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This thesis was conducted at Luleå University of Technology in cooperation with Norconsult AB and Lindbäcks Bygg AB during the autumn of 2015. The purpose of this work is to examine which energy saving measurements that are suitable for comprehending future demands in Swedish apartment buildings.Boverket has made a proposition to define near-zero energy (NZE) buildings, which will become the future standard for house construction. The allowed amount of energy used by buildings will decrease. The thesis have a depicted apartment building with district heating. It proves that only making changes to the building envelope is not enough to attain the threshold levels for NZE-buildings. Alternative energy systems are required that can recover lost heat and generate energy. The heat pump is a modern energy system used for heating the house, in new houses it will have to be replaced with alternative heating methods due to less profitable electricity heating.Different savings in energy measures for the building are made and are compared by the houses annual energy usage. Simulations prove that most energy are used to heating of ventilation, heating radiators and domestic hot water.Three systems have been evaluated in more detail. The systems were optimized and applied to the portrayed apartment building. 1. Heat recovery from ventilation.2. Heat recovery in the exhaust air duct placed after the heat recovery from ventilation. During summer it will be used to preheat domestic hot water.3. Solar collector for heating domestic hot water.Systems combined correspond to about 55% savings of all purchased electricity and heat needed to obtain a good indoor climate in the portrayed apartment building. These measures are sufficient to achieve the proposed energy requirements for NZE-buildings. Validerat; 20160329 (global_studentproject_submitter)

Skanska Sweden has produced low energy housing since 2009 using prefabricated concrete sandwich elements, as a cost-effective way to reach high quality and excellent energy performance. Some of these projects have faced problems related to water infiltration due to rainfall during construction, resulting in extra resources for drying the structure, time delays and complicated leakage investigations. If moisture levels remain high when the construction phase is completed, there is risk of moisture damage or inconvenience for the users. Initial interviews and observations at construction- and manufacturing sites reveal some details with large potential for improvement; vertical sandwich element joints, connections between external walls and slabs, external walls and foundation and between balcony door and balcony slab. To improve these details, existing connections and joints were assessed using a list of functional requirements according to Swedish national building regulations that each connection need to fulfil to ensure proper functioning of the building. Suggestions for improvement were gathered and new ideas generated. These propositions were tested by interviewing experts in material purchasing, construction techniques and structural engineering. The study shows that there are many possible ways to improve connection details to avoid water infiltration without increasing energy losses or air leakage.- Vertical joints can be protected from rain using a P-shaped rubber profile or by changing the geometry of the external facade panel. - Leakage from massive concrete slabs into sandwich walls can be prevented by an vertically extended part of the inner concrete panel or a draining channel for installations. - Self-adhesive sealing strips covering the top of the sandwich elements can prevent moistening of the building materials during transport and construction.- Inserting a rubber or bitumen membrane to the inner concrete panel during casting can ensure drainage and prevent leakage to lower structures such as cellars, terraces or parking garages.- Channels in the balcony slab can ensure drainage without reducing accessibility for disabled persons. However, many of the suggested details increase cost and complicate the assembly of the building. Further studies are required to identify the probability and the consequences of water infiltration to assess the accepted cost of preventing actions. Practical experiments are also needed to establish the performance of each new detail. Details should be better presented on drawings to avoid misunderstandings and it is highly necessary that the designer always consider the constructability of a detail. This master thesis does not include finished solutions, but a theoretical evaluation of alternatives of which some have potential to enter Skanska’s system for standardized components after further evaluation. Validerat; 20131205 (global_studentproject_submitter)

Validerat; 20120208 (anonymous)

Energy-saving is in focus today, this applies to buildings as well, since the building-stock represents 40% of the total energy-consumption in Sweden today. With increasing energy-prices and focus on global warming, the rules for building new houses is more focused on the buildings energy-efficiency. New concepts such as low-energy houses, passive houses, zero-energy houses and plus-energy houses are heard of both in marketing and discussions. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and summarise the demands that are required for building a new house today in Sweden today. This report answers what the different new concepts of “low-energy houses” means. It also investigates a newly built typehouse by performing an energy-simulation. When doing this energy-simulation it has also been investigated what changes are needed for the typehouse to meet the demands to be classified as a passive house. The result shows that the definitions for different ”low-energy house”-concepts are straggling. It also shows that the demands on new buildings set up by the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket) are relatively low compared to the more extensive demands required for a passive house. The typehouse meets the demands set up by Boverket, but is relatively far away from meeting the criterion set up for a passive house. By increasing the airtightness and degree of insulation of the exterior shell and to introduce a heat recovery system it gets the typehouse close to the criterion set up for a passive house. For the typehouse to meet the criterion for a passive house it is the opinion that some changes of the design of the house needs to be made in the planning and execution phase of the construction. Validerat; 20110225 (anonymous)

Under de senaste decennierna har miljö- och klimatsituationen i världen lyfts fram, energipriserna har stigit kraftigt i Sverige och den framtida energiprisutvecklingen förväntas ha en fortsatt ökning. Inom EU står byggnader för 40 % av den sammanlagda energianvändningen. Byggandet väntas öka och energianvändningen likaså. För att bryta denna utveckling bestämde Europeiska rådet år 2007 att införa hårdare krav. Med hårdare krav och ett högre energipris har intresset för lågenergihus i Sverige ökat och byggandet av lågenergihus väntas ta fart. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att ta fram en kostnadsjämförelse mellan ett konventionellt hus och ett passivhus. Kostnadsjämförelsen har genomförts för att redogöra om det finns kostnadsbesparingar att intjäna ur brukarens perspektiv i att bygga ett passivhus istället för ett konventionellt hus. Jämförelsen har grundats på skillnaderna mellan ett passivhus och ett konventionellt hus där kostnaderna för villabyggsats, entreprenad och energianvändningen redovisas. Kostnaderna för villabyggsats och entreprenad för det konventionella huset har hämtats från offerten för en villabyggsats till Fiskarhedenvillan AB:s hus Porfyren. Likvärdiga kostnader för passivhuset har Michael Staffas, VD för Bestahus AB, tagit fram. Energikostnaderna baseras på energianvändningen för de båda husen, med ett aktuellt energipris och ett antaget framtida energipris. Kostnadsjämförelsen har tagits fram för Bestahus AB:s intresse. Examensarbetet behandlar även vad konceptet passivhus innebär och vilka svenska och internationella krav som ställs för definiering av passivhus. Resultatet av kostnadsjämförelsen mellan ett passivhus och ett konventionellt hus visar att passivhuset är dyrare att bygga med avseende på villabyggsats och entreprenad. Passivhuset har en lägre energianvändning och därför en lägre energikostnad. Trots detta blir den totala månadskostnaden för passivhuset 17,4 % mer i förhållande mot det konventionella huset. Om en tidsperiod på fem och tio år framåt iakttas är passivhuset 15,9 % respektive 12,9 % dyrare i jämförelse med ett konventionellt hus. Passivhusets i detta examensarbete har en större boyta i förhållande till det konventionella huset. Om hänsyn tas till den större boytan i kostnadsjämförelsen får passivhuset en lägre månadskostnad på 5,9 %, om fem år 7,1 % och om tio år 9,4 % än det konventionella huset. During the past decades, environmental and climatic situation in the world has become increasingly important, prices have risen sharply in Sweden and the future of energy prices are expected to continue to increase. Within the EU, buildings account for 40% of the total energy consumption. Construction is expected to increase as well as the use of energy. To break this trend, the European Council in 2007 decided to impose stricter requirements. With stricter requirements and higher energy prices, interest in low-energy in Sweden has increased and the construction of low energy houses is expected to take off. The purpose of this thesis has been to develop a cost comparison between a conventional house and a passive house. The cost comparison has been conducted to explain whether there are cost savings to acquire the costumer’s perspective of building a passive house rather than a conventional house. The comparison has been based on the differences between a passive and a conventional house where the cost of material, contract and the energy use are reported. The cost of material and contract for the house according to building regulations has been taken from the offer for a home kit from Fiskarhedenvillan AB. Michael Staffas, CEO for Bestahus AB has develop equivalent costs for the passive house. Energy costs are based on energy use for the two houses, with a current energy price and an assumed future energy price. The cost comparison has been developed for Bestahus AB's interest. The thesis also deals with what the concept of passive means, and the Swedish and international requirements for the definition of passive. The result of the cost comparison between a passive house and a conventional house according to building regulations shows that passive house is more expensive to build according to material and contract. Passive house has a lower energy and therefore a lower energy cost. Despite this, the total monthly cost for the passive house is 17.4% more compared to the conventional house. A period of five and ten years hence compliance is passive house 15.9% and 12.9% more expensive in comparison to a conventional house. The passive house in this thesis has a larger area compared to the conventional house. Taking into account the larger area in the cost comparison may give the passive house a lower monthly rate of 5.9%, in five years 7.1% and in ten years 9.4% than the conventional house.

Under de senaste decennierna har miljö- och klimatsituationen i världen lyfts fram, energipriserna har stigit kraftigt i Sverige och den framtida energiprisutvecklingen förväntas ha en fortsatt ökning. Inom EU står byggnader för 40 % av den sammanlagda energianvändningen. Byggandet väntas öka och energianvändningen likaså. För att bryta denna utveckling bestämde Europeiska rådet år 2007 att införa hårdare krav. Med hårdare krav och ett högre energipris har intresset för lågenergihus i Sverige ökat och byggandet av lågenergihus väntas ta fart. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att ta fram en kostnadsjämförelse mellan ett konventionellt hus och ett passivhus. Kostnadsjämförelsen har genomförts för att redogöra om det finns kostnadsbesparingar att intjäna ur brukarens perspektiv i att bygga ett passivhus istället för ett konventionellt hus. Jämförelsen har grundats på skillnaderna mellan ett passivhus och ett konventionellt hus där kostnaderna för villabyggsats, entreprenad och energianvändningen redovisas. Kostnaderna för villabyggsats och entreprenad för det konventionella huset har hämtats från offerten för en villabyggsats till Fiskarhedenvillan AB:s hus Porfyren. Likvärdiga kostnader för passivhuset har Michael Staffas, VD för Bestahus AB, tagit fram. Energikostnaderna baseras på energianvändningen för de båda husen, med ett aktuellt energipris och ett antaget framtida energipris. Kostnadsjämförelsen har tagits fram för Bestahus AB:s intresse. Examensarbetet behandlar även vad konceptet passivhus innebär och vilka svenska och internationella krav som ställs för definiering av passivhus. Resultatet av kostnadsjämförelsen mellan ett passivhus och ett konventionellt hus visar att passivhuset är dyrare att bygga med avseende på villabyggsats och entreprenad. Passivhuset har en lägre energianvändning och därför en lägre energikostnad. Trots detta blir den totala månadskostnaden för passivhuset 17,4 % mer i förhållande mot det konventionella huset. Om en tidsperiod på fem och tio år framåt iakttas är passivhuset 15,9 % respektive 12,9 % dyrare i jämförelse med ett konventionellt hus. Passivhusets i detta examensarbete har en större boyta i förhållande till det konventionella huset. Om hänsyn tas till den större boytan i kostnadsjämförelsen får passivhuset en lägre månadskostnad på 5,9 %, om fem år 7,1 % och om tio år 9,4 % än det konventionella huset. During the past decades, environmental and climatic situation in the world has become increasingly important, prices have risen sharply in Sweden and the future of energy prices are expected to continue to increase. Within the EU, buildings account for 40% of the total energy consumption. Construction is expected to increase as well as the use of energy. To break this trend, the European Council in 2007 decided to impose stricter requirements. With stricter requirements and higher energy prices, interest in low-energy in Sweden has increased and the construction of low energy houses is expected to take off. The purpose of this thesis has been to develop a cost comparison between a conventional house and a passive house. The cost comparison has been conducted to explain whether there are cost savings to acquire the costumer’s perspective of building a passive house rather than a conventional house. The comparison has been based on the differences between a passive and a conventional house where the cost of material, contract and the energy use are reported. The cost of material and contract for the house according to building regulations has been taken from the offer for a home kit from Fiskarhedenvillan AB. Michael Staffas, CEO for Bestahus AB has develop equivalent costs for the passive house. Energy costs are based on energy use for the two houses, with a current energy price and an assumed future energy price. The cost comparison has been developed for Bestahus AB's interest. The thesis also deals with what the concept of passive means, and the Swedish and international requirements for the definition of passive. The result of the cost comparison between a passive house and a conventional house according to building regulations shows that passive house is more expensive to build according to material and contract. Passive house has a lower energy and therefore a lower energy cost. Despite this, the total monthly cost for the passive house is 17.4% more compared to the conventional house. A period of five and ten years hence compliance is passive house 15.9% and 12.9% more expensive in comparison to a conventional house. The passive house in this thesis has a larger area compared to the conventional house. Taking into account the larger area in the cost comparison may give the passive house a lower monthly rate of 5.9%, in five years 7.1% and in ten years 9.4% than the conventional house.