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Mrazišča so vbočene reliefne oblike na površju, v katerih se pogosto pojavlja izrazit temperaturni obrat in kjer se temperature ob ugodnih pogojih lahko spustijo bistveno nižje kot temperature v okolici. Za pojav izrazitega talnega temperaturnega obrata v času brez sončnega obsevanja morajo biti ugodne tudi vremenske razmere. Predvsem sta pomembna jasno nebo in odsotnost vetra, saj se le tako lahko zrak nad tlemi močno ohladi in v kotanjah tudi obmiruje. Specifična mikrolokacija mrazišč se ne odraža zgolj v doseganju bistveno nižjih temperatur, temveč tudi v njihovi posebni mikroklimi, ki se prav tako na kratkih razdaljah bistveno razlikuje od podnebnih značilnosti okolice. Na podlagi podatkov večletnih meritev s treh mrazišč na Komni, referenčnega merilnega mesta pri Domu na Komni in meteorološke postaje Vogel, so bile izdelane klimatološke statistike, katerih rezultati so podrobneje predstavljeni v tem magistrskem delu, tako opisno kot grafično. Za obravnavana mrazišča so na podlagi temperaturnih kazalnikov prikazane njihove temperaturne značilnosti ter primerjave z referenčno postajo pri Domu na Komni in postajo ARSO na Voglu. Posebej so obravnavani tudi posamezni primeri izjemnih temperaturnih nihanj in sprememb, velikih razlik med mrazišči in okolico, dlje časa trajajočega izrazitega temperaturnega obrata ter primeri nemotenega ohlajanja, pri čemer je poudarek na vremenskih razmerah, ki so do teh dogodkov privedle. Frost hollows are concave landforms on the surface in which a distinctive temperature inversion often occurs and where temperatures can drop significantly below the temperatures in the surrounding environment under proper conditions. For a distinctive ground temperature inversion to occur in a period without direct sunlight, weather conditions must also be proper, therefore a clear sky as well as the absence of wind is especially important since only in such an atmosphere it is possible for the air above the ground to cool down so strongly and consequently also gathering and becoming still in the basins. The specific micro location of the frost hollows is not manifested only by reaching significantly lower temperatures but also in their specific microclimate itself which, additionally within short distances, significantly differs from the climate characteristics of the surrounding environment. Climatological statistics have been produced based on data acquired from several years of measuring three frost hollows on the Komna plateau, the reference measuring points at Dom Komna and at the Vogel meteorological station. The results of these climatological statistics are presented in detail in this Master’s Thesis, both descriptively as also graphically. Based on temperature indicators, the temperature characteristics and comparisons with the reference station at Dom na Komni and the ARSO station at Vogel are presented, for the frost hollows under examination. Moreover there are specifically considered individual cases of extreme temperature fluctuations and changes, great differences between frost hollows and the surrounding environment, extended periods of significant temperature inversion as well as cases of uninterrupted cooling with the emphasis on the weather conditions that led to these events.

Mrazišče je definirano kot manjše območje, navadno v vrtači ali kaki drugačni kotlini, v katerem je temperatura pogosto nižja kot v okolici. V tem delu opisujem potek izvajanja meritev in analizo ohlajanja v manjšem mrazišču, katerega horizontalna dimenzija je 70 m in vertikalna 9 m. Meritve sem izvajal v obdobju od 29. 7. 2019 in do 21. 8. 2019. Ugotovil sem, da je temperatura v mrazišču lahko nižja od okolice za več kot 5°C. Jezero hladnega zraka je v mrazišču precej stabilno in ga vetrovi, ki so šibkejši kot 1 m/s ne morejo premešati. Tako šibki vetrovi ne morejo preprečiti nastanka temperaturnih razlik med mraziščem in okolico. Vendar pa lahko, še zlasti v kombinaciji s sunki vetra, zelo motijo potek ohlajanja v mrazišču. Razlika med temperaturo v in izven mrazišča, v poletnih mesecih najhitreje narašča okrog 18:00. Poleg popoldanskega intenzivnega ohlajanja se to nadaljuje v večer. Iz meritev se tudi vidi, da se po polnoči temperatura v mrazišču praviloma ne zniža za več kot 5°C. As a part of this thesis, measurements were performed in a small sinkhole, which has a horizontal dimension of 70 m and is 9 m deep. The measurements were performed in the period of the 29th of July to the 22nd of August 2019. The analysis shows, that the temperature in the sinkhole can be lower than in the surrounding area for more than 5°C. A cold-air pool in a sinkhole is pretty stable, so the winds that are weaker than 1 m/s cannot mix the air in the cold-air pool with the air above. Such weak winds cannot prevent the occurrence of temperature differences between the sinkhole and the surrounding area. However, especially in combination with wind gusts, they can disrupt the process of cooling in the sinkhole. The difference between the temperature inside and outside of the sinkhole, increases the most around 6 p.m. The intensive cooling continues into the evening. The measurements show, that after midnight the temperature usually does not decrease for more than 5°C.

Temperaturni obrat ali inverzija se oblikuje v radiacijskem tipu vremena v območju anticiklona. Je pojav, ko temperatura zraka z višino v določenem sloju zraka narašča, namesto da bi padala. Nastane v konkavnih oblikah reliefa v jasnih, dolgih nočeh in mirnem vremenu. Hladnejši zrak ima večjo gostoto, zato se zadržuje pri tleh, pod toplejšim zrakom. Namen zaključne seminarske naloge je analizirati temperaturne razmere na dveh območjih, med dnom kotline, ki leži v inverznem pasu, in višje ležečo okolico, ki se nahaja nad pasom inverzije. V temperaturno analizo so vključena štiri merilna mesta na različnih lokacijah za mesec januar in april 2018. Na podlagi teh so bile opravljene dnevne in mesečne temperaturne analize, s katerimi so bile opredeljene značilnosti temperaturnega obrata glede na različne vremenske tipe in letne čase. Temperature inversion is formed in the radiative type of weather in the anticyclone weather conditions. In temperature inversion, the temperature of the air increases with height in a certain layer of the air, instead of falling. It is formed in concave relief shape during clear, long and calm nights. Colder air has a higher density therefore, it is kept near the ground, under the warmer air. The purpose of the final seminar work is to analyze the temperature conditions in two separates areas of the study the bottom of the basin, which lays in the inverse band and the higher laying surroundings above the inversion line. The temperature analysis incorporates four measuring points at various locations for January and April 2018. Based on these, daily and monthly temperature analysis were carried out to determine the characteristics of the temperature inversion according to different weather types and seasons.

Temperaturni obrat in termalni pas sta dva topoklimatska pojava, ki sta v Slovenskih goricah v veliki meri vplivala na razširjenost vinogradništva in sadjarstva. V članku smo z meritvami in analizami dokazali prisotnost temperaturnega obrata in termalnega pasu v Slovenskih goricah med Muro in Pesnico. Analizirali smo tudi v katerih vremenskih tipih pojava nastaneta in v katerih sta najintenzivnejša. S pomočjo meritev smo skušali dokazati spodnjo mejo termalnega pasu v Slovenskih goricah med Muro in Pesnico. Temperature inversion and thermal belt are the two topoclimatic phenomena, which influence the prevalance of vineyards and orchards in the Slovenske gorice region. The presence of temperature inversion and thermal belt within the Slovenske gorice region was proven by our measurements and analyses. Furthermore, we analysed their occurrence and their intensity in different weather types. Our aim was also to prove the lower limit of thermal belt in the Slovenske gorice region between the Mura and Pesnica Rivers.

Slovenske gorice so ena največjih regij v Sloveniji in so splošno znane kot regija vinogradov in sadovnjakov. Regija Slovenskih goric je preobširna, zato smo se omejili na Slovenske gorice med reko Muro na severu in Pesnico na jugu. Vinogradništvo in sadjarstvo imata v Slovenskih goricah večstoletno tradicijo, vendar je v zadnjih 113 letih opazen upad teh panog. Na ti panogi pa ima velik vpliv tudi klima. Razgiban relief Slovenskih goric je dejavnik, ki spreminja klimo na omenjenem območju. V diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na spreminjanje klime glede na topografske dejavnike (absolutne višine, relativne višine, nakloni, ekspozicije, globalno sončno obsevanje), proučili smo tudi vpliv te tako imenovane topoklime na vinogradništvo in sadjarstvo. S primerjanjem večletnih meteoroloških podatkov postaj Zgornja Ščavnica in Polički Vrh, ki ležita v našem območju, smo ugotovili spreminjanje klime glede na relativne višine. Povprečne temperature na višje ležeči postaji Zgornja Ščavnica so bile višje, kar kaže na obstoj večkratnih temperaturnih obratov in posledično termalnega pasu. Prav pojav termalnega pasu je ključen za razmestitev vinogradov in sadovnjakov nad dolinami potokov in rek v Slovenskih goricah med Muro in Pesnico. Z maršrutnimi meritvami na treh relacijah smo dokazali pojav temperaturnega obrata. Prav tako smo z meritvami na Slateniku in Tratah dokazali obstoj termalnega pasu. Temperaturne podatke smo analizirali tudi glede na vremenske tipe in ugotovili, da je najpogostejši in najintenzivnejši temperaturni obrat v anticiklonalnem vremenskem tipu, ko je vreme stabilno in jasno. Nasprotno se temperaturni obrat in termalni pas ne pojavljata v nestanovitnem deževnem, oblačnem in vetrovnem vremenu, predvsem ju ni zaslediti v ciklonalnem vremenskem tipu. Pri proučevanju temperaturnega obrata in termalnega pasu smo proučevali topoklimo le z vidika relativnih višin. Raziskali smo še povezavo med ostalimi topoklimatskimi dejavniki in razmestitvijo vinogradništva in sadjarstva, dotaknili smo se tudi vpliva kamninske podlage in prsti na rabo tal. S klasifikacijo območja glede na primernost za vinogradništvo in sadjarstvo smo ugotovili, da še obstaja možnost širjenja teh dveh panog na najboljše lege. The Slovenske gorice region is one of the largest regions in Slovenia and it is also known as the region of vineyards and orchards. Due to the extensive region we focused on the area between the Mura River in the north and the Pesnica River in the south. Vineyards and orchards have a centuries-old tradition, however in the past 113 years a large decline can be noticed. The climate has a major influence on the vegetation in this area. A diverse terrain in the Slovenske gorice region has an important role in changing the climate. In this thesis we focused on the changing climate according to topographical factors (altitude, relative height, gradient, exposition, global solar irradiation) and considered the impact of the topoclimate on vineyards and orchards. By comparing the data of two meteorological stations, Zgornja Ščavnica and Polički Vrh, we determined the changing of climate according to relative heights. The average temperatures in Zgornja Ščavnica, situated on a higher altitude, are showing temperature inversions and, consequently, thermal zone. The occurrence of the thermal zone above the valleys of streams and rivers is a key factor for the deployment of vineyards and orchards in the Slovenske gorice region. By the measurements in three different locations we proved the occurrence of temperature inversions. Furthermore, in Slatenik and Trate the existence of thermal zone was also found. The temperature data were analysed according to weather types. The analysis showed that the most frequent and intensive temperature inversion was in the anticyclone weather, when the weather is stable and clear. On the contrary, the temperature inversion and thermal zone do not appear in the unstable, rainy, cloudy and windy weather, primarily they do not occur in cyclone weather. The temperature inversion and thermal zone were now studied only in the aspect of relative height. Therefore, the connection between other topoclimatic factors and the location of vineyards and orchards was further studied and, finally, the impact of rocky ground texture and soil on land use. The classification of the area suited to growing vineyards and orchards showed the possibility of spreading these two sectors on the best possible locations.

Prispevek obravnava pojav temperaturnega obrata v hriboviti Sloveniji, tipe temperaturnih obratov, njihove višine in razporeditev preko leta. Posebej so obravnavani pojavi temperaturnega obrata v Ljubljanski in Bovški kotlini ter v Dravski dolini The article treats the phenomenon of temperature inversions in the mountainous Slovenia, the types of temperature inversions, their altitudes and disposition over the year. Especially are treated the phenomena of temperature inversions in the Ljubljana and Bovec basins and in the Drava valley

Radgonsko-Kapelske gorice so ena najbolj individualiziranih pokrajin v Sloveniji. Območje je lokalno in klimatsko gledano zelo zanimivo, kar se kaže predvsem v pojavu termalnega pasu, ki je posledica temperaturnega obrata. Zaradi posebnih topoklimatskih značilnosti imajo Radgonsko-Kapelske gorice tipično vertikalno razmestitev rabe tal, pri kateri je s svojo dolgoletno tradicijo najpomembnejše vinogradništvo. Gričevje Radgonsko-Kapelskih goric ima, v nasprotju z nižinama Radenskega polja in Ščavniške doline, ugodnejše klimatske razmere, ki ugodno vplivajo na posebne oblike rabe tal. Tako ima Kapela v nasprotju z Radenci predvsem v zimskih in spomladanskih mesecih višje srednje letne in mesečne temperature zraka, ki ugodno vplivajo na rast in razvoj zahtevnejših kulturnih rastlin, med katerimi je najpomembnejša vinska trta. Temperaturni obrat, ki se pogosteje pojavlja v hladni polovici leta, je na obravnavanem območju največji in najizrazitejši v anticiklonalnem vremenskem tipu (A1), najmanjši in najmanj intenziven pa ob ciklonalnem vremenskem tipu (C). Termalni pas, ki je posledica temperaturnega obrata, je prav tako največji in najintenzivnejši v anticiklonalnem vremenskem tipu (A1), najmanjši in najmanj intenziven pa ob ciklonalnem vremenskem tipu (C). Oba temperaturna pojava v veliki meri vplivata na razmestitev rabe tal. V nižini se tako pojavljajo njive in travniki, na pobočjih in slemenih v višjih relativnih višinah, kjer so topoklimatski dejavniki ugodnejši, pa prevladujejo vinogradi. Gozd se pojavlja predvsem na osojnih in strmejših površinah, kjer so topoklimatski pogoji slabši. Radgonsko-Kapelske gorice are one of the most individual landscapes in Slovenia. The region is local and climatic very interesting, what is mainly indicated in the phenomenon of the thermal belt, which is the result of the temperature inversion. Because of the special topoclimatic conditions Radgonsko-Kapelske gorice have a typical vertical arrangement of soil usage. Viniculture is with its long tradition the most important one. The hills of Radgonsko-Kapelske gorice have unlike the lowlands of Radensko polje and Ščavniška dolina better climate conditions which have a beneficial influence on specific land usage. Therefor the locality of Kapela compared to Radenci has higher yearly and monthly air temperatures, especialy in the winter and spring months. These temperatures have a beneficial influence on the growth and development of some specific agricultural plants. Wine Vine is the most important one. The temperature inversion that occurs more often in the cold part of the year is in the research region the biggest and most intensive among anticyclonic weather type (A1) and less intensive in the cyclonic weather type (C). The thermal belt that occurs because of the temperature inversion is also the biggest and most intensive among anticyclonic weather type (A1) and in its minimum in the cyclonic weather type (C). Both temperature phenomena have a big effect on the arrangement of soil usage. Typical for lowlands are fields and pastures, as for the hill sides and ridges with higher relative heights, where the topoclimatic conditions are better, vineyards are the dominating land usage. The forest appears on shady and steep slopes, where the topoclimatic conditions are not so good.