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Tackling climate change requires to decarbonize all energy applications. To that end, producing hydrogen from low-carbon electricity and water by means of water electrolysis is garnering increasing attention. Hydrogen can indeed be used directly or further synthetized into chemical compounds that replace fossil fuels, hence providing a solution to address energy applications ill-suited for direct electrification. This concept, coined as power-to-X (PtX), remains yet in a formative phase characterized by high uncertainty. This paper takes on a technological innovation system (TIS) approach to examining the development of PtX in Europe. TIS surmises that technology diffusion is influenced by the structures of the socio-technical system it is part of and by how the latter functions. The case study engages TIS with the complexity of multi-sectoral, multi-purpose technology and explores the incorporation of social network analysis to scrutinize application configuration. The paper finds that the European PtX-TIS is growing and shows early signs of system building motor of innovation. However, the analysis also suggests that the lack of market formation and the underlying conflicts of interest across its wide actors' basis might jeopardize its future development. • The power-to-X technological innovation system is building up in Europe. • The build-up of the power-to-X innovation system remains precarious. • Power-to-X development varies significantly across technological pathways. • The multi-purpose nature of power-to-X impacts its innovation system development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article draws on a thematic evaluation of Research Technological Development and Innovation (RTDI) related actions supported by the Structural Funds to assist declining industrial areas or Objective 2 regions, during the period between 1989 and 1999. Over the 10 year period, three main approaches were identified in Objective 2 regions, the last two becoming predominant during the latter part of the period: technology push with funding of large projects such as science parks and research facilities; technology transfer with measures to disseminate technology; and demand pull with clearly identified and self contained RTDI priorities. While drawing lessons from the last decade, the paper also integrates some preliminary observations on structural funds investments for innovation during the current 2000-2006 programming period and concludes with a review of possible scenarios for the further development of RTDI in lagging regions in the framework of the Lisbon Strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis on the new rules governing the licensing of patents, know-how, and copyright implemented by the European Union (EU) in Europe on April 7, 2004. The new regulations were declared after the European Commission (EC) acquired the new Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER) which displaced the competition structure for technology transfer agreements that had been established since 1996. The new rules consist of the decrees practiced by the TTBER and a set of guidelines elaborating an analytical approach to technology transfer agreements adopted by the EC.

The article reports on the success of the global technology transfer in the research community. The researchers, scholars and policymakers are making legislation which allows for equitable distribution of intellectual property arising from funded research. The analysts believe that the European effort is in progress due to the large number of cross-national and cross-framework policies that must be bridged to foster global European competitiveness. The national and multinational bodies in Europe are moving forward with new rounds of publicly funded precompetitive technology and with technology transfer activity.

Presents the views of various executives in industry and decision makers in politics on technology transfer and innovation. Recommendation of a wider understanding of the process and changes involved in innovation; Reference to industry cooperation and the enhancement of the benefits of modernization policies.