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Description of Tripylella australis sp. nov. (Figs 1 & 2) Measurements. Table 1. Female. (n = 3). Body ventrally arcuate when fixed, posterior part more curved than anterior. Cuticle very thin, 1.2–1.3 (1.2 ± 0.1) µm thick at head region, 2 (1.9 ± 0.1) µm thick at vulva region, and 1.3–1.5 (1.4 ± 0.1) µm thick at anus region. Cuticular annulation 2.0 µm wide. Body pores not apparent when examined with light microscopes. Maximum body diameter 43–44 (44 ± 0.2) µm at level of vulva. Head region rounded, smooth, slightly flat, continuous with body contour, but narrower than adjacent posterior body, 21–22 (22 ± 0.1) µm wide, 3–4 (3.6 ± 0.6) µm height (Fig. 2 B). Inner labial papillae distinct, conical, outwardly directed. Six outer labial setae and four cephalic setae arranged in one circle (Fig. 2 A). Outer labial setae conoid, 13.6–14.0 (13.9 ± 0.1) µm long or 63–65 (64 ± 1.0) % of head diameter, more or less arcuate and directed anteriorly; four short cephalic setae, 4 (4.0 ± 0.4) µm long or 17–21 (19 ± 2.2) % of head diameter, thinner than outer labial setae. Dorsal tooth and subventral teeth situated in a single small oval stomatal chamber. Dorsal tooth small, triangular, at 18–20 (19 ± 1.0) µm from anterior end. Two tiny subventral teeth situated 3–4 (3.5 ± 0.4) µm anterior to dorsal tooth. Amphid caliciform with transverse oval opening, 5 (5 ±0.1) µm wide, located 20–22 (21 ± 1.5) µm from anterior end (Figs 1 C, 2B & 2C). Excretory pore not observed in the samples. Nerve ring 103–106 (105 ± 2.0) µm from anterior end or 25–27 (26 ± 0.7) % of the pharyngeal length (Fig 1 A). Pharynx cylindrical and muscular, 384–433 (408 ± 34) µm long. Cardia conspicuous, 21–26 (23 ± 3.6) µm long and 17–20 (18 ± 2.1) µm wide (Figs 1 D & 2D). Female genital system amphidelphic, short, lacking spermatheca, gonads lying ventro-lateral to intestine, outstretched, with few oocytes, the anterior branch 162–311 (237 ± 105) µm long, or 9–17 (13 ± 4.2) % of body length, the posterior branch 208–260 (234 ± 37) µm long, or 11–14 (13 ± 1.7) % of body length (Fig. 1 E). Egg ovoid, 68 µm long and 37 µm wide, observed in reproductive system (one sample). Vulva simple, lips flat (Fig. 2 F). Vagina occupying 24–28 (26 ± 2.1) % of corresponding body diameter. No distinct prerectum. Rectum 23–29 (26 ± 4.0) µm long. Tail ventrally arcuate, tapering uniformly, and spinneret 2 (2.1 ± 0.1) µm long (Fig. 2 I). Three caudal glands arranged in tandem. Four dorsal caudal setae on tail (Figs 1 F & 2H). Male. (n = 2). Body ventrally arcuate when fixed, posterior part more curved than anterior. Cuticle very thin, 1.7 µm thick at head region and 2.7 µm thick at anus region. Cuticular annulation 2.1–2.8 µm wide. Body pores not observed when examined with light microscopes. Maximum body diameter 37 µm at mid region of the body. Head region rounded, smooth, slightly flat, continuous with body contour, but narrower than adjacent posterior body, 22– 25 µm wide, 4 µm high (Fig. 2 E). Inner labial papillae distinct. Six outer labial setae and four cephalic setae arranged in one circle. Six outer labial setae conoid, 14 µm long or 55 % of head diameter, more or less arcuate and directed anteriorly; four short cephalic setae, 5 µm long or 20 % of head diameter, thinner than outer labial setae (only one available specimen measured for outer labial and cephalic setae). Dorsal tooth and subventral teeth situated in one single, oval, stomatal chamber. Dorsal tooth small, triangular, at 24–27 µm from anterior end (Fig. 2 E). Two tiny subventral teeth situated 4 µm anterior to dorsal tooth. Amphid caliciform with transverse oval opening, 4–5 µm wide, located 17–22 µm from anterior end. Excretory pore not seen in the samples. Nerve ring 100–111 µm from anterior end or 25–27 % of the pharyngeal length. Cardia conspicuous, 22–24 µm long and 14– 18 µm wide. Ventromedian supplementary papillae 15, extending from cloaca to near anterior body end, with 6 to 7 present in the pharyngeal region. Testis outstretched, developing germ cells in one column (Fig. 2 G). Spicule hornshaped, ventrally arcuate, 36–38 µm long along mid-line. Gubernaculum straight, 15–16 µm long (Fig. 2 J). Tail curved ventrally, ending in a terminal spinneret, 3–4 µm long. Three caudal glands arranged in tandem, posterior to the cloaca. Four dorsal caudal setae on tail (Fig. 2 K). Type locality and habitat. Holotype and paratypes collected from soil of Glenbog State Forest, Bega Valley, New South Wales, Australia (36.70000076° S, 149.4833069° E; altitude ca 1000 m). Coll. J.A. Simpson, 24.vii.1985. Material examined. Holotype, female, collected from soil of Glenbog State Forest, Bega Valley, New South Wales, Australia. It is deposited in the Australian National Nematode Collection (ANNC) (slide no. 164), CSIRO Canberra. Paratypes are in the Waite Insect and Nematode Collection (WINC), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia; 2 females, slide WINC nos. 017619–017620 and 2 males slide WINC no. 0 17633. Diagnosis and relationships. Tripylella australis sp. nov. is characterized by having females with a long body (L= 1804–1832 µm), a=41–42, relatively short tail (c=10–11 µm), longer outer labial setae (13–14 µm), cephalic setae (4–4.5 µm), arcuate tail tapering almost uniformly, and four caudal setae on the tail. Males have a long body (L= 1870–2014 µm), horn-shaped spicule 36–38 µm long, straight gubernaculum 14–16 µm long, a curved tail tapering almost uniformly, and four caudal setae on the dorsal part of the tail. Tripylella australis sp. nov. is similar to T. maiuscula and T. minuscula in tail shape, but differs from them by having a longer body (L= 1804–1832 vs 1080–1400 and 860–980 µm, respectively), larger de Man’s ratio a and c values (a=41–42 vs 28–35 and 21–29, c=10–11 vs 6.5–7.6 and 5.7–6.3, respectively), longer outer labial setae (length=13–14 vs 7–9 and 3–4 µm), and in having four caudal setae on the tail (absent in T. maiuscula and T. minuscula). Tripylella australis sp. nov. differs from all the other species in the genus by body length, tail that uniformly in shape (vs abrupt tapering) and presence of males. Etymology. Species epithet is named for Australia, from where it was first isolated.

Key to the species of Tripylella 1. Tail with uniform tapering...............................................................................2 - Tail with abrupt tapering................................................................................4 2. Body length more than 1 mm; outer labial setae more than 7 ��m................................................3 - Body length less than 1mm; outer labial setae less than 4 ��m.......................................... T. minuscula 3. Body length 1810���1832 ��m; outer labial setae 13���14 ��m; caudal setae on tail present.......... Tripylella australis sp. nov. - Body length 1080���1400 ��m; outer labial setae 7���9 ��m; caudal setae on tail absent......................... T. maiuscula 4. Subventral teeth absent; smooth cuticle............................................................. T. iucunda - Subventral teeth present; annulated cuticle..................................................................5 5. Two large teeth in the posterior stomatal chamber and two subventral teeth in a smaller anterior chamber.......... T. dentata - Stoma with one dorsal and two subventral teeth..............................................................6 6. Subventral teeth posterior to dorsal tooth.......................................................... T. intermedia - Subventral teeth anterior to dorsal tooth....................................................................7 7. Dorsal tooth large; excretory pore absent...................................................... T. subintermedia - Dorsal tooth small; excretory pore present or absent..........................................................8 8. Excretory pore present.................................................................................9 - Excretory pore absent......................................................................... T. quitoensis 9. Body length 0.8���1.0 mm; caudal setae on tail absent................................................... T. muscusi - Body length less than 0.8 mm, caudal setae on tail present....................................................10 10. Two pairs of caudal setae on tail; excretory pore 80���93 ��m from anterior end.............................. T. mexicana - Three pairs of caudal setae on tail; excretory pore 58���86 ��m from anterior end........................... T. fatimaensis, Published as part of Xu, Yu Mei, Zhao, Zeng Qi, Davies, Kerrie A. & Wang, Jian Ming, 2017, Tripylella australis sp. nov. and Tripyla setifera B��tschli 1873 (Nematoda: Triplonchida: Tripylidae) from Australia, pp. 55-66 in Zootaxa 4250 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4250.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/439799

Re-description of Tripyla setifera B��tschli 1873 (Figs 3 & 4) Measurements. Table 2. Description. Female. (n = 5). Body ventrally arcuate when heat fixed, posterior part more curved than anterior (Figs 3 A & 4A). Cuticle 1.5���1.9 (1.6 �� 0.2) ��m thick at head region, 3.6���4.8 (4.1 �� 0.5) ��m thick at vulva region, and 3.4���4.3 (3.7 �� 0.4) ��m thick at anus region. Cuticular annulation 1.6���1.9 (1.8 �� 0.1) ��m thick. Body pores not observed in the samples with the microscopes. Maximum body diameter 34���39 (36 �� 2.3) ��m at level of vulva. Head region rounded, smooth, anterior end slightly flattened, continuous with body contour, narrower than adjacent posterior body, 18���20 (19 �� 0.2) ��m wide, 3���4 (3.5 �� 0.3) ��m height (Figs 3 C, 4C & 4D). Inner labial papillae distinct. Outer labial setae and cephalic setae arranged in two separate whorls. Outer labial setae conoid, 5���6.5 (5.9 �� 0.6) ��m long, four short cephalic setae, 2���2.5 (2.3 �� 0.2) ��m long, situated 5���6 (5.5 �� 0.4) ��m posterior to outer labial setae (Fig. 3 C). Stomatal chamber large with a large wedge-shaped dorsal tooth (Fig. 4 B), 19���22 (21 �� 1.1) ��m from anterior end, and two tiny subventral teeth situated 5���6 (5.3 �� 0.7) ��m anterior to dorsal tooth. Amphid stirrup-shaped with transverse oval opening, 4���6 (5.1 �� 1.1) ��m wide, located 14���18 (16 �� 1.8) ��m from anterior end (Fig. 4 C). Excretory pore 61���67 (64 �� 4.6) ��m from anterior end or 25���27 (26 �� 0.9) % of the pharyngeal length (Fig. 4 D). Nerve ring 76���86 (80 �� 4.9) ��m from anterior end or 30���36 (33 �� 3.2) % of the pharyngeal length. Pharynx cylindrical and muscular, 236���260 (247 �� 9.5) ��m long. Three prominent cells situated at junction of pharynx and intestine (Fig. 3 D). Female genital system amphidelphic, gonads lying ventro-lateral to intestine, the anterior part 84���111 (97 �� 10) ��m long, comprising 9���10 (9.6 �� 0.7) % of body length, the posterior part 72���126 (94 �� 23) ��m long, comprising 8���13 (9.3 �� 2.4) % of body length. Eggs present in some reproductive systems, 69���89 (78 �� 10) ��m long and 19���20 (20 �� 0.4) ��m wide (Fig. 4 G). Vulva simple, lips flat (Fig. 4 F). Vagina occupying 39���47 (42 �� 3.4) % of corresponding body diameter. No distinct prerectum. Rectum 15���24 (20 �� 3.8) ��m long. Tail bent ventrally, narrowing evenly, spinneret 5���6 (5.7 �� 0.4) ��m long (Fig. 4 I). Three tandem caudal glands arranged in a row (Fig. 3 E). Male. Not found. Habitat and locality. Five females and one juvenile, WINC no. 0 17625, collected from soil under Prunus persica, a woody weed in a dense stringy bark forest with tree ferns, very steep and hilly, wet gravelly sandy soil and clay from Lind National Park, East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia (37.56666565��S, 148.9667.53E, altitude ca 120 m asl). Coll. T. Feckner, 16. x. 1987. Character Female Male This study Poland Korea Korea Hungary Iran Poland Korea Korea Hungary Iran Brzeski & Brzeski & Winiszewska- Andr��ssy Asghari et Brzeski & Brzeski & Winiszewsk Andr��ssy Asghari et Winiszewska- Winiszewska- Ślipi���ska et al. 2007 al. 2017 Winiszewsk Winiszewsk a-Ślipi���ska 2007 al. 2017 Ślipi���ska Ślipi���ska 1993 2000 a-Ślipi���ska a-Ślipi���ska et al. 2000 1993 1993 1993 5 28 2 13 N/A 14 20 1 28 N/A 7 28 �� 1.7 25���28 23���25 22���25 24���31 21���37 25���37 26 26���31 28���35 26���38 (25���30) 4.1 �� 0.1 4.2���5.8 4.5���4.7 3.7���4.5 3.7���5.6 4.4���5.4 4.3���5.6 4.8 4.1���4.8 4.5���5.4 4.6���5.8 (3.9���4.2) 8.0 �� 0.4 6.2���8.0 7.4���7.7 6.8���8.6 6.4���9.0 6.3���7.8 6.0���7.9 7.3 6.1���7.3 6.0���8.6 6.7���7.3 (7.4���8.4) 5.0 �� 0.3 4.5���6.8 4.2���4.4 3.9���5.3 4.0���6.5 4.7���6.9 4.2���6.2 4.4 4.0���5.7 4.2���6.6 4.3���6.7 (4.7���5.5) 57 �� 1.5 53���57 58���59 57���61 52���60 53���58 ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� (55���59) length 1009 �� 43 930���1730 1000���1020 940���1110 1000���1500 1040���1379 1090���1760 960 940���1140 1100���1500 1146���1541 (952���1069) diameter 19.2 �� 0.8 20���29 21 23���25 20���28 17���20 19���27 19 21���25 20���28 N/A (18���20) Dorsal tooth- 20.6 �� 1.1 18���26 19 20���22 N/A 18���21 18���26 18 19���22 N/A 18���21 anterior (19���22) Excretory pore- 64.0 �� 4.6 63���100 64���65 60���74 N/A 80���106 60���91 58 60���71 N/A N/A anterior (60���67) Pharynx length 247 �� 9.5 221���342 218���220 230���253 N/A 234���257 221���336 200 215���249 N/A 237���266 (236���259) length 126 �� 7.1 115���250 131���137 126���154 150���240 149���199 139���218 132 133���187 N/A 156���227 (116���134) Spicule ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� 28���43 32 30���34 32���40 31���38 A means the data was not included in the original paper. Remarks. Tripyla setifera is recorded from Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Baltic, Sweden, Poland, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, Spain, Italy, Estonia, Russia, Portugal), Africa (Zaire), Asia (Nepal, Korea, Russia Far East, China, Iran) and the Arctic (Brzeski & Winiszewska-Ślipińska 1993; Winiszewska-Ślipińska et al. 2000; Andr��ssy 2007; Vieira et al. 2010; Holovachov 2014; Asghari et al. 2017). The published morphometrics of Tripyla setifera are listed in Table 2. This is a new record of the species, and the first official record of Tripyla for Australia. The Australian collection of T. setifera is close to the Hungarian populations reported by Andr��ssy (2007) except for body length (respectively, L=952���1069 vs 1000���1500 ��m). These may be geographical differences., Published as part of Xu, Yu Mei, Zhao, Zeng Qi, Davies, Kerrie A. & Wang, Jian Ming, 2017, Tripylella australis sp. nov. and Tripyla setifera B��tschli 1873 (Nematoda: Triplonchida: Tripylidae) from Australia, pp. 55-66 in Zootaxa 4250 (1) on pages 60-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4250.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/439799, {"references":["Butschli, O. (1873) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der freilebenden Nematoden. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino- Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum, 36, 1 - 144.","Brzeski, M. W. & Winiszewska-Slipinska, G. (1993) Taxonomy of Tripylidae (Nematoda: Enoplia). Nematologica, 39, 12 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529293 X 00024","Winiszewska-Slipinska, G., Brzeski, M. W., Choi, Y. E. & Kim, J. I. (2000) Tripylidae (Nematoda: Enoplia) from Korea. Annales Zoologici, 50, 297 - 306.","Andrassy, I. (2007) Pedozoologica Hungarica No. 4. Free - living nematodes of Hungary, II. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, 5 pp. [pp. 419 - 423]","Vieira, P., Sturhan, D., Barbosa, P., Padre, L. & Mota, M. (2010) List of the terrestrial nematodes (nematoda) from Azores. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Cascais, pp. 37 - 126.","Holovachov, O. (2014) Nematodes from terrestrial and freshwater habitats in the Arctic. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2, e 1165. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 2. e 1165","Asghari, R., Eskandari, A., Maafi, Z. T., Alvarez-Ortega, S. & Zhao, Z. Q. (2017) Morphological and molecular characterisation of new and known species of Tripyla Bastian, 1865 (Triplonchida: Tripylidae) from northern Iran, with phylogenetic relationships, compendium and identification key. Nematology, 19, 21 - 56."]}

Re-description of Trischistoma pellucidum Cobb, 1913. (Figs 6 A���E & 7 A���G) Measurements. Table 3. Description. Female (n= 17). Body dorsally bent when fixed, posterior region more curved than anterior (Fig. 6 A). Cuticle smooth, cuticular thickness 1���1.5 ��m. Head rounded, continuous with body contour, 8���12 ��m diameter, head height 1���3 ��m. Inner labial papilla distinct (Fig. 7 A). Six long labial and four short cephalic setae in two separate whorls (Figs 6 B & 6 C); six longer labial setae 5���8 ��m long or 46���79 % of head diameter, four shorter cephalic setae 2.5���5 ��m or 25���50 % of head diameter, thinner than the longer labial setae. Distance between labial setae and cephalic setae 5���8 ��m. One conspicuous dorsal tooth, 1.2���1.6 times head diameter from anterior end, subventral denticles indiscernible (Figs 6 B, 7 B). Amphid small, calyciform, 1.0��� 2.5 times lip diameter from anterior end, amphidial apertures 2���3 ��m wide (Figs 6 B, 7 C). Excretory pore not seen. Nerve ring 68���76 ��m or 40���44 % of pharyngeal length from anterior end of body (Fig. 7 C). Pharynx 147���177 ��m long, occupying 20���25 % of the body length. Cardia between pharynx and intestine inconspicuous (Figs 6 C, 7 E). Gonad prodelphic, 90���160 ��m long, or 13���22 % of body length, reflexed but tip not reaching vulva (Fig. 7 D). Vulva a small transverse slit, flush with body contour, no sclerotized structures, vagina short, 2���6 ��m long, 10���29 % of body diameter (Figs 6 D & 7 D). No post-vulval uterine sac. Vulva to anus distance 71���180 ��m long, or 1.8���3.9 times tail length. Tail length 37���59 ��m, occupying 5.0���8.0% of total body length, bent dorsally (Figs 6 E, 7 F). Three tandem caudal glands and a small terminal spinneret are present on the tail (Figs 7 F, 7 G). Male. Not found. When SSU sequences of the Chinese isolate of T. pellucidum are compared with the molecular data for the most closely related species (T. otaika from New Zealand), there are 1 % (15 in 1585 bps including 1 gap) differences between the two species. When LSU sequences are compared with the most closely related species (T. triregius from New Zealand), there are 6 % (44 in 753 bps including 2 gaps) differences between the two species. Unfortunately, there is no molecular data of T. pellucidum available from earlier collections. Habitat and locality. Trischistoma pellucidum Lv 09 samples (including 7 females and 5 juveniles) collected from soil and litter mixture, 0���10 cm depth under a cypress tree, Pangquangou National Reserve, Lvliang city, Shanxi province (111 �� 27 ' 55 " E, 37 �� 51 ' 12 " N) in July 2013, by Li Fang Yin; JC05 samples (including 19 females and 2 juveniles) were from soil and litter mixture, 0���10cm depth under a pine tree, Yangcheng county, Jincheng city, Shanxi province (112 �� 20 ' 57 " E, 35 �� 20 ' 12 " N) in August 2013 by Yun Long Jiu. Remarks. Trischistoma pellucidum has been reported from Mexico, Jamaica, Paraguay, India and Spain (morphometrics listed in Table 3) (Andr��ssy 1985; Tahseen & Nusrat 2010; Lluch 1996). The nematode collected from China agrees well in all aspects with T. pellucidum Cobb, 1913. However, some minor differences were observed with the description of Andr��ssy, 1968. The Chinese nematode tends to have a greater V value (70���83 % vs 73���74 %) and shorter tail length (37���60 vs 50���60 ��m). FIGURE. 6. Trischistoma pellucidum female. A: Entire body. B, C: Anterior body region, lateral view, showing outer labial setae, cephalic setae, dorsal tooth and amphid. D: Genital region. E: Tail. Scale bars: A= 50 ��m, B, C, D, E= 20 ��m. FIGURE. 7. Trischistoma pellucidum photomicrographs. A: Anterior region, inner papillae shown. B: Pharyngeal region, lateral view; dorsal tooth arrowed. C: Pharyngeal region, lateral view; amphid aperture and nerve ring arrowed. D. Genital region; vulva arrowed. E: Pharynx and intestine junction (arrowed). F: Tail region, caudal glands arrowed. G: Spinneret., Published as part of Xu, Yu Mei, Zhao, Zeng Qi & Wang, Jian Ming, 2015, A new species and a new record of Trischistoma Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Trischistomatidae) from Shanxi Province, China, pp. 564-576 in Zootaxa 3937 (3) on pages 571-574, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/232147, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1913) New nematode genera found inhabiting fresh water and non-brackish soils. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 3, 432 - 444.","Andrassy, I. (1985) A dozen new nematode species from Hungary. Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 19, 3 - 39.","Tahseen, Q. & Nusrat, T. (2010) Some new and known species of genera Tripylina Brzeski and Trischistoma Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda) with a discussion on their relationships. Journal of Nematology, 42, 128 - 138.","Lluch, J. (1996). Nematodos edaficos del suborden Tripylina Andrassy, 1974 hallados en el Parque Natural del Montgo (Alicante, Espana). Miscel lania Zoologica, 19, 93 - 103."]}

Xu, Yu Mei, Zhao, Zeng Qi, Wang, Jian Ming (2015): A new species and a new record of Trischistoma Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Trischistomatidae) from Shanxi Province, China. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 564-576, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.8

Description of Trischistoma taiguensis sp. nov. (Figs 3 A���E, 4 A���J & 5 A���C) Measurements. Table 1. Material examined. Holotype: Female was deposited at the Nematology laboratory, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China, SXAU slide No. 451. Paratypes: 8 females and 11 juveniles: SXAU slide Nos. 452���462. Description. Female (n= 9). Body dorsally bent when fixed, posterior region more curved than anterior (Fig. 3 A). Cuticle with fine annulations, cuticular thickness about 1 ��m at different body regions. Head rounded, continuous with body contour, 8���10 ��m wide. Outer labial setae and cephalic setae in two separate whorls (Figs 3 B, 4 A, 5 A); six longer labial setae 5���6 ��m long or 47���62 % of head diameter, four shorter cephalic setae 2���3 ��m or 23���37 % of head diameter, finer than the longer labial setae. Distance between labial setae and cephalic setae 5���6 ��m. One conspicuous dorsal tooth, 10���11 ��m from anterior end or 1.1���1.3 times head diameter; posterior dorsal tooth minute, 20���24 ��m from anterior end or 2.0��� 2.9 times head diameter (Figs 3 B, 4 B). Amphid small, calyciform, 10���14 ��m from anterior end (Figs 4 C, 5 A). Pharynx 133���149 ��m long, occupying 21���24 % of body length. Excretory pore not seen. Nerve ring 60���65 ��m or 43���45 % of pharyngeal length from anterior end of body (Figs 3 B, 4 D). Cardia between pharynx and intestine inconspicuous (Figs 3 C, 4 E). Gonad prodelphic, 79���145 ��m long, or 12���21 % of body length, reflexed but tip not reaching vulva (Figs 3 D & 4 F).Vulva opening a simple slit, without sclerotized lips, occupying 15���17 % of body diameter; vagina short, 4���5 ��m long, occupying 19���34 % of body diameter (Figs 3 D & 4 G). Post-vulval uterine sac absent. Vulva to anus distance 65���87 ��m long, or 1.3���1.8 times tail length. Tail length 42���55 ��m, 7.1���9.1 % of total body length, bent dorsally (Fig. 3 E). Three tandem caudal glands, a small terminal spinneret and a pair of caudal setae on the tail (Figs 3 E, 4 H��� 4 J, 5 B��� 5 C). Male. Not found. Diagnosis and relationships. Trischistoma taiguensis sp. nov. is characterized by its short body length and by having one pair of caudal setae on the tail. The genus Trischistoma contains two groups of species, one with a post-vulval sac and one without (Table 2). Trischistoma taiguensis sp. nov. belongs to the latter group, which includes T. turorehe, T. gracile, T. minor, T. waiotama, T. pellucidum and T. triregius. Species L (mm) a b c c ��� V% Lip region Tail length References Post-vulval uterine sac absent tukorehe 1088���1149 39���47 3.8���4.1 11���15 3.9���4.9 72��� 76 12���16 75���92 Zhao 2011 Females of T. taiguensis sp. nov. differ from T. tukorehe and T. gracile by having a shorter body (562���699 vs 1088���1149 and 1060���1100 ��m), more posterior vulva (V = 79���82 % vs 72���76 % and 76���78 %) and shorter tail (42���55 vs 75���92 and 82���86 ��m). Morphologically, it is close to T. minor, but differs from it in having a greater distance between the outer labial setae and cephalic setae (5���6 vs 3���4 ��m) and by having a pair of caudal setae on the tail (absent in the latter). It also tends to have a larger de Man���s b value (4.1���4.7 vs 3.7���4.2). T. taiguensis sp. nov. differs from T. waiotama by having a shorter body (562���699 vs 675���908 ��m), pharyngeal length (135���147 vs 171���198 ��m), ventromedian cervical seta absent (one single seta present in the latter) and one pair of caudal setae on tail (absent in the latter); from T. pellucidum by having a shorter body (562���699 vs 680���850 ��m), more posterior vulva (V = 79���82 % vs 73���74 %), smaller lip diameter (8���10 vs 10���12 ��m) and caudal setae (one pair vs absent); and from T. triregius in lacking lateral cervical setae (one pair present in the latter), having a smaller lip diameter (8���10 vs 10���12 ��m) and caudal setae on the tail (one pair vs absent). FIGURE. 3. Trischistoma taiguensis sp. nov. Female. A: Entire body. B: Anterior body region, lateral view, showing outer labial setae, cephalic setae, dorsal teeth and amphid. C: Oesophago-intestinal junction. D: Genital region. E: Tail. Scale bars: A= 50 ��m, B, C, D, E= 20 ��m. FIGURE. 4. Trischistoma taiguensis sp. nov. photomicrographs, female. A: Pharyngeal region, lateral view, showing outer labial setae and cephalic setae in two whorls. B: Pharyngeal region, dorsal teeth arrowed. C: Pharyngeal region, lateral view, amphid aperture arrowed. D: Pharyngeal region, lateral view, nerve ring arrowed. E: Pharynx and intestine junction. F: Genital region. G: Vulval region, lateral view, vulva arrowed. H: Tail region, three tandem caudal glands arrowed. I: Tail region, caudal seta on the tail arrowed. J: Terminal spinneret. FIGURE. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Trischistoma taiguensis sp. nov. A: Head region, showing outer labial sensillae, cephalic seta and amphid aperture (arrowed). B: Tail, caudal seta on tail arrowed. C: Spinneret. Based on the SSU and LSU molecular phylogenetic studies (Figs 1, 2), T. taiguensis sp. nov. from China differs from all the Trischistoma species with SSU and LSU sequences available in GenBank. When compared with molecular data for the most closely related species (T. otaika from New Zealand), there are 1 % (20 in 1624 bps including 1 gap) differences for SSU, and 8 % (65 in 762 bps including 5 gaps) differences for LSU between the two species. Habitat and locality. T. taiguensis sp. nov. was collected from a soil and litter mixture, 0���15 cm depth, under a pear tree (Pyrus spp.), Taigu county, Shanxi Province (112 �� 32 ��� 42.35 ˝ E, 37 �� 25 ��� 14.85 ˝ N), in October 2012 by Jin Hua Wu. Etymology. Species epithet is named for the type locality. Taigu is a county of Shanxi Province, China., Published as part of Xu, Yu Mei, Zhao, Zeng Qi & Wang, Jian Ming, 2015, A new species and a new record of Trischistoma Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Trischistomatidae) from Shanxi Province, China, pp. 564-576 in Zootaxa 3937 (3) on pages 567-571, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/232147, {"references":["Zhao, Z. Q. (2011) A review of Trischistoma Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Enoplida), with descriptions of four new species from New Zealand. Zootaxa, 3045, 1 - 25."]}

Xu, Yu Mei, Zhao, Zeng Qi, Wang, Jian Ming (2013): An index to new genera and species of Nematoda in Zootaxa from 2007 to 2012. Zootaxa 3646 (2): 160-170, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.4

Xu, Yu Mei, Zhao, Zeng Qi, Wang, Jian Ming, Zheng, Jing Wu (2013): A new species of the genus Tripylina Brzeski, 1963 (Nematoda: Enoplida: Trischistomatidae) from Shanxi province, China. Zootaxa 3630 (3): 561-570, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3630.3.10