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Objective: To evaluate the clinic-pathological characteristics and their association with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis in pediatric patients. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Pediatric Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan Pakistan, from Jan 2014 to Dec 2019. Methodology: During the study, a total of 211 renal biopsy reports of different age groups were studied and analyzed for clinic-pathological features and patterns of direct immunofluorescence. Results: The mean age of 8.6±3.25 years was observed. The most common pathology was focal segmental glomerulo-sclerosis in 86 (40.76) of the patients, followed by mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis in 41 (19.43) of the patients. Minimal change disease was seen in 26 (12.32) cases. It was observed that the majority of the patients with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis were younger than 11 years old, whereas; 10 (11.2), patients with lupus nephritis, 11 (15.1) and membranous nephropathy, 10 (12.2) were comparatively older. Conclusion: Glomerulonephritis presents a diversified group of diseases with overlapping clinic-pathological features. The present study has reported many significant characteristics which could help diagnose a particular disorder among the pediatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic cirrhotic patients with ascites. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Medical outpatient department, Medical unit III, Ward-7, JPMC, Karachi, from Feb 2018 to Aug 2018. Methodology: All patients between the age of 18 to 60 years and presenting with confirmed ascites due to liver cirrhosis were included. Those with ascites due to other causes were excluded from the study. After obtaining consent, diagnostic ascitic paracentesis was done and sent to the laboratory for evaluation. Results: A total of 130 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of ascites patients was 46.94 ± 7.67 years. There were 73 (56.2%) male while 57 (43.8%) were female. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was detected among 38 (29.2%) patients. Among these, 15 patients (11.5%) had positive culture of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and detected organisms like E.coli (5.4%), Klebsiella (3.1%), Pneumococcus (2.3%) & Streptococcus viridians (0.8%). Frequency of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis increased with increasing age. Male gender was more affected of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Lower the weight increasing duration of ascites were associated with higher incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (p-value = 0.001 and 0.311 respectively). Conclusion: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was detected among one-third of the patients suffering from cirrhosis, making it a grave complication that requires prompt treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prevalence of histological subtypes of breast cancer and its association with age, molecular subtype, menopausal status, parity, obesity and tumor grade. Study Design: Prospective, observational study. Place and Duration of Study: The current study was conducted at Oncology Ward-4, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan, from Apr 2018 to Sep 2019. Methodology: Non-probability convenience technique was used for the sample selection. All patients with diagnosed breast cancer presenting at Oncology ward, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center were included in the study. Cases with a non-confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer or those with unknown histological subtype were excluded from the study. Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25) was used to analyze the data. Chi-Square test was used to find the association of histological subtypes with age, molecular subtype, menopausal status, parity, obesity, grade of tumor among breast cancer patients. Results: A total of 553 cases of breast cancer patients were reviewed in the study. The mean age of participants was 46.75 ± 10.852 years. We found a frequency of 91.3% of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (not otherwise specified) among women in our setting. The other rare types of cancer included invasive lobular carcinoma 2%, metaplastic 1.4%, and invasive micropapillary carcinoma 1%. Invasive ductal carcinoma (not otherwise specified). Invasive lobular carcinoma were significantly associated with luminal A type disease (p<0.05) while metaplastic was associated with basal type disease (p=0.006). Conclusion: The most common histological subtype of breast carcinoma in our study population was invasive ductal carcinoma (not otherwise specified). However, various rarer variants of invasive ductal carcinoma were also reported. Histological subtypes play a pivotal role in predicting the behavior and clinical outcome of breast carcinomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]