1. The European Solar Telescope
- Author
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Quintero Noda, C., Schlichenmaier, R., Bellot Rubio, L. R., Löfdahl, M. G., Khomenko, E., Jurčák, J., Leenaarts, J., Kuckein, C., González Manrique, S. J., Gunár, S., Nelson, C. J., de la Cruz Rodríguez, J., Tziotziou, K., Tsiropoula, G., Aulanier, G., Aboudarham, J., Allegri, D., Alsina Ballester, E., Amans, J. P., Asensio Ramos, A., Bailén, F. J., Balaguer, M., Baldini, V., Balthasar, H., Barata, T., Barczynski, K., Barreto Cabrera, M., Baur, A., Béchet, C., Beck, C., Belío-Asín, M., Bello-González, N., Belluzzi, L., Bentley, R. D., Berdyugina, S. V., Berghmans, D., Berlicki, A., Berrilli, F., Berkefeld, T., Bettonvil, F., Bianda, M., Bienes Pérez, J., Bonaque-González, S., Brajša, R., Bommier, V., Bourdin, P. -A., Burgos Martín, J., Calchetti, D., Calcines, A., Calvo Tovar, J., Campbell, R. J., Carballo-Martín, Y., Carbone, V., Carlin, E. S., Carlsson, M., Castro López, J., Cavaller, L., Cavallini, F., Cauzzi, G., Cecconi, M., Chulani, H. M., Cirami, R., Consolini, G., Coretti, I., Cosentino, R., Cózar-Castellano, J., Dalmasse, K., Danilovic, S., de Juan Ovelar, M., del Moro, D., del Pino Alemán, T., del Toro Iniesta, J. C., Denker, C., Dhara, S. K., Di Marcantonio, P., Díaz Baso, C. J., Diercke, A., Dineva, E., Díaz-García, J. J., Doerr, H. -P., Doyle, G., Erdelyi, R., Ermolli, I., Escobar Rodríguez, A., Esteban Pozuelo, S., Faurobert, M., Felipe, T., Feller, A., Feijoo Amoedo, N., Femenía Castellá, B., Fernandes, J., Ferro Rodríguez, I., Figueroa, I., Fletcher, L., Franco Ordovas, A., Gafeira, R., Gardenghi, R., Gelly, B., Giorgi, F., Gisler, D., Giovannelli, L., González, F., González, J. B., González-Cava, J. M., González García, M., Gömöry, P., Gracia, F., Grauf, B., Greco, V., Grivel, C., Guerreiro, N., Guglielmino, S. L., Hammerschlag, R., Hanslmeier, A., Hansteen, V., Heinzel, P., Hernández-Delgado, A., Hernández Suárez, E., Hidalgo, S. L., Hill, F., Hizberger, J., Hofmeister, S., Jägers, A., Janett, G., Jarolim, R., Jess, D., Jiménez Mejías, D., Jolissaint, L., Kamlah, R., Kapitán, J., Kašparová, J., Keller, C. U., Kentischer, T., Kiselman, D., Kleint, L., Klvana, M., Kontogiannis, I., Krishnappa, N., Kučera, A., Labrosse, N., Lagg, A., Landi Degl'Innocenti, E., Langlois, M., Lafon, M., Laforgue, D., Le Men, C., Lepori, B., Lepreti, F., Lindberg, B., Lilje, P. B., López Ariste, A., López Fernández, V. A., López Jiménez, A. C., López López, R., Manso Sainz, R., Marassi, A., Marco de la Rosa, J., Marino, J., Marrero, J., Martín, A., Martín Gálvez, A., Martín Hernando, Y., Masciadri, E., Martínez González, M., Matta-Gómez, A., Mato, A., Mathioudakis, M., Matthews, S., Mein, P., Merlos García, F., Moity, J., Montilla, I., Molinaro, M., Molodij, G., Montoya, L. M., Munari, M., Murabito, M., Núñez Cagigal, M., Oliviero, M., Orozco Suárez, D., Ortiz, A., Padilla-Hernández, C., Paéz Mañá, E., Paletou, F., Pancorbo, J., Pastor Cañedo, A., Pastor Yabar, A., Peat, A. W., Pedichini, F., Peixinho, N., Peñate, J., Pérez de Taoro, A., Peter, H., Petrovay, K., Piazzesi, R., Pietropaolo, E., Pleier, O., Poedts, S., Pötzi, W., Podladchikova, T., Prieto, G., Quintero Nehrkorn, J., Ramelli, R., Ramos Sapena, Y., Rasilla, J. L., Reardon, K., Rebolo, R., Regalado Olivares, S., Reyes García-Talavera, M., Riethmüller, T. L., Rimmele, T., Rodríguez Delgado, H., Rodríguez González, N., Rodríguez-Losada, J. A., Rodríguez Ramos, L. F., Romano, P., Roth, M., Rouppe van der Voort, L., Rudawy, P., Ruiz de Galarreta, C., Rybák, J., Salvade, A., Sánchez-Capuchino, J., Sánchez Rodríguez, M. L., Sangiorgi, M., Sayède, F., Scharmer, G., Scheiffelen, T., Schmidt, W., Schmieder, B., Scirè, C., Scuderi, S., Siegel, B., Sigwarth, M., Simões, P. J. A., Snik, F., Sliepen, G., Sobotka, M., Socas-Navarro, H., Sola La Serna, P., Solanki, S. K., Soler Trujillo, M., Soltau, D., Sordini, A., Sosa Méndez, A., Stangalini, M., Steiner, O., Stenflo, J. O., Štěpán, J., Strassmeier, K. G., Sudar, D., Suematsu, Y., Sütterlin, P., Tallon, M., Temmer, M., Tenegi, F., Tritschler, A., Trujillo Bueno, J., Turchi, A., Utz, D., van Harten, G., van Noort, M., van Werkhoven, T., Vansintjan, R., Vaz Cedillo, J. J., Vega Reyes, N., Verma, M., Veronig, A. M., Viavattene, G., Vitas, N., Vögler, A., von der Lühe, O., Volkmer, R., Waldmann, T. A., Walton, D., Wisniewska, A., Zeman, J., Zeuner, F., Zhang, L. Q., Zuccarello, F., Collados, M., Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Leibniz-Institut für Sonnenphysik, CSIC - Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia, Stockholm University, Czech Academy of Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, National Observatory of Athens, UMR7095, Observatoire de Paris, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam, Universidade de Coimbra, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, National Solar Observatory, Università della Svizzera italiana, University College London, Royal Observatory of Belgium, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Leiden University, University of Zagreb, University of Graz, Department of Computer Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, European Research Council, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
chromosphere ,Astrophysics - instrumentation and methods for astrophysics ,SCATTERING POLARIZATION ,Sun - chromosphere ,FOS: Physical sciences ,chromosphere [Sun] ,Astronomy & Astrophysics ,magnetic fields ,Instrumentation: polarimeters ,CA II 8542 ,Astrophysics - solar and stellar astrophysics ,adaptive optics ,ADAPTIVE OPTICS SYSTEM ,RADIATION-FIELD LIMIT ,MAGNETIC-FLUX EMERGENCE ,telescopes – Sun: magnetic fields – Sun: chromosphere – instrumentation: adaptive optics – instrumentation: polarimeters ,Sun: magnetic fields ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) ,instrumentation ,Science & Technology ,polarimeters [Instrumentation] ,[SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,Instrumentation: adaptive optics ,polarimeters ,ACTIVE-REGION FILAMENT ,Sun: chromosphere ,Sun ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Instrumentation: -polarimeters ,adaptive optics [Instrumentation] ,Sun - magnetic fields ,QUIET-SUN ,magnetic fields [Sun] ,Space and Planetary Science ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Physical Sciences ,ALFVEN WAVES ,HIGH-RESOLUTION OBSERVATIONS ,Instrumentation - adaptive optics ,MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC WAVES ,Telescopes - Abstract
Full list of authors: Noda, C. Quintero; Schlichenmaier, R.; Bellot Rubio, L. R.; Lofdahl, M. G.; Khomenko, E.; Leenaarts, J.; Kuckein, C.; Gonzalez Manrique, S. J.; Gunar, S.; Nelson, C. J.; Rodriguez, J. de la Cruz; Tziotziou, K.; Tsiropoula, G.; Aulanier, G.; Aboudarham, J.; Allegri, D.; Alsina Ballester, E.; Amans, J. P.; Asensio Ramos, A.; Bailen, F. J.; Balaguer, M.; Baldini, V; Balthasar, H.; Barata, T.; Barczynski, K.; Barreto Cabrera, M.; Baur, A.; Bechet, C.; Beck, C.; Belio-Asin, M.; Bello-Gonzalez, N.; Belluzzi, L.; Bentley, R. D.; Berdyugina, S., V; Berghmans, D.; Berlicki, A.; Berrilli, F.; Berkefeld, T.; Bettonvil, F.; Bianda, M.; Bienes Perez, J.; Bonaque-Gonzalez, S.; Brajsa, R.; Bommier, V; Bourdin, P-A; BurgosMartin, J.; Calchetti, D.; Calcines, A.; Calvo Tovar, J.; Campbell, R. J.; Carballo-Martin, Y.; Carbone, V; Carlin, E. S.; Carlsson, M.; Castro Lopez, J.; Cavaller, L.; Cavallini, F.; Cauzzi, G.; Cecconi, M.; Chulani, H. M.; Cirami, R.; Consolini, G.; Coretti, I; Cosentino, R.; Cozar-Castellano, J.; Dalmasse, K.; Danilovic, S.; Ovelar, M. De Juan; Del Moro, D.; del Pino Aleman, T.; del Toro Iniesta, J. C.; Denker, C.; Dhara, S. K.; Di Marcantonio, P.; Baso, C. J. Diaz; Diercke, A.; Dineva, E.; Diaz-Garcia, J. J.; Doerr, H-P; Doyle, G.; Erdelyi, R.; Ermolli, I; Escobar Rodriguez, A.; Esteban Pozuelo, S.; Faurobert, M.; Felipe, T.; Feller, A.; Feijoo Amoedo, N.; Femenia Castella, B.; Fernandes, J.; Ferro Rodriguez, I; Figueroa, I; Fletcher, L.; Franco Ordovas, A.; Gafeira, R.; Gardenghi, R.; Gelly, B.; Giorgi, F.; Gisler, D.; Giovannelli, L.; Gonzalez, F.; Gonzalez, J. B.; Gonzalez-Cava, J. M.; Gonzalez Garcia, M.; Gomory, P.; Gracia, F.; Grauf, B.; Greco, V; Grivel, C.; Guerreiro, N.; Guglielmino, S. L.; Hammerschlag, R.; Hanslmeier, A.; Hansteen, V; Heinzel, P.; Hernandez-Delgado, A.; Hernandez Suarez, E.; Hidalgo, S. L.; Hill, F.; Hizberger, J.; Hofmeister, S.; Jagers, A.; Janett, G.; Jarolim, R.; Jess, D.; Jimenez Mejias, D.; Jolissaint, L.; Kamlah, R.; Kapitan, J.; Kasparova, J.; Keller, C. U.; Kentischer, T.; Kiselman, D.; Kleint, L.; Klvana, M.; Kontogiannis, I; Krishnappa, N.; Labrosse, N.; Lagg, A.; Degl'Innocenti, E. Landi; Langlois, M.; Lafon, M.; Laforgue, D.; Le Men, C.; Lepori, B.; Lepreti, F.; Lindberg, B.; Lilje, P. B.; Ariste, A. Lopez; Lopez Fernandez, V. A.; Lopez Jimenez, A. C.; Lopez Lopez, R.; Sainz, R. Manso; Marassi, A.; Marco de la Rosa, J.; Marino, J.; Marrero, J.; Martin, A.; Martin Galvez, A.; Martin Hernando, Y.; Masciadri, E.; MartinezGonzalez, M.; Matta-Gomez, A.; Mato, A.; Mathioudakis, M.; Matthews, S.; Mein, P.; Merlos Garcia, F.; Moity, J.; Montilla, I; Molinaro, M.; Molodij, G.; Montoya, L. M.; Munari, M.; Murabito, M.; Nunez Cagigal, M.; Oliviero, M.; Orozco Suarez, D.; Ortiz, A.; Padilla-Hernandez, C.; Paez Mana, E.; Paletou, F.; Pancorbo, J.; Pastor Canedo, A.; Yabar, A. Pastor; Peat, A. W.; Pedichini, F.; Peixinho, N.; Penate, J.; Perez de Taoro, A.; Peter, H.; Petrovay, K.; Piazzesi, R.; Pietropaolo, E.; Pleier, O.; Poedts, S.; Potzi, W.; Podladchikova, T.; Prieto, G.; Quintero Nehrkorn, J.; Ramelli, R.; Ramos Sapena, Y.; Rasilla, J. L.; Reardon, K.; Rebolo, R.; Regalado Olivares, S.; Reyes Garcia-Talavera, M.; Riethmuller, T. L.; Rimmele, T.; Rodriguez Delgado, H.; Rodriguez Gonzalez, N.; Rodriguez-Losada, J. A.; Rodriguez Ramos, L. F.; Romano, P.; Roth, M.; vander Voort, L. Rouppe; Rudawy, P.; Ruiz de Galarreta, C.; Rybak, J.; Salvade, A.; Sanchez-Capuchino, J.; Sanchez Rodriguez, M. L.; Sangiorgi, M.; Sayede, F.; Scharmer, G.; Scheiffelen, T.; Schmidt, W.; Schmieder, B.; Scire, C.; Scuderi, S.; Siegel, B.; Sigwarth, M.; Simoes, P. J. A.; Snik, F.; Sliepen, G.; Sobotka, M.; Socas-Navarro, H.; Sola La Serna, P.; Solanki, S. K.; Soler Trujillo, M.; Soltau, D.; Sordini, A.; Sosa Mendez, A.; Stangalini, M.; Steiner, O.; Stenflo, J. O.; Stepan, J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Sudar, D.; Suematsu, Y.; Sutterlin, P.; Tallon, M.; Temmer, M.; Tenegi, F.; Tritschler, A.; Trujillo Bueno, J.; Turchi, A.; Utz, D.; van Harten, G.; VanNoort, M.; van Werkhoven, T.; Vansintjan, R.; Vaz Cedillo, J. J.; Vega Reyes, N.; Verma, M.; Veronig, A. M.; Viavattene, G.; Vitas, N.; Vogler, A.; von der Luhe, O.; Volkmer, R.; Waldmann, T. A.; Walton, D.; Wisniewska, A.; Zeman, J.; Zeuner, F.; Zhang, L. Q.; Zuccarello, F.; Collados, M.--This is an Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., The European Solar Telescope (EST) is a project aimed at studying the magnetic connectivity of the solar atmosphere, from the deep photosphere to the upper chromosphere. Its design combines the knowledge and expertise gathered by the European solar physics community during the construction and operation of state-of-the-art solar telescopes operating in visible and near-infrared wavelengths: the Swedish 1m Solar Telescope, the German Vacuum Tower Telescope and GREGOR, the French Télescope Héliographique pour l’Étude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires, and the Dutch Open Telescope. With its 4.2 m primary mirror and an open configuration, EST will become the most powerful European ground-based facility to study the Sun in the coming decades in the visible and near-infrared bands. EST uses the most innovative technological advances: the first adaptive secondary mirror ever used in a solar telescope, a complex multi-conjugate adaptive optics with deformable mirrors that form part of the optical design in a natural way, a polarimetrically compensated telescope design that eliminates the complex temporal variation and wavelength dependence of the telescope Mueller matrix, and an instrument suite containing several (etalon-based) tunable imaging spectropolarimeters and several integral field unit spectropolarimeters. This publication summarises some fundamental science questions that can be addressed with the telescope, together with a complete description of its major subsystems. © C. Q. Noda et al. 2022., C.Q.N. was supported by the EST Project Office, funded by the Canary Islands Government (file SD 17/01) under a direct grant awarded to the IAC on ground of public interest. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreements No 739500 (PRE-EST) and 653982 (GREST). This project was supported by the European Commission’s FP7 Capacities Programme under Grant Agreements No 212482 (EST Design Study) and No. 312495 (SOLARNET). It was also supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 824135 (SOLARNET). This work has been partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through project RTI2018-096886-B-C51, including a percentage from FEDER funds, and through the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa grant SEV-2017-0709 awarded to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía in the period 2018-2022. The EST preparatory phase was supported by a grant for research infrastructures of national importance from the Swedish Research Council (registration number 2017-00625). J.J. was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic through the EST-CZ project (LM2018095). C.K. acknowledges funding received from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 895955. Queen’s University Belfast acknowledges support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under grant No. ST/V003739/1. This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the research grants [UID/FIS/04434/2019], UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, UIDB/00611/2020 and UIDP/00611/2020. This work was partly funded by a grant of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): P 32958-N. J.C.R., C.J.D.B. and A.P.Y. gratefully acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (SUNMAG, grant agreement 759548). J.A. was supported by Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES). G.A., M.C., L.F., V.H., A.O. and L.R.V.V acknowledge support by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence scheme, project number 262622. L.B., M.B., R.R. acknowledge State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation (SERI), Canton Ticino and Swiss National Science Foundation (grants 200020_184952, 200021_175997, CRSII5_180238) for the financial support. R. Brajša and D. Sudar acknowledge the support by the Croatian Science Foundation under project 7549 ‘Millimeter and submillimeter observations of the solar chromosphere with ALMA’. The NSO is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The work of A.B. was partially supported by the programme ‘Excellence Initiative – Research University’ for years 2020–2026 for University of Wrocław, project no. BPIDUB.4610.15.2021.KP.B. E.S.C. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through the Spanish State Research Agency, under Severo Ochoa Centres of Excellence Programme 2020-2023 (CEX2019-000920-S). L.F. and N.L. would like to acknowledge support from UK Research and Innovation Science and Technology Facilities Council grants ST/L006200/1 and ST/T000422/1. J.F. acknowledges visiting facilities at Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics (University of Oslo), in 2019. P. Gömöry, A.K. and J.R. were supported by the Science Grant Agency project VEGA 2/0048/20. I. Kontogiannis is supported by KO 6283/2-1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). C.J.N. is thankful to the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), for support received through grant ST/T00021X/1, and ESA, for support as an ESA Research Fellow. K.P. was supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (grants no. NKFI K-128384 and TKP2021-NKTA-64). P.J.A. Simões acknowledges support from CNPq (contract 307612/2019-8). J.T.B. acknowledges the funding received from the European Research Council (ERC) under de European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC Advanced Grant Agreement No. 742265). M.V. is supported by VE 1112/1-1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). L.Q.Z. acknowledges that this work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11727805, No. 1210030348). F.Z. acknowledges that this work was supported by the Italian MIUR-PRIN grant 2017APKP7T and by the Università degli Studi di Catania (Piano per la Ricerca Università di Catania 2020-2022, Linea di intervento 2).
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