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Objective: This study aims to provide a scoping review and attempts to uncover the possible association between burning mouth disorder and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Ovid, Scopus, and a search platform (EBSCOhost) were searched from their inception to August 22, 2023. Results: After screening 2795 records, 18 articles were included in the final review, comprising cross‐sectional studies (n = 9), case–control studies (n = 5), case reports (n = 2), case series (n = 1), and experimental study (n = 1). The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and its extraesophageal manifestations of laryngopharyngeal reflux in burning mouth patients was reported 3.39%–23.4% and 50%–93.8%, respectively, while oral burning was reported in 9%–45% of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. In case–control studies, gastroesophageal reflux disease was more prevalent in patients with burning mouth disorder compared with controls. Burning mouth would be resolved after antireflux therapy in laryngopharyngeal reflux patients in case series. PH value and saliva alternation might be the possible mechanisms. Conclusion: The possibility of the correlation between burning mouth disorder and gastroesophageal reflux disease still needs to be clearly demonstrated through better‐conducted studies. The link between them is worth to be explored in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the worldwide prevalence and epidemiology profile of burning mouth syndrome. Material and Methods: A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted. Search strategies were performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database for studies published before January 31, 2021, for the prevalence of burning mouth syndrome. Results: Eighteen articles were included. The overall pooled prevalence of burning mouth syndrome was 1.73% (95% CI = 0.176–0.351, n = 26,632) in general population, and 7.72% (95% CI = 0.434–0.691, n = 86,591) in clinical patients. The subgroup analysis by continent showed that among the population‐based studies the prevalence in Asia (1.05%) lower than in Europe (5.58%) and North America (1.10%). The subgroup analysis by gender showed the prevalence of female (1.15%) was higher than male (0.38%) in general population. The subgroup analysis by age showed the prevalence was higher for people over 50 (3.31%) than under 50 (1.92%). Conclusions: The pooled prevalence of burning mouth syndrome was relatively high in both general population and clinical patients, varies in different regions with the highest prevalence in Europe, and females over 50 years were the most susceptible group. More epidemiological surveys on the prevalence of burning mouth syndrome are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Behcet's disease (BD) is an autoimmune disease of systemic vasculitis with an unclear pathogenesis. Although western medicines remain the mainstay interventions, effectiveness and safety are significant challenges. Complementary and alternative medicine, including herbal medicine, are gaining more attention. Chinese medicine decoctions, which have been used for centuries, are the most common form of traditional therapies. Objective. The purpose of the review was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese medicine decoctions in the treatment of BD. Methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for BD treatment with Chinese medicine decoctions were searched in six electronic databases until March 2021. Primary outcomes were total effective rate, recovery rate, and recurrence rate. Secondary outcomes were clinical feature scores (oral ulcers, eye lesions, genital ulcers, skin lesions, arthropathies, fever, and pathergy reactions) and laboratory index levels (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and immunoglobulin A). The risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Handbook, and a meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.4.1. Results. Sixteen RCTs with 924 patients were included in the review. The meta-analysis indicated that Chinese medicine decoctions were effective for BD when compared with control groups for all the primary outcomes and 7/10 of the secondary outcomes. Adverse events were reported in 11 of the 16 RCTs, with the Chinese medicine decoctions possibly having fewer adverse events than western drugs. This review included a range of classical prescriptions. An additional meta-analysis of modified Gancao Xiexin Decoction for BD treatment was conducted. Gancao Xiexin decoction is also discussed as a representative prescription, as well as high-frequency herbs, and warrants further exploration for individualized medicine and pharmacology. Conclusion. Chinese medicine decoctions have the potential to be effective and safe for treating BD. However, additional well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm the findings because of the unsatisfactory quality of the included studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation (PBM) on primary burning mouth syndrome (pBMS). We searched Chinese and English studies published before February 10, 2020. The databases used include PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Wanfang Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) that used the PBM to treat pBMS and reported specific treatment outcomes were considered for inclusion. We eventually included 12 RCTs, and 574 samples were included in these studies. The primary outcomes investigated were pain reduction and life quality improvement. A meta-analysis performed on 9 groups in 5 trials showed that PBM was effective in reducing pain compared with placebo (MD − 1.86, 95% CI − 2.59 to − 1.13, Z = 4.99, P < 0.00001). Meta-analysis was also performed on 7 groups in 4 trials and showed that PBM was effective in improving life quality compared with placebo (MD − 3.43, 95% CI − 5.11 to − 1.75, Z = 4.00, P < 0.0001). Qualitative analysis of the included RCTs found that PBM might also play a role in the decrease of TNF-α and IL-6 in saliva. Three studies that compared PBM with medications were evaluated by descriptive analysis. None of the treatment-related adverse event was reported. Up to date, PBM appears to have an effect on pain reduction and life quality improvement in pBMS patients. However, more evidence is still required to warrant its efficacy and safety in treating pBMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To systematically review and assess the in vivo effectiveness and safety of probiotics for prophylaxis and treating oral candidiasis. Methods: A literature search for studies published in English until August 1, 2018 was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Randomized controlled clinical trials and experimental mouse animal model studies comparing probiotics (at any dosage and in any form) with control groups (placebo, blank control or other agents) and reporting outcomes of the prophylactic and therapeutic effects were considered for inclusion. A descriptive study and, potentially, a meta-analysis were planned. Results: Six randomized controlled clinical trials and 5 controlled experiments of mouse animal models were included in the systematic review. Four randomized controlled clinical trials comparing a probiotics group with a placebo/blank control group in 480 elderly and denture wearers were included in the meta-analysis. The overall combined odds ratio of the (random effects) meta-analysis was 0.24 (95% CI =0.09–0.63, P < 0.01). The overall combined odds ratio of the (fixed effects) sensitivity analysis was 0.39 (95% CI =0.25–0.60, P < 0.01) by excluding a study with the smallest sample size. These analyses showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the effect of probiotics compared with the control groups in elderly and denture wearers. The remaining 2 studies compared probiotics with other agents in a population aged 18–75 years and children aged 6–14 years respectively, and were analyzed descriptively. Meta-analysis and descriptive analyses indicated that probiotics were potentially effective in reducing morbidity, improving clinical symptoms and reducing oral Candida counts in oral candidiasis. The biases of the included studies were low or uncertain. The relatively common complaints reported were gastrointestinal discomfort and unpleasant taste, and no severe adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Probiotics were superior to the placebo and blank control in preventing and treating oral candidiasis in the elderly and denture wearers. Although probiotics showed a favorable effect in treating oral candidiasis, more evidence is required to warrant their effectiveness when compared with conventional antifungal treatments. Moreover, data on the safety of probiotics are still insufficient, and further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]