical clinical presentations of the ganglions and when they mimic a malignancy at imaging.