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Aspiciliella pakistanica K. Habib, Q. Firdous, Sohrabi & Khalid MycoBank No: 838033 Diagnosis: The taxon is characterized by a whitish���grey thallus, 0.8���1.5 mm thick, with areoles 1���4.2 mm wide without pale lines on the surface and a discontinuous algal layer arranged in groups of vertical rows. Etymology: The specific epithet pakistanica (Latin) refers to the country of origin of this species Typus: PAKISTAN. Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Muzaffarabad, Pir Chinasi, 34�� 23��� 20.76��� N, 73�� 32��� 59.64��� E, 2,900 m a.s.l.; on rocks; August 3, 2018, T. S. Ullah & K. Habib PC ���15 (LAH 36686 ��� Holotype) and Isotype (ICH ��� Isotype). Thallus: crustose, areolate to rimose areolate, 5 to 8 cm wide, epruinose. Areoles: 1���4.2 mm wide and 0.8���1.5 mm thick, thicker centrally but thinner toward the periphery, broadly attached to stipitate, separated by distinct cracks, discrete to rarely contiguous, smooth to thinly wrinkled, angular or irregular, replicating by division, flat to weakly convex. Upper surface whitish���grey in the field, becoming pale yellow-brown to brown in the herbarium. Lower surface dark brown to black. Prothallus: not apparent. Upper Cortex: 10���20 ��m thick, smooth, upper layer dark gray���brown, hyaline adjacent to the algal layer, paraplectenchymtous, textura globularis, cells 5���10 ��m in diam. Algal layer: discontinuous, clustered in groups, arranged in vertical rows; rows 30���50 ��m wide and 65���120 ��m high, hyaline between the gaps. Photobiont chlorococcoid, cells �� spherical, 10���15 ��m in diam. Medulla: 300���570 ��m thick, corresponding with size of the areole, hyphae prosoplectenchymatous, 3���5 ��m wide. Pycnidia: immersed, rare, colorless, indistinct, 300���380 ��m high �� 140���230 ��m wide. Conidiospores: 15���25 �� 1���2.5 ��m. Conidia: acrogenous, filiform, straight, hyaline, 8���12 �� 0.5���1 ��m. Spot tests: Cortex; K+ (yellowish���red), C���, KC���. Medulla; K���, C���, KC���. Ecology: Saxicolous in a temperate climate at an altitude of 2900 m a.s.l., rain and sun exposed, with surrounding trees Abies pindrow (Royle ex D.Don)Royle, Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G.Don, Pinus roxburghii Sarg., Pinus wallichiana Jacks and Picea smithiana, (Wall.) Boiss dominant and hilly topography, having a maximum and minimum temperature of 34 oC and ���3 oC, respectively and annual rainfall varying from 1400���1800 mm. The second collection was found at an elevation of 3000 m a.s.l in the partially forested Kaghan valley, with mean maximum and minimum temperature of 32��C and ���2��C, respectively, and temperate climate. It is a biologically, geo���physically, and hydrologically dynamic area. Additional Specimen Examined (Paratype): PAKISTAN. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Kaghan; 34.5417�� N, 73.3500�� E; 3000 m a.s.l; on rocks; July 19, 2019, A. N. Khalid & K. Habib; K ��� 23 (LAH 36686)., Published as part of Habib, Kamran, Firdous, Qudsia, Sohrabi, Mohammad & Khalid, Abdul Nasir, 2021, Aspiciliella pakistanica a new lichen species (Megasporaceae, Pertusariales, Ascomycota) from Pakistan, pp. 175-182 in Phytotaxa 511 (2) on pages 179-180, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.511.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5426644

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN. Publisher’s Note A first version of this text was prepared by the first eight authors and the last one, given here. The other listed co-authors in the article PDF support the content, and their actual contributions varied from only support to additions that substantially improved the content. The full details of all co-authors, with their affiliations, are included in Supplementary Table 1 after p.175 of the article for reasons of clarity and space. Slavomír Adamčík Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Teuvo Ahti Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland M. Catherine Aime Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A. A. Martyn Ainsworth Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom László Albert Hungarian Mycological Society, 1087 Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, Budapest, Hungary Edgardo Albertó Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina Alberto Altés García Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Dmitry Ageev SIGNATEC Ltd., 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk Scientific Center), Inzhenernaya str., 22, Russia Reinhard Agerer Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany Begona Aguirre-Hudson Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom Joe Ammirati University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, U.S.A. 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Popov Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Orlando Popoff Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina María Prieto Álvaro Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain Christian Printzen Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Nadezhda Psurtseva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Witoon Purahong Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH — UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany Luis Quijada Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. 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Rebriev Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Chehova str., Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia Juan de Dios Reyes García Paseo Virgen de Linarejos 6 2 D, Linares, Jaen, Spain Miguel Ángel Ribes Ripoll Avda. Pablo Neruda 120 F, 2°D, 28018 Madrid, Spain Franck Richard CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France Mike J. Richardson Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom Víctor J. Rico Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Gerardo Lucio Robledo Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Flavia Rodrigues Barbosa Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. 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Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy Hermann Voglmayr University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria Sergey Volobuev Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Wolfgang von Brackel Kirchenweg 2, 91341 Röttenbach, Germany Elena Voronina Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia Grit Walther Arvid-Harnack-Str. 4, 07743 Jena, Germany Roy Watling Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom Evi Weber Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Mats Wedin Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Øyvind Weholt Nord University, Nesna, 8700 Nesna, Norway Martin Westberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Eugene Yurchenko Polessky State University, Dnyaprouskai flatylii str. 23, 225710, Pinsk, Belarus Petr Zehnálek Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Huang Zhang Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China Mikhail P. Zhurbenko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia The following institutions are also supporting the present text (institutional support means that committees from the mentioned) Asociación Micológica Carlos Spegazzini (Argentina) Austrian Mycological Society (Austria) Croatian Mycological Society (Croatia) Committee of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology (Czech Republic) The Netherlands Mycological Society (The Netherlands) Sociedad Española de Liquenología (Portugal/Spain) Iberian Mycological Society (which is under constitution, Portugal/Spain) Federación de Asociaciones Micológicas Andaluzas (FAMA) (Spain) Asociación Botánica y Micológica de Jaén (Spain) Asociación Micológica Hispalense Muscaria (Spain) Societat Micològica Valenciana (Spain)