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The present study applied the social-ecological framework to explore factors associated with adolescents' experiences in bullying victimization in Taiwanese middle schools. Data include a random sample of 1,262 students, ages 13–15, from 43 middle schools in Taiwan's New Taipei City. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was utilized to analyze the data, which included hierarchical and nested structures, such as individual and area level variables. Descriptive statistics and basic inferential analysis were conducted to test the hypotheses that individual (delinquency), family (parental monitoring), school (teacher support and teacher/staff punishment), community (community environment), and area levels (poverty rate) were associated with bullying victimization. Findings reveal that individual (Grade 7, conduct problems), school (teacher/staff punishment), community environment, and criminal activities had significant effects on bullying victimization in Taiwan. Implications for practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early Cenozoic rift basins developed commonly on the Mesozoic basement along the SE Asia Continent. However, Eocene–Oligocene sequences were only exposed widely onshore Taiwan. We study benthic foraminifera and determine U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircon grains in the Early Cenozoic sequence onshore Taiwan for understanding if there was any significant change in faunal content and sediment provenance between the Eocene syn-rift sequences and the overlying Oligocene post-rift strata across the breakup unconformity. The Eocene syn-rift sequences are mostly of thick, cross-bedded sandstones of fluvial-deltaic depositions without marine fauna. Intensive study on the Eocene stratigraphy in more than ten sections all over the Taiwan mountain belt in the last three decades, shallow marine benthic foraminifera of Gaudryina hayasakai-Hanzawaia asterizana-Planularia okinoshimaensis-Heterolepa praecinta assemblage were found only in very limited exposures in the Western Foothills, central Taiwan. This study shows that the Eocene benthic foraminiferal assemblage is similar to the Shihtsaoan fauna in the overlying Oligocene post-rift marine strata. This indicates no significant faunal break across the breakup unconformity. As a consequence, Gaudryina hayasakai Zone of the Shihtsaoan age can extend downward to the Eocene and the Shihtsaoan Stage would be equivalent to the Hsuehshanian Stage established previously from northern Taiwan. The Taiwan Eocene marine sequences could be deposited in a normal-fault bounded narrow seaway or gulf connecting southeastward to the open Huatung Basin. U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircons in the Taiwan Eocene syn-rift sandstones shows a prominent age peak centered in Yenshanian (100–155 Ma) similar to the Paleocene–Oligocene fluvial-deltaic deposits in the East China Sea and is also comparable to the U–Pb zircon age spectrum of modern river sands of the Fujian Province, SE China. Petrographic study also suggests a prevailing sediment provenance of the Cathaysia granites and volcanics. These Cathaysia detritals were transported to the Taiwan Eocene grabens through some SE-flowing rivers. Structural reconstructions in previous study indicated that the mountain belt with the Eocene sequences in NE Taiwan had been shortened by imbricated thrusting westward for 160–200 km wide during the arc-continent collision in the last 6.5 Ma. Integrating paleontology and sedimentology evidence reveal that the Eocene coast was located along the modern shelf break of the East China Sea ~ 350–400 km east off the modern Chinese coast line. This implies that in the Eocene time (~ 40 Ma) there was no wide Asian epi-continental marginal seas off Chinese coast until the onset sedimentation of the Oligocene post-rift strata during opening of the South China Sea in the Early Oligocene time (~ 33 Ma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sixteen third-order Oligo-Miocene well-log sequences are identified in Taiwan. • These sequences are deposited in the northeast passive margin of the South China Sea. • Sequence development is governed by eustasy but modulated by local tectonics. Oligocene-Miocene sediments in the Taiwan region were accumulated in the NE passive-continental margin of the South China Sea. We utilized around ~200 boreholes and reflection seismic data to study the Oligo-Miocene sequence stratigraphic framework in the Taiwan region. Major sequence boundaries are used to map out various sediment isopach maps, enabling us to decipher dominant tectonic events during the course of passive-margin evolution. The Oligocene-Miocene succession is divided into 16 sequences on the basis of well-log correlation. These 16 sequences can be grouped into four (A, B, C, D) sequence sets. Isopach maps of sequence sets B and C (~21–12.5 Ma) show that they blanket the west Taiwan basins with relatively uniform thickness deposited during uniform and slow basement subsidence. Sequence sets A (~30–21 Ma) and D (~12.5–6.5 Ma), however, thickened into fault-bounded troughs, recording two extensional events that were especially active in the outer margin (i.e., the Tainan Basin). There is a general correlation between the Taiwan Miocene sequences and the glacioeustasy during the interval ~21–6.5 Ma. Therefore, eustasy is the dominant control on the Taiwan Miocene stratigraphic development. The deposition of the sequence set A during ~30–21 Ma and possibly the sequence set D in the outer margin during the late Miocene, however, appears to have been strongly modulated by extensional tectonics and local sedimentary factors (e.g., rates of basin subsidence, sediment supply and basin physiography, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]