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Species Dinarippiger discoidalis (Fieber, 1853) comb. nov. It. vernacular name: Efippigera dalmatica; Hr. vernacular name: crvenoglava sedlarka; krška sedlarka; Slo. vernacular name: kraška sedlarka; Eng. vernacular name: Dalmatian Saddle Bush-Cricket., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Kasalo, Niko, Fontana, Paolo, Ivković, Slobodan, Tvrtković, Nikola, Rebrina, Fran, Adžić, Karmela, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Ćato, Sebastian, Deranja, Maks, Gomboc, Stanislav, Scherini, Roberto, Škorput, Jadranka, Veenvliet, Paul, Vuković, Marijana, Lemonnier-Darcemont, Michèle, Darcemont, Christian & Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, 2023, Dinarippiger gen. nov. (Tettigoniidae: Bradyporinae: Ephippigerini), a new saddle bush-cricket genus for Ephippiger discoidalis Fieber, 1853 from the Dinaric karst, pp. 49-90 in Zootaxa 5271 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7864189, {"references":["Fieber, F. X. (1853) Synopsis der europaischen Orthoptera mit besonderer R ¸ cksicht auf die in B ˆ hmen vorkommenden Arten. Lotos, 3, 201 - 207."]}

Genus Dinarippiger Skejo, Kasalo, Fontana et Tvrtković gen. nov. Etymology. The generic name Dinarippiger derives from the words “ Dinara ”, the mountain between Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina after which the Dinaric Alps were named, and “ Ephippiger ”, the name of the genus type species has belonged to hitherto. The word “ ephippiger ” originates from the Ancient Greek word ἐφίππιον (ephippion), meaning saddle, and suffix “-ger, -gera, -gerum” meaning “-bearing”, originating from the Latin verb “gero” meaning “to carry”. The word for “saddle” also originates from two words, the adjective ἐπῐì (epí, meaning “on”) and ἵππος (híppos, meaning “horse”). The genus name is of the masculine gender. Type species. Ephippiger discoidalis Fieber, 1853, here designated; type species by original designation, but also by original monotypy. Diagnosis. The new genus is similar to Ephippiger (type species Gryllus ephippiger Fiebig, 1784 = Ephippiger ephippiger) and Uromenus (type species Ephippiger rugosicollis Serville, 1838 = Uromenus rugosicollis) and is intermediate in certain characters. From Ephippiger taxa, Dinarippiger gen. nov. can be separated by the following characters: 1) Red coloration of occiput directly adjacent to the prozona of the pronotum (black coloration in Ephippiger). 2) Basal color of the tegmina black, with a wide white line just anterior to the caudal margin of the tegmen (basal color uniformly brown in Ephippiger). 3) Cerci with bilobate tip, inner lobe almost as developed as the outer one (outer one ostensibly more developed in Ephippiger). 4) Metazona of the pronotum shorter and less elevated than in Ephippiger. From Uromenus taxa, Dinarippiger gen. nov. can be distinguished by the following set of characteristics: 1) Bright red coloration of the occiput (in Uromenus blue, yellow, orange, or reddish, but never vivid red). 2) Large part of the tegmina is visible (in Uromenus tegmina are mostly covered by the pronotum). 3) Tegmina with numerous small black dots on the dorsal margin forming a continuous black line (in Uromenus there are large black dots separated by white areas). 4) Ovipositor is typically long and straight (short and decurved ovipositor in Uromenus), but its length is highly variable among different populations. Furthermore, Dinarippiger gen. nov. males have trapezoidal and bilobate epiproct, while Uromenus and Ephippiger males have rounded or square epiproct, rarely weakly bilobate. In addition to the above-mentioned differences, it is important to note that abdominal tergites in Dinarippiger gen. nov. typically have black and white markings, which are not present in Uromenus and Ephippiger. Visually similar to Dinarippiger gen. nov. is Uromenus annae (Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881) endemic to Sardinia, in which males also have red occiput (in females, however, occiput coloration is dark), short metazona, ornamented abdomen, but short and decurved ovipositor typical of Uromenus, and distinct cerci (compare Buzzetti et al. 2019). Composition and distribution. The new genus includes a single species to date, Dinarippiger discoidalis (Fieber, 1853) comb. nov. inhabiting the karst of Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Albania. The genus inhabits the area between the distribution areas of the genera Ephippiger and Uromenus. Uromenus inhabits the area south of Dinarippiger gen. nov. distribution, with the closest populations in southern Italy, and a single isolated population in Albania (Fig. 3). The distribution area of Dinarippiger gen. nov. borders/ overlaps with that of E. ephippiger in the central part of the Dinaric Alps (nearest known localities of Ephippiger are shown in Fig. 10). In Slovenia and Croatian Istria, the distributions of E. ephippiger or E. persicarius and D. discoidalis comb. nov. may overlap due to the mosaic composition of Mediterranean and continental habitats (Fig. 10)., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Kasalo, Niko, Fontana, Paolo, Ivković, Slobodan, Tvrtković, Nikola, Rebrina, Fran, Adžić, Karmela, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Ćato, Sebastian, Deranja, Maks, Gomboc, Stanislav, Scherini, Roberto, Škorput, Jadranka, Veenvliet, Paul, Vuković, Marijana, Lemonnier-Darcemont, Michèle, Darcemont, Christian & Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, 2023, Dinarippiger gen. nov. (Tettigoniidae: Bradyporinae: Ephippigerini), a new saddle bush-cricket genus for Ephippiger discoidalis Fieber, 1853 from the Dinaric karst, pp. 49-90 in Zootaxa 5271 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7864189, {"references":["Fieber, F. X. (1853) Synopsis der europaischen Orthoptera mit besonderer R ¸ cksicht auf die in B ˆ hmen vorkommenden Arten. Lotos, 3, 201 - 207.","Hochkirch, A., Nieto, A., Garcia Criado, M., Calix, M., Braud, Y., Buzzetti, F. M., Chobanov, D., Ode, B., Presa Asensio, J. J., Willemse, L., Zuna-Kratky, T., Barranco Vega, P., Bushell, M., Clemente, M. E., Correas, J. R., Dusoulier, F., Ferreira, S., Fontana, P., Garcia, M. D., Heller, K-G., Iorgu I. S., Ivkovic, S., Kati, V., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Lemos, P., Massa, B., Monnerat, C., Papapavlou, K. P., Prunier, F., Pushkar, T., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Sirin, D., Skejo, J., Sz ˆ venyi, G., Tzirkalli, E., Vedenina, V., Barat Domenech, J., Barros, F., Cordero Tapia, P. J., Defaut, B., Fartmann, T., Gomboc, S., Gutierrez-Rodriguez, J., Holusa, J., Illich, I., Karjalainen, S., Kocarek, P., Korsunovskaya, O., Liana, A., Lopez, H., Morin, D., Olmo-Vidal, J. M., Puskas, G., Savitsky, V., Stalling, T. & Tumbrinck, J. (2016) European Red List of Grasshoppers, Crickets and Bush-crickets. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 94 pp.","Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. Librarie des Encyclopedique de Roset, Paris, xviii + 776 pp., 14 pls.","Buzzetti, F. M., Brizio, C., Fontana, P. & Massa, B. (2019) A new voice from Sardinia: Uromenus annae (Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881) (Insecta: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Bradyporinae: Ephippigerini). Zootaxa, 4560 (2), 311 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.2.4"]}

Species Macroscirtus acutipennis (Karsch, 1886) Figs. 1, 6; Table 3 Type material: syntypes (1 ♂, 4 ♀♀), West-Central Tropical Africa, Angola, Cabinda. « Chinchoxo ». MfN. Description (Fig. 1): Yellow-brown, bright body. Tegmina scarcely exceeding abdomen, with a pointed apex, raised lower margin, and slightly rounded upper (Fig. 1a). Hind wings reaching a third of the length of the tegmina. Front femur unarmed, hind femur very elongated, armed with spines 7 outward and, 5-8 inward. The front and hind legs yellowish at the tips, with spines on both sides. Distribution (Fig. 6): Angola (type locality, Griffini 1908: Loagna assumed to be in Angola based on internet information), Nigeria, Ibadan (Eluwa, 1970, 1972), Central African Republic, Dzanga-Sangha (Massa, 2020)., Published as part of Simeu-Noutchom, Alain, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Affa'A, Glwadys Zang, Wandji, Alain Christel & Nzike, Marcelle Mbadjoun, 2022, Review of the genus Macroscirtus Pictet, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with the description of a new species, pp. 133-144 in Zootaxa 5188 (2) on pages 134-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7087512, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1886) Orthopterologische Beitrage I. Die Mekopodiden des Berliner zoologischen Museums. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 30, 107 - 118.","Griffini, A. (1908) Phasgonuridae africane del R. Museo di Storia Naturale di Bruxelles, 3. Hetrodidae, Mecopodidae, Pseudophyllidae. Memoires de La Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 15, 35 - 64.","Eluwa, M. (1970) The biology of the West African bush - cricket, Euthypoda acutipennis Karsch (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2, 1 - 39.","Eluwa, M. (1972) The egg - laying habits of Euthypoda acutipennis Karsch (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 51, 97 - 103.","Massa, B. (2020) The tropical African tribes Poreuomenini, Zeuneriini and Morgeniini with the description of a new genus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Zootaxa, 4514 (2), 293 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4514.2.12"]}

Macroscirtus kekeunoui Simeu-Noutchom & Heller sp. nov. Figs. 5, 6; Tables 2, 3 Material examined. Holotype ♂: Cameroon, Mpem and Djim National Park, secondary forest, coll. SIMEU NOUTCHOM Alain. Paratypes. 4 ♂♂, 4♀♀ Cameroon, Mpem and Djim National Park, secondary forest,coll. SIMEU NOUTCHOM Alain. All types in reference collection of Zoology Laboratory, University of Yaoundé I. Diagnose. Similar to M. kanguroo, but hind femora with mottled brown external face, internal face completely pale yellow (completely dark in kanguroo); subgenital plate indentation edge straight. Etymology. Named to honor Prof. Kekeunou Sévilor for his great contributions to insect ecology and taxonomy research in Cameroon. Description (Table 2), (Fig. 5): Male. Body large, brown to black, somewhat mottled with light yellow. Head 1.5 longer than wide, weakly globose; fastigium fairly wide, slightly protuberant, yellowish. Eyes rounded, protruding, 4.12 mm apart, ocellus visible between compound eyes, on the front’ extension of a yellow spot (Fig. 5 ). Antennae thin, 2.2 times longer than the body. Pronotum as long as wide, with a straight anterior edge, slightly concave posterior edge; meso and metanotum protruding and with a pointed apex, slightly angular.Abdomen brown to black; subgenital plate elongated horizontally, twice as long as the cerci, apex deeply and angularly notched, indentation 1.6 times deeper than broad, indentation edge straight; styles almost nil. Cerci not exceeding half of the subgenital plate, rather thick at the base, abruptly thinned, curved laterally and internally towards the apical third, apex ending in fine points, not touching. Fore and mid legs long, brown to black. Posterior legs strongly developed, hind femurs robust, with mottled brown external face and entirely pale yellow internal and ventral face (Fig. 5); lower edges armed with 5 external and 4 internal spines in apical half; hind tibia almost as long as the femur, bearing on average 15±2 spines both on its internal and external faces. Tegmina exceeding half of abdomen, but not reaching penultimate abdominal segment, rounded at apex, light brown with some yellow spots, weakly veined, comprising a single thick vein dividing the tegmina obliquely. Hind wings reaching almost half of the tegmina. Female. Similar to male, but slightly larger. Tegmina and hind legs more developed in the female than in the male (Table 2). Ovipositor long, slightly curved, sharp at the apex, with smooth edges.

Macroscirtus brevipennis Redtenbacher, 1892 Fig. 6; Tables 3 Type material: holotype ♀, Africa, West Tropical Africa, Sierre Leone. NMW. Description: Body dark. Back of the head and pronotum shelled, brown or black on both sides. Tegmina scarcely exceeding abdomen, narrow, rounded at the apex, brownish, sparsely and palely brown-stained. Hind wings narrow, slightly shorter than tegmina. Testaceous front legs with a single external spine drawn above; brownishrusty hind tibia. Fore femur brown, unarmed; hind femur very thickened at the base, transversely areolate on the outside, with a raised line, shiny, well arranged in longitudinal section, paler below, and armed with 4-5 spines on each side at the apical half. Ovipositor ferruginous. Distribution (Fig. 6): Sierra Leone (type locality); Equatorial Guinea, Cabo San Juan, (Bolivar, 1906)., Published as part of Simeu-Noutchom, Alain, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Affa'A, Glwadys Zang, Wandji, Alain Christel & Nzike, Marcelle Mbadjoun, 2022, Review of the genus Macroscirtus Pictet, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with the description of a new species, pp. 133-144 in Zootaxa 5188 (2) on pages 135-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7087512, {"references":["Redtenbacher, J. (1892) Monographische Uebersicht der Mecopodiden. Vol. 42. Verhandlungen Der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft In Wien, pp. 183 - 224.","Bolivar, I. (1906) Fasgonuridos de la Guinea espanola. Memorias de La Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 1, 327 - 377."]}

Macroscirtus kanguroo joannis Bolívar, 1906 Figs 3, 4; Table 1 Type material: syntypes (1 ♀ MNCN (Paris, 1994)), Equatorial Guinea, Cabo San Juan., Published as part of Simeu-Noutchom, Alain, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Affa'A, Glwadys Zang, Wandji, Alain Christel & Nzike, Marcelle Mbadjoun, 2022, Review of the genus Macroscirtus Pictet, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with the description of a new species, pp. 133-144 in Zootaxa 5188 (2) on page 137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7087512, {"references":["Bolivar, I. (1906) Fasgonuridos de la Guinea espanola. Memorias de La Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 1, 327 - 377.","Paris, M. (1994) Catalogo de tipos de ortopteroides (Insecta) de Ignacio Bolivar, I: Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmoptera y Orthoptera (Stenopelmatoidea, Rhaphidophoroidea, Tettigonioidea, Grylloidea, Tetrigoidea). Eos: Revista Espanola de Entomologia, 69 (1), 143 - 264."]}

Genus Macroscirtus Pictet, 1888 Synonym Macroscyrtus Bolívar, 1893. The name Euthypoda Karsch 1886 with the type species E. difformis, designated by monotypy in Karsch 1892, is a junior synonym of Vetralla [quadrata] Walker 1869 (Kirby 1891). The type species designation of E. acutipennis by Kirby (1906) is invalid. Diagnosis. Macroscirtus can be separated from the other genera of Mecopodinae by the following combination of characters: fastigium of vertex about 2 times broader than antennal scapus; prosternum armed; tegmina longer than pronotum but not reach mid of hind femora; hind wings reduced or nearly missing. Male tegminal stridulatory organs missing except possibly in M. acutipennis, which has at least asymmetrical tegmina. Tentative key to the species of the genus Macroscirtus 1 Male tegmina completely symmetrical, rounded at apex, without stridulatory organ................................. 2 - Male tegmina asymmetrical, pointed at apex, with stridulatory organ........................ Macroscirtus acutipennis 2 Pronotal disc bright yellowish........................................................................... 3 - Pronotal disc dark brown............................................................................... 4 3 Tegmina longer than half of abdomen..................................................... Macroscirtus bicolor - Tegmina not longer than half of abdomen......................................... Macroscirtus brunneotestaceus 4 Hind wings more than two third as long as tegmina...................................... Macroscirtus brevipennis - Hind wings about half as long as tegmina.................................................................. 5 5 Hind femora completely brown; subgenital indentation edge little or more concave............... Macroscirtus kanguroo - Hind femora with mottled brown external face, internal and ventral faces completely pale yellow; subgenital indentation edge straight................................................................... Macroscirtus kekeunoui sp. nov., Published as part of Simeu-Noutchom, Alain, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Affa'A, Glwadys Zang, Wandji, Alain Christel & Nzike, Marcelle Mbadjoun, 2022, Review of the genus Macroscirtus Pictet, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with the description of a new species, pp. 133-144 in Zootaxa 5188 (2) on pages 134-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7087512, {"references":["Pictet, A. (1888) Locustides nouveaux ou peu connus du Musee de Geneve. Vol. 30. Mem. Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, pp. 1 - 84.","Bolivar, I. (1893) Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire d'Assinie en juillet et aout 1886. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 62 (1), 169 - 184.","Karsch, F. (1886) Orthopterologische Beitrage I. Die Mekopodiden des Berliner zoologischen Museums. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 30, 107 - 118.","Karsch, F. (1892) Uebersicht der von Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss auf der Barombi-Station in Kamerun gesammelten Locustodeen. Anhang: Ueber die Mecopodiden. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 36, 317 - 346.","Walker, F. (1869) Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Catalogue of Locustidae. British Museum of Natural History, pp. 225 - 423. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8149","Kirby, W. F. (1891) Notes on the Orthopterous family Mecopodidae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 405 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1891. tb 03036. x","Kirby, W. F. (1906) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. II. Orthoptera Saltatoria. Part I. (Achetidae et Phasgonuridae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, 562 pp."]}

Macroscirtus brunneotestaceus (Chopard, 1954) Fig. 2, 6; Table 3 Synonym Euthypoda brunneotestacea Chopard, 1954 (Chopard, 1954) Type material: holotype ♂, Africa, West Tropical Africa, Ivory Coast, Mt. Nimba, primary forest. MNHN Paris. Description (Table 3), (Fig. 2): Body large, light brown above, very dark on the sides, shiny, hairless. The head is slightly convex, with some large pitting; the colour limit between the top and sides is clear, following the internal edge of the antenna pits; fastigium vertex very wide, with parallel edges, slightly keeled, slightly concave above with a small median keel; convex apex. Face slightly marbled, brownish, the top of the broad facial crest with parallel edges, separated from the fastigium vertex by a deep furrow. Eyes small, but rather prominent, rounded; ocellus invisible. Antennae slender, testaceous. Palps brownish; 4 th segment of the maxillary palpi very short, 5 th long, barely widened at the top. Pronotum with straight anterior edge, posterior edge slightly convex; pronotal disc bright yellowish, almost flat, with very sparse punctuation, two slightly more marked impressions near the anterior edge and a transverse furrow in posterior third; lateral lobes high, dark brown, boundary with light colour of the disc forming a re-entrant angle on the prozone; sinuate lower edge, very rounded posterior angle, coarsely pitted surface (Fig. 2d). Prosternum with long and strong spines; meso and metasternum with short-weakly angular lobes. Abdomen yellowish brown, tergites keeled in the middle and showing a small projecting angle at the posterior edge; 10 th tergite short, slightly indented at posterior edge, with rounded angles; rounded epiproct; subgenital plate very elongated, with parallel edges; apex deeply and angularly notched, lobes slightly rounded at apex; zero styles (Fig. 2c). Cerci not exceeding half of the subgenital plate, rather thick at the base, abruptly thinned and curved at right angles towards apical third, apex ending in a fine short point. Fore and mid legs long, with color of the light part of the body; femur weakly keeled towards apex, the middle ones armed with a small spine at the internal genicular lobe; anterior tibiae perforated by two oval eardrums, furrowed above, armed with 3 very small external spines, 2 internal, brown at the base, and 2 apical spurs; below 5 external spines, 6 slightly longer internal ones, and also 2 apical spurs. Intermediate tibiae with 4 external spines, 5 internal above, 6 on each side below, 4 apical spurs; tarsi with 1st and 2nd articles very short, 3 rd very enlarged, 4 th measures the length of the first two joined together; claws short and fairly thick. Hind femur very thick at the base, abruptly thinned towards the middle, with a dark brown external face, a bit rough, rather strongly keeled in the middle; lower edges armed in the apical half with 2 external and 4 internal spines; genicular lobes armed with a small spine. Tegmina not exceeding half of the 3 rd abdominal tergite, rounded at the apex (Fig. 2a,b); dorsal field flat, thick, light brown with a brown spot near the inner edge, with faint veins on a coarsely pitted and weakly reticulate background; venation similar on both tegmina, comprising a single thick rib on the awn (R + M) bifurcated towards apical third, and a weaker rib (Cu) dividing tegmina obliquely; base thick, punctate, without trace of stridulatory field; lateral field very poorly developed, darker than dorsal field, showing only weak Sc vein, straight and simple, coarsely punctate and reticulate. Wings completely aborted. Female larger, but similar to male. Female subgenital plate rounded at the posterior edge, rather strongly keeled on the median line. Oviscapt long, almost straight, acute at the apex, with smooth edges (Fig. 2b). Distribution (Fig. 6): Ivory Coast, Mt. Nimba (type locality), Man, Mt. Tonkoui (1171m), Mt. Nimba camp (Massa et al. 2021); Guinea: Southeast Guinea (Naskrecki, 2006), Published as part of Simeu-Noutchom, Alain, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Affa'A, Glwadys Zang, Wandji, Alain Christel & Nzike, Marcelle Mbadjoun, 2022, Review of the genus Macroscirtus Pictet, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with the description of a new species, pp. 133-144 in Zootaxa 5188 (2) on pages 136-137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7087512, {"references":["Chopard, L. (1954) La reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba. II. Orthopteres Ensiferes. Memoires Institut Francais Afrique Noire, 40, 25 - 97.","Massa, B. (2021) Orthoptera Tettigoniidae as indicators of biodiversity hotspots in the Guinean Forests of Central and West Tropical Africa. Zootaxa, 4974 (3), 401 - 458. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4974.3.1","Naskrecki, P. (2006) Evaluation rapide des sauterelles (Insecta: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) sur des sites particuliers de la Guinee For-estiere en Guinee (Afrique de l'Ouest). In: Heather, E. W., Jennifer, M., Leeanne, E. A. & Mamadou, S. D. (Eds.), A Rapid Biological Assessment of Three Classified Forests in Southeastern Guinea. Vol. 40. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment, Conservation International, Washington, pp. 46 - 52."]}

Species Macroscirtus kanguroo Pictet, 1888 Figs. 3, 4, 6; Tables 1, 3 Type material: syntypes (2♂♂ Mus. Geneve (Hollier, 2011)), type locality: Africa, West-Central Tropical Africa, Gabon. According to Art. 45.6.4 (ICZN, 2000) both Macroscyrtus kanguroo variety insularis Griffini, 1906 (Griffini, 1906), and Macroscirtus kanguroo variety joannis Bolívar, 1906 (Bolívar, 1906) have to be considered as valid subspecies., Published as part of Simeu-Noutchom, Alain, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Affa'A, Glwadys Zang, Wandji, Alain Christel & Nzike, Marcelle Mbadjoun, 2022, Review of the genus Macroscirtus Pictet, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with the description of a new species, pp. 133-144 in Zootaxa 5188 (2) on page 137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7087512, {"references":["Pictet, A. (1888) Locustides nouveaux ou peu connus du Musee de Geneve. Vol. 30. Mem. Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, pp. 1 - 84.","Hollier, J. (2011) An annotated list of the Orthoptera (Insecta) species described by Alphonse Pictet (alone, and with Henri de Saussure) with an account of the primary type material present in the Museum d'histoire naturelle in Geneva. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 118 (2), 345 - 400.","ICZN. (2000) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Edition 4. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999, London. Available from: https: // www. iczn. org / the-code / the-code-online / (accessed 3 May 2022)","Griffini, A. (1906) Ortotteri raccolti da Leonardo Fea nell'Africa occidentale. 1. Hetrodidi, Conocephalidi, Meconemidi, Pseudophyllidi, Mecopodidi, Fanerotteridi. Annali Del Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale ' Giacomo Doria', Genova, 2 (3), 358 - 397.","Bolivar, I. (1906) Fasgonuridos de la Guinea espanola. Memorias de La Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 1, 327 - 377."]}

Macroscyrtus kanguroo insularis Griffini, 1906 Table 1 Type material: syntypes (1 ♂, 3 ♀♀), Equatorial Guinea, Bioko (Fernando Poo, Punta Frailes)., Published as part of Simeu-Noutchom, Alain, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Affa'A, Glwadys Zang, Wandji, Alain Christel & Nzike, Marcelle Mbadjoun, 2022, Review of the genus Macroscirtus Pictet, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with the description of a new species, pp. 133-144 in Zootaxa 5188 (2) on page 137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7087512, {"references":["Griffini, A. (1906) Ortotteri raccolti da Leonardo Fea nell'Africa occidentale. 1. Hetrodidi, Conocephalidi, Meconemidi, Pseudophyllidi, Mecopodidi, Fanerotteridi. Annali Del Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale ' Giacomo Doria', Genova, 2 (3), 358 - 397."]}

Species Macroscirtus bicolor Bolívar, 1893 Fig. 6; Table 3 Synonym Macroscyrtus bicolor Bolívar, 1893 (Bolívar, 1893) Type material: syntype ♀, Africa, West Tropical Africa, Ivory Coast. Museum Madrid (Paris & Hemp, in press) Description: Pitch brown, with the vertex and back of the pronotum dirty yellow. Pronotum punctate, rounded on the sides, with the lateral carinae somewhat pronounced on the metazone, the latter having more than half the length of the prozone; lateral lobes shiny black, pitted, but with small smooth spaces, pronotal disc bright yellowish. Tegmina acuminate, less pointed than in Macroscirtus acutipennis, but more rounded than in Macroscirtus kanguroo Pictet. Hind wings absent or extremely small. Anterior tibiae showing above on the external edge, two small spines; below, they have six spines on each side, or even seven on the outer side; intermediate ones are armed above with two spines on the external side and three internally. Forelegs yellowish. The abdomen is smooth and somewhat keeled in the median line above; this carina, extending posteriorly, forms a small tooth on each segment. Ovipositor very long, smooth and slightly curved upwards at the end. Distribution (Fig. 6): Ivory Coast, Assinie-Mafia., Published as part of Simeu-Noutchom, Alain, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Affa'A, Glwadys Zang, Wandji, Alain Christel & Nzike, Marcelle Mbadjoun, 2022, Review of the genus Macroscirtus Pictet, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with the description of a new species, pp. 133-144 in Zootaxa 5188 (2) on page 135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7087512, {"references":["Bolivar, I. (1893) Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire d'Assinie en juillet et aout 1886. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 62 (1), 169 - 184."]}

Enyaliopsis spec. 4 References: Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013 Bioacoustics. The calling song of this species is described as belonging to song type B (in Fig. 5). The origin of the specimen is unknown, and voucher specimens do not seem to exit (Lakes-Harlan in litt.), Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Kowalski, K. & Lakes-Harlan, R. (2013) The acoustic communication system in six species of armoured ground crickets (Orthop- tera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae): commonalities and species-specific differences. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252, 204 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2012.05.005"]}

Cosmoderus femoralis Sjöstedt, 1901 Material examined: 3 males [CH8626 (SR, TI, CHR), CH 8627 (SF, TI, CHR), CH8628 (CHR)], CAMEROON, 2018, obtained alive from P. Grabowitz, Cologne. Bioacoustics. The tegmina of Cosmoderus femoralis males show the typical Hetrodini shape (Fig. 2). The left file carries 65 relatively small teeth (Table 1; Fig. 4), much more than in the species described above. The recorded male produced its calling song only at night. In the beginning it made crescendoing series of syllables lasting a few seconds, but these sequences quickly became longer ending in very long trills (Fig. 5A, 8A; longest recorded uninterrupted songs 46 and 66 minutes). The spectrum of the song is typical for Hetrodini with the peak at 16 kHz (Fig. 6). Genitalia. The genitalic sclerites consist of a large, central, triangular, basal part (titillator) with a very short rectangularly-bent tip and two smaller lateral elements (Fig. 9A). Chromosomes: 2n = 25 (24 + X0), FN = 29; pairs 1 and 2 submetacentric (= bi-armed), 3–12 and X chromosome acrocentric (3 males); thin C-positive paracentromeric bands in all of the chromosomes and an interstitial one in the first pair of autosome (Fig. 12A)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Sjostedt, Y. (1901) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Insektenfauna von Kamerun. 8. Locustodeen aus Kamerun und Kongo. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps - akademiens Handlingar, 27, 1 - 45."]}

Enyaliopsis bloyeti (Lucas, 1885) Material examined: 2 males [CH8853 (SF), 1 male (SR), 1 male (TI, CHR)], TANZANIA, Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve nr. Kisarawe, Pwani Region, February 2015, leg. C. Hemp; 2 males [CH8854 (SF), 1 male (SR, CHR)], TANZANIA, Udzungwa Mts., Mangula Gate, Morogoro Region, March 2016, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (SR), TANZANIA, Bagamoyo, Febr. 2022, leg. C. Hemp. Reference: Hemp 2021 Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1), and spectrum of the song (Fig. 6) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The calling song consists of a series of echemes repeated at 0.6 Hz and with about 30 syllables each (Fig. 8B; see Table 2). The first echeme of a series is often slightly longer than the following. Genitalia. The central part of the genitalic sclerites (titillator) of our specimens (Fig. 9B) is similar to that figured by Glenn (1991). Chromosomes: 2n = 29 (28 + X0), FN = 29; pairs 1–14 and X chromosome acrocentric (2 males); thick (occupied the region next to the centromere) C-bands in the paracentromeric region in the long/medium chromosomes and the X chromosome, thin C-block in the short-sized autosomes (Fig. 12B), Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 465-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Lucas, P. H. (1885) (Eugaster bloyeti Luc.). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Bulletin [= Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr.], (6), 5, 91 - 92.","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp.","Glenn, G. S. Jr. (1991) A systematic revision of Enyaliopsis Karsch 1887 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 117, 67 - 102. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25078540"]}

Anepisceptus horridus (Burmeister, 1838) References: OSF (stridulatory file) The tegmina have the typical shape of Hetrodini (see above) with the left file carrying only about 20 teeth (NMH in OSF)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 463-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie, Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Zweite Abtheilung Kaukerfe, Gymnognatha. Erste Halfte; vulgo Orthoptera. T. C. F. Enslin, Berlin, i - viii + pp. 457 - 756."]}

Acanthoplus discoidalis (Walker, 1869) Material examined: 1 male, CHelb8946 (SF), NAMIBIA; Khomas rg., 35,3 km SE Windhoek, 1728 m a.s.l., 13– 17.2.2018, leg. Sergey Dementyev. References: Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013, Bio.acousti.ca via wikipedia „577_20_Acanthopl[i]us_discoidalis_629r1“ Bioacoustics. See Acanthoplus longipes and Fig. 7., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 461, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Walker, F. (1869) Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Catalogue of Locustidae. British Museum of Natural History, London, pp. 225 - 423.","Kowalski, K. & Lakes-Harlan, R. (2013) The acoustic communication system in six species of armoured ground crickets (Orthop- tera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae): commonalities and species-specific differences. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252, 204 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2012.05.005"]}

Eugaster guyoni (Serville, 1838) Material examined: 1 male, CH 0656 (SF), MOROCCO, 20 km W of Midelt P 3426 (32°45’N, 4°54’W), 1–31 viii 1985, leg. M. Gebhardt (guyoni nigripes); 1 male (SR), MOROCCO, S of Taroudant, ruderal stony desert and bush, p.1179, N 30.53051, W 008.4142, 600 m, 29.03.2019, leg. Chobanov (guyoni berlandi); 1 male (SR), MOROCCO, Tamaloukht, N 30.60269, W 008.83921, 420 m, 10.06.2013, leg. Chobanov (guyoni berlandi); 1 male (SR), MOROCCO, 20 km E of Tiznit, ruderal scrub vegetation near the road, p.030, N 29.69291, W 009.52822, 210 m, 24.05.2013, leg. Chobanov (guyoni berlandi); 1 male (SR), MOROCCO, NE of Tantan, deviation to Tideguit, cactus-plantation (Opuntia), N 28.56885, W 010.82870, 174 m, 24.05.2013, leg. Chobanov (guyoni fernandezi); 1 male (SR), MOROCCO, 5 km NE of Taliouine, stony desert and canyon, p.1180, N 30.56452, W 007.95019, 1140 m, 29.03.2019, leg. Chobanov (guyoni intermedia); 2 males (SR), MOROCCO, SE of Talouine, barley plantation, N 30.47001, W 007.84247, 1470 m, 26.05.2013, leg. Chobanov (guyoni intermedia). References: Grzeschik 1969, Nielsen 1971, 1974, Schmidt et al. 1997. Bioacoustics. The tegmina (Fig. 2B) are in shape typical for Hetrodini, but show even less remainings of veins and cells than the other studied genera (compare Fig. 2, 3). For other data see below, Eugaster spinulosa. Genitalia. Despite careful examination, we could not find a titillator or other sclerotized genitalic elements. Already Grzeschik (1969, p. 91) writes “like all Tettigoniidae Eugaster does not have a penis“ (translated from German). Chromosomes: 2n = 29 (28 + X0), FN = 29; pairs 1–14 and the X chromosome acrocentric [2 males described earlier (Grzywacz et al. 2015): Morocco, Tamaloukht, 10.06.2013, leg. Chobanov (cf. berlandi) and 20 km E of Tiznit, 24.05.2013, leg. Chobanov (cf. berlandi/fernandezi)]; thin paracentromeric C-bands in all chromosomes., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret [Collection des suites a Buffon]; Paris (Roret), 776 pp.","Grzeschik, K. - H. (1969) On the systematics, biology and ethology of Eugaster Serville (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). Form and Function, 1, 46 - 144.","Nielsen, E. T. (1971) Stridulatory activity of Eugaster (Orthoptera, Ensifera). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 14, 234 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1971. tb 00160. x","Nielsen, E. T. (1974) Activity patterns of Eugaster (Orthoptera: Ensifera). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 17, 325 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1974. tb 00351. x","Schmidt, G. H., Feierabend, H. & Paiva, M. R. (1997) Ein Beitrag zum Kopulations- und Stridulationsverhalten von Eugaster guyoni fernandezii. Bolivar, 1935 (Ensifera: Hetrodidae). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie, 11, 405 - 410.","Grzywacz, B., Hemp, C., Heller, K. - G., Hemp, A., Chobanov, D. P. & Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. (2015) Cytogenetics and mo- lecular differentiation in the African armoured ground bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 259, 22 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2015.10.001"]}

Enyaliopsis iaculator Naskrecki & Guta, 2019 References: Naskrecki & Guta 2019 Bioacoustics. Tegmina, stridulatory file and song are described and figured by Naskrecki & Guta (2019). The calling song consists of a long sequence of short echemes (Fig. 8F; song type C in Fig. 5; see Table 2), Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 467, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Naskrecki, P. & Guta, R. (2019) Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) of Gorongosa National Park and Central Mozambique. Zootaxa, 4682 (1), 001 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4682.1.1"]}

Enyaliopsis jennae Glenn, 1991 Material examined: 3 males [CH8267 (SR, SF, CHR), HE82 (TI, CHR), HE87 (CHR)], TANZANIA, Uluguru Mts, Morogoro Region, 1 vii 2016, leg. C. Hemp. References: Glenn 1991, Hemp 2021 Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1), and spectrum of the song (Fig. 6) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The calling song (Fig. 8G) consists of long series of syllables (song type B 2 in Fig. 5; see Table 2). Genitalia. The titillator of our specimen (Fig. 9F) agrees quite well with the figure in Glenn (1991). Chromosomes: 2n = 28 (26 + neo-XY), FN = 29; pairs 1–13 acrocentric, longest in the set metacentric neo-X and long acrocentric neo-Y (3 males); thin C-bands in the paracentromeric region an all chromosomes, thin interstitial C-positive heterochromatin block in pair 1 (Fig. 12E)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 467-468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Glenn, G. S. Jr. (1991) A systematic revision of Enyaliopsis Karsch 1887 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 117, 67 - 102. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25078540","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp."]}

Enyaliopsis spec. 2Mpwapwa This species is called Mpwapwa Armoured Ground Bushcricket and can be identified using the key in Hemp (2021). The single known male specimen of this species has a small body size and the spines of the pronotum are rather short. It resembles E. spec. 3 from the East Chenene Forest Reserve further north-west but is smaller in body size and the pronotum is less spiny. Material examined: 1 male [CH8353 (SR, TI, CHR), TANZANIA, Mpwapwa plateau, Dodoma Region, Wotta Forest Reserve, 1840 m, March 2017, leg. C. Hemp. Reference: Hemp 2021 Bioacoustics. The calling song (Fig. 8H) consists of long series of syllables (song type B in Fig. 5; see Table 2). The spectrum of the song (Fig. 6; peak at 13 kHz) does not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. Genitalia. In a comparison of figures, the titillator of our specimen (Fig. 9G) is most similar to that of E. monsteri Glenn, 1991 from the petersi group. Chromosomes: 2n = 27 (26 + X0), FN = 30; pair 1 submetacentric, 2–13 acrocentric, X chromosome metacentric (1 male); thin C-bands in the paracentromeric region of all chromosomes (Fig. 12F), Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp.","Glenn, G. S. Jr. (1991) A systematic revision of Enyaliopsis Karsch 1887 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 117, 67 - 102. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25078540"]}

Enyaliopsis nyala Glenn 1991 References: Glenn 1991 Bioacoustics. The calling song of this species is described as consisting of echemes (song type C in Fig. 5; see Table 2)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Glenn, G. S. Jr. (1991) A systematic revision of Enyaliopsis Karsch 1887 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 117, 67 - 102. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25078540"]}

Acanthoplus longipes (Charpentier, 1843) References: Conti & Viglianisi 2005, Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2011, Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013 Bioacoustics. Acanthoplus longipes and A. discoidalis possess stridulatory files with unusually few teeth (fewer only in Anepisceptus horridus) and quite large intervals between the teeth. Their calling songs look relatively complicated because they consist of two groups of impulses which are repeated again and again resulting in a trilllike structure (Fig. 7; based on data and figures taken from literature). In our interpretation, both groups together should be considered as one syllable produced during one closing movement with a short break in the middle (e.g., in Leptophyes lisae; Heller 1988). This idea is supported by the observation that in the first group the impulses are typically increasing in amplitude and in the second decreasing (Fig. 7; not the case only in 7C). Both species differ distinctly in the syllable repetition rate with A. longipes singing faster than A. discoidalis. The differences in SRR between the two recordings of A. discoidalis (Conti & Viglianisi 2005, Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013) result very probably from the different temperatures during recording. A. longipes females made phonotaxis mainly to the species-specific song pattern, while A. discoidalis females were attracted to a wider spectrum of song models (Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2011)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 461-462, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Charpentier, T. de (1843) Orthoptera descripta et depicta [1841 - 1845]. Voss, Lipsae (Leipzig), 120 pp.","Conti, E. & Viglianisi, F. M. (2005) Ecology of the calling song of two Namibian armoured ground crickets, Acanthoplus longipes and Acanthoproctus diadematus (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae Hetrodinae). Ethology, Ecology & Evolution, 17, 261 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.2005.9522596","Kowalski, K. & Lakes-Harlan, R. (2011) Temporal patterns of intra- and interspecific acoustic signals differ in two closely related species of Acanthoplus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae). Zoology, 114, 29 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. zool. 2010.09.002","Kowalski, K. & Lakes-Harlan, R. (2013) The acoustic communication system in six species of armoured ground crickets (Orthop- tera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae): commonalities and species-specific differences. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252, 204 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2012.05.005","Heller, K. - G. (1988) Bioakustik der europaischen Laubheuschrecken. Okologie in Forschung und Anwendung, Bd. 1. Verlag J. Margraf, Weikersheim, 358 pp."]}

Hetrodini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 stat. nov The 14 genera of Hetrodini have been divided into five groups (subtribes): Acanthoplina Ebner & Beier, 1964, Anepisceptina Schmidt, 1998, Enyaliopsina Weidner, 1955, Eugastrina Karsch, 1887 and Hetrodina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878. Despite some reservations, we follow this conventional classification. Surprisingly, the internal genitalic organs of the males did not attract much attention (except in Enyaliopsis; Glenn 1991) in taxonomic studies. This may be partly due to the fact that many studies were made before the importance of this character was known, and the titillators are difficult to prepare, but partly also because in some genera these structures do not seem to be sclerotized. In Eugaster and Eugasteroides we could not find distinct sclerotized elements, whereas, in other genera they are quite large (see Specific part). ......continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) § Glenn 1991 $ Conti & Viglianisi 2005 & Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013 * Naskrecki & Guta, 2019 # Schmidt 1990 % Grzeschik 1969 Bioacoustics Male tegmina. As in almost all tettigonioids, Hetrodini produce their songs by rubbing the stridulatory file on the lower side of the left tegmen against the scraper, the amplified edge of the right tegmen. In all species studied, left and right tegmen were quite similar in shape (Fig. 2). They do not show structures adapted for sound propagation or amplification like e.g., glossy mirror cells. Species differ in the size of the tegmina and in details of the venation but are in general quite uniform (Fig. 3). Stridulatory files. In all specimens studied by us and by others (Grzeschik 1969) the left tegmen was nearly always placed above the right tegmen as it is typical for tettigonioids. In Eugaster only 4 out of 237 males had a reversed position, but also these males were able to sing (Grzeschik 1969). The left file carried also more and stronger teeth and was longer than that of the right tegmen (Grzeschik 1969, Glenn 1991). The tooth number in the left file varied between 20 and 65, the length of the file between 1.4 and 4.3 mm, and the intervals between the teeth in the middle of the file between 32 and 136 µm (Table 1; see Fig. 4 for examples). The intervals between the teeth were distinctly larger in the two Acanthoplus species than in all other investigated species. Amplitude pattern. All Hetrodini species studied until now produce non-resonant songs with each syllable consisting of a series of distinct impulses (Fig. 7, 8, 10; see also e.g., figures in Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013). However, in recordings containing many echoes these impulses can often not be recognised as separated units. According to the grouping of the syllables, the songs can be subdivided into three categories. Some species produce very long (sometimes lasting more than one hour), uninterrupted sequences of syllables (trilling species; Fig. 5A). Other species have also songs containing series of syllables lasting several seconds, but these sequences and their intervals are typically variable in duration. There is a more or less continuous transition from nearly trill-like sequences (Fig. 5B 1) to short groupings or even single series separated by large gaps (Fig. 5B 2, 3). The third group of species differs clearly from the preceding ones showing short groups of syllables (echemes) with intervals in a similar range, both quite constant in their duration (Fig. 5C). The echemes contained 7 to 31 syllables depending on the species. The syllable repetition rate of the species studied here varied between 7 and 44 Hz (Table 2; all song types). In all species studied, there seems to be only one type of hemisyllable; the sound is probably produced during the closing movement of the tegmina only. Accordingly, the steep side of the teeth is directed towards the wing edge (in SEM photos of Conti & Viglianisi 2005). Opening hemisyllables are missing or are very weak (Fig. 7I, 8G). Spectra. The power spectra of the male songs show one broad peak with the maximum always in the high audio range, between 9 and 19 kHz (Fig. 6, Table 2). The bandwidth 10 dB below peak ranged from 4 to 12 kHz. In interspecific comparisons, there were no obvious correlations between any morphological characteristics (body size, pronotum length, tooth number, file length, inter-tooth intervals) and peak frequency (r 2 =0.01–0.09; p=0.11–0.63) or bandwidth (r 2 =0.00–0.08; p=0.33–0.68; see Table 1 and 2). Song intensity. The loudness of the song is an important parameter that determines the range of the song to conspecifics and predators, depending also on spectral characteristics of the sounds and of the ears of the receivers. It is rarely measured because the procedure requires special equipment. In Hetrodini, Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan (2010) presented data for one species, and here another three are added (Table 3; all measured or calculated for a singing male in 1 m distance). Our new data may have a tendency for underestimating the loudness because the equipment was not sensitive for ultrasonic frequencies (>20 kHz). The much lower values of Acanthoplus longipes were obtained with equipment sensitive to 10 kHz only according to its datasheet. Syntopic occurrences. Despite the large number of (sub)species described there is little information which of these forms do coexist at a certain place and how they might manage to live together. In Table 4 we present all of the surprisingly few examples of syntopic occurrences we could find together with data on body size and song characteristics of the species involved. Chromosomes. A comparison of the karyotype of eighteen Hetrodini species/taxa revealed differences in the chromosome number (2n), the chromosome morphology (including X and Y chromosomes), the fundamental number of chromosomes arms (FN), the sex chromosome system, and C-banding pattern (C-band/C-block). The information presented applies to both new and previously published data (Fig. 13; Mbata 2005, Warchałowska-Śliwa & Bugrov 2009, Grzywacz et al. 2015, Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2015). The examined males had from 29 to 17 chromosomes and one of two sex determination systems: the classical X0 as well as neo-XY. Males of four Hetrodini species belonging to two different subtribes (Enyaliopsina: Enyaliopsis bloyeti; Eugastrina: Eugaster —2 species and Eugasteroides loricatus) have a similar karyotype characterized by 2n = 29 and acrocentric chromosomes including the X chromosome, the largest element in the set. In Hetrodes pupus (Hetrodini), Enyaliopsis ephippiatus, Enyaliopsis spec. 2 Mpwapwa and Gymnoproctus (both Enyaliopsina) the complement is reduced to 2n = 27 (all chromosomes acrocentric) as well as in Cosmoderus (Enyaliopsina) and Acanthoplus (Acanthoplina) to 25 with one or two bi-armed pairs of autosomes and an acrocentric or bi-armed X chromosome. The lowest chromosome number, 2n = 17 was found in Spalacomimus magnus (Eugastrina) with five bi-armed autosomes. All the abovementioned taxa show X0 sex determination system. On the other hand, a neo-XY sex chromosome mechanism was also observed in two subtribes: in the genera Enyaliopsis [E. jennae (2n = 28) and E. carolinus (2n = 26)] and in Spalacomimus [S. talpa and S. verruciferus (2n = 24) with different morphology of the neo-sex chromosomes]. After C-banding, chromosome regions showed quantitative variation in constitutive heterochromatin blocks among species and genera. For detailed information see Specific part., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 453-460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. (1878) Monographie der Phaneropteriden. Brockhaus, Wien, 401 pp.","Ebner, R. & Beier, M. (1964) Orthopterum Catalogus. Pars 1 - 2 (Editio nova emendata et amplificata): Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerinae, Pycnogastrinae, Bradyporinae, Deracanthinae, Hetrodinae, Acridoxeninae. Dr. W. Junk, s'Gravenhage. 101 pp.","Schmidt, G. H. (1998) Taxonomy of Anepisceptus Fieber, 1853, Eugasteroides Weidner, 1955, and Weidnerius gen. n. (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Hetrodidae). Revision of genera, species and subspecies with new descriptions. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 45, 135 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19980450205","Weidner, H. (1955) Die Hetrodinae (Orthoptera, Saltatoria). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 53, 109 - 172.","Karsch, F. (1887) Orthopterologische Beitrage II. Uber die Hetrodiden. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 31, 43 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18870310112","Glenn, G. S. Jr. (1991) A systematic revision of Enyaliopsis Karsch 1887 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 117, 67 - 102. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25078540","Conti, E. & Viglianisi, F. M. (2005) Ecology of the calling song of two Namibian armoured ground crickets, Acanthoplus longipes and Acanthoproctus diadematus (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae Hetrodinae). Ethology, Ecology & Evolution, 17, 261 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.2005.9522596","Kowalski, K. & Lakes-Harlan, R. (2013) The acoustic communication system in six species of armoured ground crickets (Orthop- tera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae): commonalities and species-specific differences. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252, 204 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2012.05.005","Naskrecki, P. & Guta, R. (2019) Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) of Gorongosa National Park and Central Mozambique. Zootaxa, 4682 (1), 001 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4682.1.1","Schmidt, G. H. (1990) A new species of Gymnoproctus Karsch 1887 (Grylloptera, Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae) from Kenya, with some notes on its biology. Tropical Zoology, 3, 121 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1990.10539456","Grzeschik, K. - H. (1969) On the systematics, biology and ethology of Eugaster Serville (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). Form and Function, 1, 46 - 144.","Kowalski, K. & Lakes-Harlan, R. (2010) Sounds, behaviour, and auditory receptors of the armoured ground cricket, Acanthoplus longipes. Journal of Insect Science, 10 (59), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1673 / 031.010.5901","Gerstaecker, A. (1869). Beitrag zur Insekten - Fauna von Zanzibar. No. II. Orthoptera et Neuroptera. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Zeitschrift fur systematische Zoologie), 35 (1), 201 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12294","Hemp, C. & Heller, K. - G. (2019) Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa. Zootaxa, 4671 (2), 151 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4671.2.1","Mbata, K. J. (2005) A contribution to the cytogenetics of the armoured ground cricket, Acanthoplus speiseri (Orthoptera: Tet- tigoniidae), a pest of grain crops in Zambia. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 25, 142 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / IJT 200558","Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. & Bugrov, A. (2009) Karyotype of the south african katydid Hetrodes pupus (Linnaeus 1758) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) with special reference to relationship within the Hetrodinae subfamily. Zootaxa, 2137, 43 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2137.1.5","Grzywacz, B., Hemp, C., Heller, K. - G., Hemp, A., Chobanov, D. P. & Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. (2015) Cytogenetics and mo- lecular differentiation in the African armoured ground bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 259, 22 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2015.10.001","Warchalowska-Sliwa, E., Grzywacz, B., Maryanska-Nadachowska, A., Hemp, A. & Hemp, C. (2015) Different steps in the evolution of neo-sex chromosomes in two East African Spalacomimus species (Orthoptera, Hetrodinae). European Journal of Entomology, 112 (1), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2015.024"]}

Gymnoproctus sculpturatus Schmidt, 1990 References: Schmidt 1990, Schmidt & Mungai 1996 Bioacoustics. The calling song (Fig. 7E) is quite similar to that of G. rammei and consists of long series of syllables (song type B in Fig. 5; see Table 2). Genitalia. According to Schmidt & Mungai (1996), the genitalic sclerites are only weakly sclerotized and easy to find in old males only. The titillator is triangular, broad in its base, and continuously tapering to the tip., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Schmidt, G. H. (1990) A new species of Gymnoproctus Karsch 1887 (Grylloptera, Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae) from Kenya, with some notes on its biology. Tropical Zoology, 3, 121 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1990.10539456","Schmidt, G. H. & Mungai, M. (1996) Notes on the distribution, variability and sexual behaviour of Gymnoproctus sculpturatus G. H. Schmidt, 1990, in Kenya-Tanzania (Grylloptera: Tettigonioidea: Hetrodidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ' Filippo Silvestri', Portici, 51, 19 - 28."]}

Enyaliopsis carolinus Sjöstedt, 1913 Material examined: 1 male [CH8625 (SR, CHR), 1 male (TI)], TANZANIA, Minziro Forest Reserve nr Bukoba, Kagera Region, 1–15 xi 2018, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (SR), TANZANIA, Mingali Forest Reserve, Dodoma Region, 2019, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (SR), TANZANIA, Bereku Forest Reserve, Manyara Region, 2020, leg. C. Hemp. References: Glenn 1991, Hemp 2021 Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1), and spectrum of the song (Fig. 6) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The calling song (Fig. 8C) consists of long series of syllables (song type B in Fig. 5) with varying duration (1–40 s measured). Surprisingly also in SRR relatively large differences were found (12–42 Hz), which may be at least partly explained by temperature differences during recording (18–26ºC). Genitalia. The central part of the genitalic sclerites (titillator) of our specimen (Fig. 9C) is similar to that figured by Glenn (1991). Chromosomes: 2n = 26 (24 + neo-XY), FN = 29; pairs 1 and 2 meta/submetacentric, 3–12 acrocentric, neo-X acrocentric and neo-Y meta/submetacentric (1 male); thin C-bands in the paracentromeric region in all chromosomes including the sex chromosomes, and thick telomeric C-positive blocks in three acrocentric medium-sized pairs 3, 4, 5 (Fig. 12C)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Sjostedt, Y. (1913) Neue Orthopteren aus Ost - und Westafrika, nebst einigen anderen zugehorigen Formen. Arkiv for Zoologi, 8, 1 - 26.","Glenn, G. S. Jr. (1991) A systematic revision of Enyaliopsis Karsch 1887 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 117, 67 - 102. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25078540","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp."]}

Eugasteroides loricatus (Gerstaecker, 1869) Material examined: 2 males [CH7352 (SR, SF), CH 7353 (SF)], TANZANIA, Northern part, Lake Chala, Mt Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro Region, September 2010, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (SR), TANZANIA, Longido, Arusha Region, Oktober 2010, leg. C. Hemp (all nominate subspecies). References: Grzeschik 1969, Hemp 2021 (all to nominate subspecies). Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3) and the spectrum of the song (Fig. 6) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. However, the stridulatory file (Fig. 4C) shows a slight elevation in the middle, not seen in other Hetrodini species. The calling song consists of a long, uninterrupted trill (song type A) with a SRR of about 44 Hz (Fig. 10C; see Table 2). Genitalia. As in Eugaster, we could not find a titillator or other sclerotized genitalic elements despite careful examination. Chromosomes: 2n = 29 (28 + X0), FN = 29; pairs 1–14 and X chromosome acrocentric [2 males described earlier (Grzywacz et al. 2015: CH 7352, CH 7353)]; thin paracentromeric C-bands in all chromosomes., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 473, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Gerstaecker, A. (1869). Beitrag zur Insekten - Fauna von Zanzibar. No. II. Orthoptera et Neuroptera. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Zeitschrift fur systematische Zoologie), 35 (1), 201 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12294","Grzeschik, K. - H. (1969) On the systematics, biology and ethology of Eugaster Serville (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). Form and Function, 1, 46 - 144.","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp.","Grzywacz, B., Hemp, C., Heller, K. - G., Hemp, A., Chobanov, D. P. & Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. (2015) Cytogenetics and mo- lecular differentiation in the African armoured ground bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 259, 22 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2015.10.001"]}

Hetrodes pupus (Linnaeus, 1758) References: Grant 2014 (nominate subspecies) Material examined: 1 male, CHelb8948 (SF), SOUTH AFRICA, S. Africa Rep., Western Cape, 45 km W Laingsburg, Jagerskraal Farm, 33º13’S, 20º24’E, 4– 5.1.2017, leg. Kovtunovich V. (nominate subspecies). Corresponding to the large body size (pronotum length 19.5 mm, width 22 mm) of the studied specimen, also its tegmina are very large (Fig. 3) and the stridulatory file is with 4.27 mm the longest of all specimens studied here. The number of teeth (44) is not unusually high [but distinctly larger than in the holotype of the subspecies Hetrodes pupus marginatus Walker (32; photo in OSF)], whereas the teeth intervals are quite wide due to the great length of the file. The calling song seems to be a long uninterrupted trill [Fig. 7I (from Grant 2014); see Table 2]. Chromosomes: 2n = 27 (26 + X0), FN = 27; pair 1–14 and X chromosomes acrocentric (3 males described earlier by Warchałowska-Śliwa & Bugrov, 2009); thin C-positive paracentromeric bands on all chromosomes., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii., Holmiae [Stockholm], 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Grant, P. B. C. (2014) Acoustic Profiling of the Landscape. Dissertation, University of Stellenbosch. 271 pp.","Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. & Bugrov, A. (2009) Karyotype of the south african katydid Hetrodes pupus (Linnaeus 1758) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) with special reference to relationship within the Hetrodinae subfamily. Zootaxa, 2137, 43 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2137.1.5"]}

Spalacomimus spec. near verruciferus S. near verruciferus differs only slightly morphologically from S. verruciferus distributed further north in Tanzania. In S. verruciferus the “warts“ on the 9th abdominal tergite are conspicuous structures while in S. near verruciferus these structures are low bumps or ridges rather than blade-like warts. Further, the posterior margin of the subgenital plate is differently shaped between these two species. Otherwise, in size and body shape, and the spination of the pronotum, both species are very similar. Material examined: all TANZANIA, all Manyara Region: 1 male [CH7899 (SR, CHR)], Lossogonoi, Dezember 2014, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male [CH 7898 (SF; CHR)], Ruvu Masai Game controlled area. Lager 1, Dezember 2014, leg. C. Hemp. Bioacoustics. According to the limited data, the species is bioacoustically quite similar to S. stettinensis and S. verruciferus. The echemes seem to be intermediate in length between S. stettinensis and S. verruciferus (29 syllables per echeme), but the SRR is with 14 Hz slower than in both (Fig. 10I; see Table 2). Genitalia. The genitalic sclerites (Fig. 11F) are similar to that of S. verruciferus. Chromosomes: 2n = 24 (22 + neo-XY), FN = 25; pairs 1–11 acrocentric, neo-X submetacentric and neo-Y acrocentric (2 males); thin C-positive paracentromeric bands in all autosomes, thick on the neo-X and neo-Y, as well as an interstitial one on the long pair (Fig. 12K)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707

Acanthoproctus cervinus (Haan, 1843) Material examined: 1 male, CHelb8946 (SF), NAMIBIA, Hardap region, Maltahöhe, 1380 m, 24.84398S, 18.972838E, 4.– 18.1.2013, leg. S. Murzin. References: Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013 Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1) and spectrum of the song do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The calling song (Fig. 7G; after Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013) consists of long series of syllables (song type B in Fig. 5). The SRR is unusually low for Hetrodini and the syllables much longer than in the other genera (Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013; see Table 2) except in Acanthoplus., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Haan, W. de (1843) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, C. J. (Ed.), Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen, de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indie en andere Schrijvers, Leiden, 19 / 20, pp. 165 - 228.","Kowalski, K. & Lakes-Harlan, R. (2013) The acoustic communication system in six species of armoured ground crickets (Orthop- tera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae): commonalities and species-specific differences. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252, 204 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2012.05.005"]}

Enyaliopsis mulanje Glenn, 1991 References: Glenn 1991 Bioacoustics. Judging from the figure in Glenn (1991), the calling song of this species is possibly organized in echemes (see Table 2)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Glenn, G. S. Jr. (1991) A systematic revision of Enyaliopsis Karsch 1887 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 117, 67 - 102. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25078540"]}

Enyaliopsis ephippiatus (Gerstaecker, 1869) Enyaliopsis spec. 1 (near ephippiatus) E. ephippiatus is known only from Northern Tanzania and southern Kenya. Its type locality (Ugono in Tanzania) could not be localized by Glenn (1991), but refers to a mountain range now more commonly called North Pare Mountains (formerly Ugweno Mts.). When analyzing the songs it turned out that here two species exist, mainly differing in song (see below). Enyaliopsis ephippiatus has song type A, Enyaliopsis sp. 1 (near ephippiatus) song type B. Both song morphs are similar in titillator shape but differ in geographic range, morph A more northern than morph B. E. near ephippiatus from the South Pare Mts, situated adjacent to the North Pare Mts and E. ephippiatus from the North Pares and the Mt Kilimanjaro area are morphologically very similar. However, male specimens of E. ephippiatus have a narrower pronotum than E. near ephippiatus males. Females of E. ephippiatus are generally larger but more slenderly built than females of E. sp. 1 (near ephippiatus). Reference: Hemp 2021 Material examined: Song type A: 2 males [CH7737 (SR, SF), 1 male (TI)], TANZANIA, Rau Forest near Moshi, Mt Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro Region, 3° 22’ 32.4“S, 37° 21’ 48.1”E, 1 iii – 15 iv 2014, leg. C. Hemp; 2 males [CH 7848 (SR, CHR), CH 7850 (SR, CHR)], 1 female [CH7849 (CHR)], TANZANIA, Rau Forest near Moshi, Mt Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro Region, 1–31 viii 2014, leg. C. Hemp; 4 males (SR), TANZANIA, Rau Forest near Moshi, Mt Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro Region, November 2021, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (SR), 1 male (TI), TANZANIA, Lembeni, North Pare Mts, Kilimanjaro Region, July 2014, February 2015, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (TI), TANZANIA, Mwanga, North Pare Mts, Kilimanjaro Region, February 2016, leg. C. Hemp. Song type B: 1 male [CH8670 (SR, SF, CHR)], TANZANIA, Eastern Arc Mountains, South Pare Mts, Mt Vumari, Kilimanjaro Region 1–31 iii 2019, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (SR, TI), TANZANIA, South Pare Mts, Mt Mwala, Kilimanjaro Region, 2017, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male [CH8669 (SR, CHR)], TANZANIA, South Pare Mts, Mt Mwala, Kilimanjaro Region, 1–31 iii 2019, leg. C. Hemp. Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1) and spectrum of the song (Fig. 6) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The file of the holotype (photo in OSF) is very similar to that of a male from group A. The calling song consists of long series of syllables (song type B 3 in Fig. 5). These series are often produced in small groups with the first series longer than the following (9 s vs. 4–5-s). The two song types differ in SRR by a factor of about two; 35–45 Hz at 20–24ºC in type A (n = 8 specimens) and 20–24 Hz at 21–25ºC in type B (n = 3 specimens; Fig. 8D, E; see Table 2). Genitalia. According to Glenn (1991), the titillator of the holotype is lost. All of our four studied males show a slender, relatively long central part of the genitalic sclerites (Fig. 9D, E), ending in a blunt tip with a hook on both sides. In general shape, it is thus similar to the other species of the obuncus group (see Glenn 1991), but differs by missing additional tubercles on the tip of the titillator beside the lateral hooks. Chromosomes. The karyotypes of both species are very similar: 2n = 27 (26 + X0) male and 28 (26 + XX) female, FN = 29/30; pair 1 metacentric, 2–13 and X chromosome acrocentric (4 males, 1 female and 1 male described earlier [Grzywacz et al. 2015]: CH 7737); thick C-positive in large/medium and thin C-bands in short-sized pairs paracentromeric bands, thick distal C-block in pairs 3, 4 and the X chromosome (Fig. 12D)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 466-467, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Gerstaecker, A. (1869). Beitrag zur Insekten - Fauna von Zanzibar. No. II. Orthoptera et Neuroptera. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Zeitschrift fur systematische Zoologie), 35 (1), 201 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12294","Glenn, G. S. Jr. (1991) A systematic revision of Enyaliopsis Karsch 1887 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 117, 67 - 102. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25078540","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp.","Grzywacz, B., Hemp, C., Heller, K. - G., Hemp, A., Chobanov, D. P. & Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. (2015) Cytogenetics and mo- lecular differentiation in the African armoured ground bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 259, 22 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2015.10.001"]}

Genus Eugaster Serville, 1838 The systematic relationships within the genus Eugaster are difficult to understand. In a very detailed morphological study, Grzeschik (1969) combined the large variety of named forms into two species with several subspecies each. However, a first molecular study did not recover two distinct groups (Grzywacz et al. 2015). To our knowledge, syntopic occurrences of two (or more) named forms are not known., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret [Collection des suites a Buffon]; Paris (Roret), 776 pp.","Grzeschik, K. - H. (1969) On the systematics, biology and ethology of Eugaster Serville (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). Form and Function, 1, 46 - 144.","Grzywacz, B., Hemp, C., Heller, K. - G., Hemp, A., Chobanov, D. P. & Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. (2015) Cytogenetics and mo- lecular differentiation in the African armoured ground bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 259, 22 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2015.10.001"]}

Acanthoplus speiseri Brancsik, 1895 References: Mbata 1992, Bateman & Fleming 2013 Like the other species of the genus, A. speiseri has also a quite low number of stridulatory teeth in the left file (mean 28; Mbata 1992). The calling song is described as „uninterrupted buzz similar to that of other Acanthoplus species“ (Bateman & Fleming 2013) without giving any detailed data. Chromosomes: The karyotype was studied by Mbata (2005): 2n = 25 (24 + X0), FN = 26; pairs 1–12 and the X chromosome acrocentric., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 463, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Brancsik, C. (1895) Orthoptera quaedam nova africana et australica. Jahreshefte des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins des Trencsiner Comitates, 17 / 18, 243 - 262.","Mbata, K. J. (1992) Functional morphology of the stridulatory apparatus of Acanthoplus speiseri Brancsik (Orthoptera Tettigo- niidae, Hetrodinae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 55 (2), 227 - 244.","Bateman, P. W. & Fleming, P. A. (2013) Signaling or not-signaling: variation in vulnerability and defense tactics of armored ground crickets (Acanthoplus speiseri: Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae Hetrodinae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 26, 14 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10905 - 012 - 9329 - 5","Mbata, K. J. (2005) A contribution to the cytogenetics of the armoured ground cricket, Acanthoplus speiseri (Orthoptera: Tet- tigoniidae), a pest of grain crops in Zambia. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 25, 142 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / IJT 200558"]}

Spalacomimus talpa (Gerstaecker, 1869) Material examined: all TANZANIA, all Kilimanjaro Region: 1 male [CH 7699 (SR, SF, TI)], Mt Kilimanjaro, August/ September 2013, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male [CH7354 (SR, SF)], TANZANIA, Lake Chala Lodge, 1000 m, eastern slopes Mt Kilimanjaro, September 2010, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (TI), Rau Forest near Moshi, August 2017, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (TI), North Pare Mts, Lembeni, September 2015, leg. C. Hemp; 2 males, (CH 7626, CH 7625), March 2013, plantation belt southern slopes Mt Kilimanjaro, 1430 m, leg. C. Hemp. References: Hemp 2021 Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1), and spectrum of the song (Fig. 6) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The calling song consists of a long, uninterrupted trill (song type A) with a SRR of about 22 Hz (Fig. 10G; see Table 2). Genitalia. The genitalic sclerites are similar to that of S. stettinensis. However, the lateral sclerites are even larger than in this species and the titillator is pointed at the tip (Fig. 11D). Chromosomes: 2n = 24 (22 +XY), FN = 24; pair 1–11 and both sex chromosomes acrocentric [4 males described earlier (Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2015: CH 7354, CH 7525, CH 7626, CH 7699)]; thin C-positive paracentromeric bands in all chromosomes and an interstitial one on the long pair and the neo-Y chromosome., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 474, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Gerstaecker, A. (1869). Beitrag zur Insekten - Fauna von Zanzibar. No. II. Orthoptera et Neuroptera. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Zeitschrift fur systematische Zoologie), 35 (1), 201 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12294","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp.","Warchalowska-Sliwa, E., Grzywacz, B., Maryanska-Nadachowska, A., Hemp, A. & Hemp, C. (2015) Different steps in the evolution of neo-sex chromosomes in two East African Spalacomimus species (Orthoptera, Hetrodinae). European Journal of Entomology, 112 (1), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2015.024"]}

Spalacomimus liberianus (La Baume, 1911) Material examined: 1 male [CH6977(SF)], NIGERIA, obtained from Timm Adam. First record for Nigeria. References: Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013 Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1), and spectrum of the song do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The calling song (Fig. 10D; after Kowalski & Lakes-Harlan 2013) consists of long series of syllables (song type B in Fig. 5). With a mean duration of the series of more than 3 minutes it comes close to a continuous trill (song type A)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 473, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["La Baume, W. (1911) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der aethiopischen Orthopteren. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 72, 308 - 326.","Kowalski, K. & Lakes-Harlan, R. (2013) The acoustic communication system in six species of armoured ground crickets (Orthop- tera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae): commonalities and species-specific differences. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252, 204 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2012.05.005"]}

Gymnoproctus rammei Weidner, 1941 Material examined: 1 male [CH8763 (SR, CHR)], TANZANIA, Mpwapwa District nr. Gulwe, Dodoma Region, March 2020, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (TI), TANZANIA, Puge Simbo Forest Reserve nr. Tabora, Tabora Region, April 2016, leg. C. Hemp. Reference: Hemp 2021 Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1), and spectrum of the song (Fig. 6) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The calling song (Fig. 7D) consists of long series of syllables (song type B in Fig. 5; see Table 2). Genitalia. In structure, the titillator (Fig. 9I) is similar to some found in the genus Enyaliopsis. It is relatively small, with broad basal parts, a stout middle section and an even slightly thicker short tip. Chromosomes: 2n = 27 (26 + X0), FN = 28; pair 1 submeta/subacro, pairs 2–13 acrocentric, X chromosomes metacentric (1 male); thin paracentromeric C-bands in all chromosomes, heteromorphic distal C-block in pair 2 (Fig. 12G)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Weidner, H. (1941) Die Hetrodinae des Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museums und Instituts. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 134, 268 - 295.","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp."]}

Spalacomimus stettinensis (Weidner, 1941) Material examined: 1 male (SR), TANZANIA, Lambo Estate, Mt Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro Region, October 2013, leg. C. Hemp; 2 males (SF, TI), Lambo Estate, November 2021, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male [designated as neotype by Weidner (1955), ZMH 64610 (TI)], UGANDA, Entebbe, leg. H. Rolle. References: Hemp 2021 Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1), and spectrum of the song (Fig. 6) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The calling song (Fig. 10F) consists of long series of echemes (ERR 0.3 Hz; as song type C 1 in Fig. 5). An echeme has 48 syllables which are repeated at a rate of 26 Hz (all data for 21ºC). Genitalia. The titillator is very massive with long basal parts (Fig. 11B). Its main part is nearly as wide as long, a little narrowed at base and showing a broad and flat or broadly rounded tip. Also the lateral sclerites are well-developed. The titillator of our specimen agrees very well with that of the neotype (Fig. 11C)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 474, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Weidner, H. (1941) Die Hetrodinae des Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museums und Instituts. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 134, 268 - 295.","Weidner, H. (1955) Die Hetrodinae (Orthoptera, Saltatoria). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 53, 109 - 172.","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp."]}

Spalacomimus verruciferus (Karsch, 1887) Material examined: all TANZANIA, all Kilimanjaro Region: 2 males [CH 7188 (SR, SF), CH 7189 (SR)], Mt Kilimanjaro, near Lake Chala (3°18’S, 37°41’E), January / February 2009, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male [CH7637 (SR, SF)], TANZANIA, Mt Kilimanjaro eastern slopes, March 2013, leg. C. Hemp; 5 males [CH 7897 (SF), CH 7904 (SR), CH 7905 (SR), CH 7906], Eastern Arc Mountains, Lembeni, North Pare, 17 xii 2014, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (TI), Lake Chala, Mt Kilimanjaro eastern slopes, September 2015, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (SR), South Pare Mts, Mt. Vumari, November 2021, leg. C. Hemp. References: Hemp 2021 Bioacoustics. The species is bioacoustically quite similar to S. stettinensis. The echemes seem to be shorter by a factor of two (only 19 syllables per echeme) and the echeme repetition rate is correspondingly faster (Fig. 10H; see Table 2). Genitalia. In size, the genitalic sclerites (Fig. 11E) are similar to that of S. stettinensis and S. talpa. The main part of the titillator, however, is not broad, but triangular and the lateral sclerites are intermediate between the other two species in size. Chromosomes: 2n = 24 (22 + neo-XY), FN = 25; pairs 1–11 acrocentric, neo-X submetacentric and neo-Y acrocentric [one male: CH 7897 and three males described earlier (Warchałowska et al. 2015: CH 7188, CH 7189, CH 7637)]; thin C-positive paracentromeric bands in all autosomes, thick on both the neo-X and the neo-Y, as well as an interstitial one on the long pair (Fig. 12J)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 474-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1887) Orthopterologische Beitrage II. Uber die Hetrodiden. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 31, 43 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18870310112","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp."]}

Enyaliopsis spec. 3 The only known male specimen of Enyaliopsis spec. 3 is medium-sized and comparatively slender built. The pronotum is spiny and similar to E. bloyeti. However, E. bloyeti is generally much larger in size with a broad and thus stouter pronotum. Material examined: 1 male (TI), 1 female, TANZANIA, East Chenene Forest Reserve, Dodoma Region, 2017, leg. C. Hemp. Genitalia. The titillator (Fig. 9H) is triangular and small as found in several other Enyaliopsis species (see figures in Glenn 1991)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Glenn, G. S. Jr. (1991) A systematic revision of Enyaliopsis Karsch 1887 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Hetrodinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 117, 67 - 102. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25078540"]}

Eugaster spinulosa (Johansson, 1763) Material examined: 4 males (SR), MOROCCO, N Marakesh, 21.05.2013, N 31.88001, W 007.94920, 568–700 m, leg. Chobanov (spinulosa brevispina) Re ferences: Grzeschik 1969, Arias et al. 2012 Bioacoustics. All specimens of Eugaster recorded previously (Grzeschik 1969, Schmidt et al. 1997, Arias et al. 2012) and by us, showed a calling song consisting of a series of short echemes (Fig. 5C 2; Fig. 10A, B; see Table 2). Each echeme contains between 8 and 12 (once 14; see Grzeschik 1969) syllables. The SRR in these recording varies between 21 and 53 Hz at different and often unknown temperatures. For ERR fewer data are available (1–3.4 Hz) but here a strong and quite strict relationship with temperature is documented with a factor of about four between 15 and 35ºC (Nielsen 1974). So at present in our opinion there are no data that prove song differences between any named forms. The number of teeth in the stridulatory files is also quite similar between subspecies/species, ranging from 41.4 to 48.0 (means with n =5–30; Grzeschik 1969, p. 103). Genitalia. See above, E. guyoni. Chromosomes: 2n = 29 (28 + X0), FN = 29; pairs 1–14 and X chromosome acrocentric [2 males described earlier (Grzywacz et al. 2015): Morocco, N Marakesh, 21.05.2013, leg. Chobanov (cf. spinulosa)]; thin paracentromeric C-bands in all chromosomes., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 473, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["Johansson, B. (1763) Centurio insectorum rariorum. In: Linne, C. von. (Ed.), Amoenitates Academicae seu dissertationes variae Physicae, Medicae, Botanicae anthehac seorsim editae. Vol 6. Holmiae [Stockholm], pp. 384 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 910","Grzeschik, K. - H. (1969) On the systematics, biology and ethology of Eugaster Serville (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). Form and Function, 1, 46 - 144.","Arias, A., Marquez, R., Llusia, D., Beltran, J. F., Slimani, T., Radi, M., Fattah, A. & El Hassan El Mouden (2012) Effects of tem- perature on the song parameters of the Moroccan bushcricket Eugaster spinulosa (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). Bioacoustics, 21 (3), 225 - 238. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09524622.2012.686185","Schmidt, G. H., Feierabend, H. & Paiva, M. R. (1997) Ein Beitrag zum Kopulations- und Stridulationsverhalten von Eugaster guyoni fernandezii. Bolivar, 1935 (Ensifera: Hetrodidae). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie, 11, 405 - 410.","Nielsen, E. T. (1974) Activity patterns of Eugaster (Orthoptera: Ensifera). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 17, 325 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1974. tb 00351. x","Grzywacz, B., Hemp, C., Heller, K. - G., Hemp, A., Chobanov, D. P. & Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. (2015) Cytogenetics and mo- lecular differentiation in the African armoured ground bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodinae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 259, 22 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2015.10.001"]}

Spalacomimus magnus (La Baume, 1911) Mater ial examined: 4 males [CH7945 (SR, CHR), CH 7952 (SR, CHR), 2 males (SR)], TANZANIA, East Chenene Forest Reserve, Dodoma Region, March 2015, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (TI), TANZANIA, Mpwapwa District nr. Gulwe, Dodoma Region, June 2019, leg. C. Hemp. References: Hemp 2021 Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1), and spectrum of the song (Fig. 6) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The calling song consists of a long, uninterrupted trill (song type A) with a SRR of about 28 Hz (Fig. 10E; see Table 2). Genitalia. The titillator is relatively large and massive with short basal parts and a slightly bifurcate tip (Fig. 11A). The lateral sclerites are weakly developed. Chro mosomes: 2n = 17 (16 + X0), FN = 28; pairs 1–5 meta/submetacentric, 6–8 acrocentric, X chromosome submetacentric (2 males); thin C-positive paracentromeric bands in all chromosomes and an interstitial one on the pair 2 (Fig. 12I)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 473-474, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["La Baume, W. (1911) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der aethiopischen Orthopteren. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 72, 308 - 326.","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp."]}

Gymnoproctus spec. Only one male and one female were obtained from this new species. Oddly, the male is very small in body size. The posterior part of the pronotum is inflated. As in G. rammei the lateral sides are armed with long and slender spines. Also, the female is comparatively small, smaller than females of the morphologically similar G. rammei. G. similis occurring in the Singida area is similarly stout and large as G. rammei but has a less spiny pronotum, the spines having a rather stout base. Material examined: 1 male, 1 female [CH7953 (SR, TI, CHR), CH 7954], TANZANIA, East Chenene Forest Reserve, Dodoma Region, March 2015, leg. C. Hemp. Bioa coustics. The calling song (Fig. 7F) is quite similar to that of G. rammei and consists of long series of syllables (song type B in Fig. 5; see Table 2). Genitalia. Judging from one specimen, the titillator may be similar to that of G. sculpturatus, being triangular (Fig. 9J). Chr omosomes: 2n = 27 (26 + X0), FN = 28 (1 male); do not show differences to G. rammei (Fig. 12H)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707

Hyphinomos fasciata Uvarov, 1921 Figs 1���3 Hyphinomos fasciata Uvarov, 1921: 74; Chang, 1935: 62 (fide Jin and Xia, 1994); Wu, 1995: 91 (fide Jin and Xia, 1994); Mani, 1968: 212; Gurney & Liebermann, 1975: 106; Jin and Xia, 1994: 30; Braun, 2016: 104; Gupta & Chandra, 2018: 645; Ali et al. 2021:19624 Type locality: China, Tibet, Dakar [=Daba, also called Purang/Burang by the collector (Longstaff 1923)]. Type material: 3 females: Holotype ��� 1 ♀ NHM. Paratype ��� 1 ♀ MNCN. Paratype ��� Probably NHM. Diagnosis and description: as given by Uvarov, 1921. Distribution: Known only from three females collected from the type locality Dakar in Western Tibet (erroneously listed twice with the same locality name under India and under China by Gupta & Chandra, 2018 and Ali et al. 2021). The second locality of fasciata, Kargil in Ladahk, given by Ali et al. 2021 without any comments, may refer to svenhedini (see below)., Published as part of Ali, Ahsan, Jaiswara, Ranjana, Bharti, Umesh & Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, 2022, Revision of the high-altitude genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with a redescription and new data on mating behavior and acoustic signals of H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950, pp. 301-324 in Zootaxa 5099 (3) on page 304, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6078605, {"references":["Uvarov, B. P. (1921) Three new alpine Orthoptera from Central Asia. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1 - 5.","Jin, X. - B. & Xia, K. - L. (1994) An Index-Catalogue of Chinese Tettigoniodea (Orthopteroidea: Grylloptera). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 3, 15 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503405","Mani, M. S. (1968) Ecology and biogeography of high altitude insects. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 528 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 1339 - 9","Gurney, A. B. & Liebermann, J. (1975) A new species of Shield-Backed Katydid from Cerro Aconcagua, Argentina, with notes on other species and their habitats (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Decticinae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 65, 102 - 107.","Braun, H. (2016) Two mysterious tiny katydids from the Ecuadorian Andes (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hexacentrinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 25 (2), 97 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.025.0209","Chandra, K., Gupta, D., Gopi, K. C., Tripathy, B. & Kumar, V. (2018) Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, xviii + 872 pp.","Ali, M., Usmani, M. K., Naz, H., Baba, T. H. & Ali, M. (2021) A checklist of Orthopteran fauna (Insecta: Orthoptera) with some new records in the cold arid region of Ladakh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13 (11), 19616 - 19625. https: // doi. org / 10.11609 / jott. 5773.13.11.19616 - 19625","Longstaff, T. (1923) Chapter 15. Natural History. In: Bruce, C. G., The assault on Mount Everest 1922. Edward Arnold & Co., London, pp. 334. [https: // www. gutenberg. org / files / 61083 / 61083 - h / 61083 - h. htm]"]}

Ali, Ahsan, Jaiswara, Ranjana, Bharti, Umesh, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard (2022): Revision of the high-altitude genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with a redescription and new data on mating behavior and acoustic signals of H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950. Zootaxa 5099 (3): 301-324, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5099.3.1

Hyphinomos svenhedini Ramme, 1950 Figures 1, 2B, 3A���C, 4���14 Hyphinomos svenhedini Ramme, 1950: 76; Jin and Xia, 1994: 30; Sergeev, 1995: 218; Braun, 2016: 104. Type locality: Indian subcontinent, Trans Himalaya, Ladakh, Indus valley north of Hanle. Type material (all NMW): Holotype ��� 1♂, Allotype ��� 1 ♀, both Hanle, Ladakh. Paratype ��� 1 ♀, Lahaul [Lahoul], Himachal Pradesh. Material studied: Type series deposited in NMW. 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, India: Ladakh, Kargil, Shahsi lake, 80km from Kargil, ~ 4206 m a.s.l., 34��33���57.12���N 76��21���25.74���E, 13.viii.2020 and 25.viii.2021 collected by A. Ali and identified by R. Jaiswara & K. G. Heller. Translation of Ramme���s (1950) description (references to the figures of the present paper) Head. Head rather short and thick; face vertical (Fig. 6E), slightly wrinkled; cheeks very broad and pronounced (Fig. 6E); male with arched occiput (Fig. 5D), female flatter, smooth (Fig. 5B), 2 longitudinal rows of fine points on both sides of the midline. Antennae somewhat longer than the abdomen (Fig. 5B); dense and finely haired, especially in the apical two-thirds, the basal segment strongly thickened (Fig. 2B). Eyes small, spherical broadly oval (Fig. 5 & 6A, D, E); lower margin in the same line with antennae-bases (Fig. 6E). Fastigium vertex convex (Fig. 5B, D), with slightly angular side margins, rounded in front, with flat, but sharply defined longitudinal furrow in the basal half or up to two thirds, profile convex. Pronotum. Back of pronotum roughly square (Fig. 6D), prozona with bulging lateral lobes laterally (Fig. 6A & D); steeply sloping in metazona (Fig. 5B & D), anterior transverse furrow consistently sharp, concave (Fig. 5A, B & 6A, D); V-shaped middle transverse furrow interrupted in the middle, posterior transverse furrow parallel to pronotum posteriorly (Fig. 6A & D). Metazona somewhat rising, more finely wrinkled than prozona (Fig. 5B & D); anterior margin slightly concave (Fig. 5A, C & 6A, D); central keels are missing. Lateral lobes very uneven, wrinkled, broadly deepened along the lower margin, set off in bulges against the metazoan, front edge of the lobes short, broadly rounded at obtuse angles, merging into the somewhat concave rear edge (Fig. 5B & D). Prosternum with 2 small, widely spaced tubercles, mesosternum with rounded lobes at right angles, metasternum with broad, short, apically somewhat thickened and convexly rounded ridges. Wings. Male with short tegmina not reaching end of 1st tergite, broadly rounded apically (Fig. 5C & 6B); female laterally, rounded (Fig. 5A & 6A), in both with thin veining. Legs. Fore coxae with strong, flat, slightly downwardly curved spines. Fore femora fairly broad, without spines, fore tibiae somewhat constricted behind the rather thickened part of the auditory organ, with a terminal spine on the top outside, with 6 spines each on the outside and inside edge on the underside, as are the central splints. Hind femora as long as, or not quite as long as, twice the length of the middle femora, rather thick in the basal half, lower inner edge with 4���8 spines, outer edge with 5���10 spines (opposite [H.] fasciata Uv. not only in the apical half); Vertical rear carina broad, in the apical half sometimes slightly curved downwards, all keels obtuse, on the inside with 8���13 on the upper side, 10���14 on the outside, on the inside with 4���5 on the underside, on the outside 5���6 spines; lower pair of terminal spines considerably more delicate than the upper, hardly half as long as this one. All tarsi depressed, on the sides rather strongly furrowed, plantulae very short, shorter than the terminal spine, quite thick and blunt, immobile. Abdomen. Male anal tergites narrow, transverse; longitudinal pit in the apical half (Fig. 5C), 2 flat tubercles at the base, slightly incised at middle at the rear edge (Fig. 8C). Anal plate (not visible in situ because it is strongly pointing downwards) briefly tongue-tied. Cerci hidden under the anal tergite, short, with claw-shaped (4���5 teeth), curved inward inner part and short blunt outer end part (Fig. 9 & 10A). Subgenital plate transverse, margins broad and rounded, slightly incised in the middle; styli short, thick and blunt, directed inwards (Fig. 8D). Female anal tergite at the rear edge on both sides of the middle with a slight adherence; anal plate short, tongue-shaped, with a lighter central furrow, thick at the base, apically pointed. subgenital plate transverse, with broad lateral marginal ridges, slightly incised in the middle (Fig. 8E). Ovipositor saber-shaped, slightly curved upwards, thick at the base, at apical point; upper and lower margin finely wrinkled (Fig. 3A���C). Color. Glossy black; antennae blackish, light brownish at base (Fig. 5). The face between the clypeus and the antennae bases is ivory in color along the narrow blackish clypeus (Fig. 4B & 6E) (thus reminiscent of Drymadusa and relatives). Occiput and pronotum black (Fig. 4, 5C & 6B), elytra ivory colored (Fig. 4, 5 & 6A & B). Back and sides of the abdomen brown-black, the last 4 tergite above ivory color (Fig. 4 & 5C���D), belly whitish brownish. Front and middle thigh, rails dirty yellowish gray (Fig. 4 & 5C���D). Hind leg outside in the basal third of the same color, otherwise black (Fig. 4), remainder and tarsi pure light brown, only slightly narrow near the knee blackened (Fig. 4). Face, occiput, pronotum and abdomen ridge olive-brown to dirty rust-brown. Brown black side lobes of pronotum (Fig. 5B & D). Ovipositor monochrome light brown (Fig. 3A���C). Emended description. Entire body covered with fine distantly spaced setae. Head. Face in front view almost 1.5 times longer than wide; frons bearing a pair of shallow vertical furrows (Fig. 6E). Fastigium as wide as scape. Scape as long as wide. Epistomal suture angular; subgenal suture arched. Ocelli small, disposed in triangle, lateral ocelli oval, more dorsal, present on the lateral margin of protruded fastigium, slightly above the upper margin of antennal socket; median ocellus round, almost in the line of basal margin of eyes and antennal socket; distance between median and lateral ocelli twice of distance between lateral ocelli. Maxillary palpi 5 th article longest, 3 rd smaller than 4 th article; 5 th article slightly widening and truncated distally (Fig. 6C & E). Legs. FI ventral side 1���2 spines on outer margin, no spines on inner margin; no spine on dorsal side. TI with tympanum, in dorsal view appears as cup-shaped, bulging out from the surface of tibia (Fig. 6F); dorsal side inner margin with 1 spur, nothing on outer margin; ventral side of inner and outer margin with 6 spurs. FII ventral side 1���2 spines on both inner and outer margin (sometimes no spines on inner); no spine on dorsal side. TII dorsal side inner margin with 1 spur, unarmed on outer margin; ventral side of inner and outer margin with 6 spurs. Proximal part of FI and FII almost 1.5 time wider than distal. FIII proximally almost 3 times wider than distal; FIII ventral side 4���6 spines on inner margin, 4���9 spines on outer margin; no spine on dorsal side. In males (n=3), TIII ventral side inner margin 4���6 spurs, outer 6���7 spurs; dorsal side inner margin 6���8 and outer 3 spines. In females (n=2), TIII ventral side inner margin 4���5 and outer 6���7 spurs; dorsal side inner margin 12���14 and outer 10���12 spines. Male. Tegmina overlapping; dorsal field with distinct anal veins, anterior cubital and median vein, no distinct harp and mirror; apical and lateral field completely reticulated (Fig. 6B). Ventral side of elytra: stridulatory file on PCuA with approximately 121 teeth (Fig. 7A). Shape of tooth elongated, medially ridged, fine transverse furrows along the length (Fig. 7B), average inter-tooth distance in the middle of the file is 10.6 ��m (��0.8 ��m; n=14). Male genitalia. Cerci with inner part claw-shaped bearing 3���5 teeth. These teeth are quite similar in both left and right side cerci of an individual, but surprisingly variable between different males (Fig. 9 & 10A). Titillators with one pair of very massive sclerites, strongly curved, basal branch longer than distal branch which carries small spines on both edges (Fig. 10B & C). Female. Pronotum and abdomen olive green in color; the last 4 tergite somewhat ivory (Fig. 4C). Tegmina non-overlapping and distantly spaced, anterior cubital and median vein distinct, dorsal and lateral field completely reticulated (Fig. 5A & 6A). Female genitalia. [in Ramme] Supra anal plate short, V-shaped, styli long (Fig. 8F). Color. Head. Scapus black, 2 nd ���7 th antennal segment light brown. In female, dorsal side of head behind fastigium, either yellow interspersed with black spots (in freshly molted adult) or black and adorned with yellow stripes and patches (Fig. 2B & 4C). Mouth parts ivory, maxillary palpi- distal margin of 5 th, proximal margin of 2 nd and 3 rd brown and 1 st article in male brown, in female only proximal margin brown. Mandible light brown with peripheral margin blackish-brown (Fig. 6C). Pronotum. In male, dorsal lobe of pronotum same as lateral lobe (Fig. 6B); in female, dorsal lobe light brown similar to occiput, sometimes interspersed with black patches (Fig. 6A & D). Tegmina ivory in both male and female; in male proximally brownish. Legs. Foreleg and midleg mostly pale yellow; in males FI ventrally brown towards distal end. FIII exterior surface with short vertical brown lines; both in male and female half of FIII brown to blackish brown. TI-TIII pinkish (Fig. 4A���C). Male subgenital plate ivory with lateral margins blackish-brown; supra anal plate proximal side blackish-brown (Fig. 8C & D). Note: Coloration best seen in individuals when present in natural habitat. Wet preserved specimens slightly discoloured with time. Measurements. Morphometric measurements of H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950 type series and specimens used in this study are listed under Table 1. Note: Wet and dry preserved specimens differ probably because of difference in their mode of preservation. Mating behaviour. Like many other insects in alpine zones of high mountains (Mani, 1968) and high altitude crickets (Gurney & Liebermann, 1975), this species is also diurnally active hence mating takes place in the day time. September month seems to be the peak season for them, hence mating pairs were seen everywhere in the areas around Shashi lake. It was an unmistakably common sight. Mating behaviour of this species was studied mostly in the laboratory. A nylon mesh cage of 12���x12���x12���(30 cm) dimension was used to enclose a male and a female together. Soon after releasing them together, both the sexes were found to be toppling over each other alternately wherein male was trying to attain the copulatory position by frequently climbing over female���s back. In doing so, male was found to be rubbing his forewings briefly for a couple of seconds to produce high frequency courtship signal. Unlike other orthopterans, attraction and coupling via antennation was absent and pair formation was not preceded by acoustic signalling in this species. Males either leaps abruptly onto the female���s body or simply climbs over her back and holds her abdomen with the help of his legs to restrict her movement since female was always in the process of resisting male and moving away. Males and females exhibit an end-to-end copulation position (Fig. 12 A&B) as depicted by Alexander & Otte, 1967 (Fig. 11���12). The final copulatory position was achieved by the male by rapidly repositioning himself by bending abdomen in a c-shape underneath the female, his head facing the ovipositor and then using his pincer like cerci to grip the soft cuticle of the underside of the female���s abdomen and restricting her movement with his mid legs. He would grip the ovipositor with the help of foreleg only for first few minutes (2���4 minutes), eventually the grip of cerci becomes so strong that it allows the male to leave the grip of his foreleg from ovipositor. Apparent resistance by female to copulation was observed where female was seen walking rapidly during mounting and kicked male with her hind legs. On the contrary, females in some cases tend to start copulation and males resist by jumping. Copulation lasted for approximately one hour fifteen minutes in one couple and on separation no spermatophore was found attached to the females abdomen. In an attempt to observe the spermatophore size in this species, copulation between another mating couple was paused after one hour however, no spermatophore was seen. In a third mating pair, copulation lasted for approximately 3.5 hours, suggesting duration of copulation in laboratory condition to be variable. We do not have data on duration of copulation in their natural habitat. However, concluding from the high frequency of mating pairs observed in the field, copulations may either last long or happen quite often or both. Acoustic signals: The calling song is composed of a group of short and long series of impulses where the long series (assumed to be closing hemisyllables) are preceded by shorter ones (assumed to be opening hemisyllables; Fig. 13A���B). Number of syllables vary between 5���6 per echeme. Duration of short and long hemisyllables are 13 ��1 ms and 41 ��8 ms (mean �� SD), respectively. Period from the onset of short to the onset of consecutive hemisyllable is 23 �� 9ms, from the onset of long to the onset next hemisyllable 56 �� 5ms. Duration and periods of syllables are 65 ��13 ms and 81 ��10 ms resulting in a syllable repetition rate of 12 Hz (at approximately 17.5 ��C; average indoor temperature on 16/09/ 2021 in Kargil). Duration and period of echemes are 406 ��36 ms and 2692 ��789 ms, respectively. The dominant recorded frequency of calling song is 16.8kHz, but may be limited by the recording device (Fig. 13C; compare Fig.14C). Signal produced during mounting attempts by male is composed of separated syllables, differing in structure from that of the calling song (Fig. 14A���B) and peak frequency lies between 30���35kHz (Fig. 14C). Distribution and habitat: This species is one of the high-altitude Ensiferans found in India. Ramme (1950) documented one male paratype and a female allotype collected by the famous biologist Ferdinand Stoliczka (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Stoliczka) during his first Himalaya expedition in August 1864. The type specimens were collected from an altitudinal range of 4572���5486 m (a.s.l) from Indus Valley, North of Hanle situated in the valley of Hanle river which originates from Imis La pass on the border of India-Tibet and joins the Indus River at Loma, close to the town of Nyoma. Another female collected from Lahaul (approx. 4267 m altitude a.s.l, as read from map) (in the collection of Brunner von Wattenwyl: ���ex Mus. L��beck���) was designated as paratype by Ramme (1950) (Fig. 1). Until 2016, the species was known only from its type specimens as described by Ramme 1950. Another specimen from Zanskar, 3800 m a.s.l., 26 viii 2016, 33�� 59��� 59.37������ N 76�� 46��� 15.98������ E came into documentation based on a male photograph taken by Christine Provot (Fig. 1) on the website- https://www.galerie-insecte.org/galerie/ref174389.htm. The specimens studied here were collected from area around the Shashi Lake (Fig. 1 & 11A���B), located at an altitude of 4206 m a.s.l., 80 km away from Kargil district towards north east. The lake was built by the villagers of Sandow approximately three decades ago for the storage of water and named ���Shashi Tso��� (Shashi=Mountain, Tso=lake) and ���Purgi��� in their local language. In winter, the lake gets frozen and remains covered by snow. Towards the end of March, snow from adjoining hills melts and the water flows down into the lake. During the months of April to October, the mountain and surrounding areas of the lake thrive with a variety of economically significant shrubby plants (Fig. 11C���E) (Table 3). As the temperature during these months ranges between 14.1��C to 26.9��C (Tundup et al., 2016) several noteworthy animals (Table 2) also become active and are sighted., Published as part of Ali, Ahsan, Jaiswara, Ranjana, Bharti, Umesh & Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, 2022, Revision of the high-altitude genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with a redescription and new data on mating behavior and acoustic signals of H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950, pp. 301-324 in Zootaxa 5099 (3) on pages 304-320, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6078605, {"references":["Ramme, W. (1950) Neues zur Gattung Hyphinomos Uvarov. Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt Osterreichischer und Schweizer Entomologen, 2, 76 - 79.","Jin, X. - B. & Xia, K. - L. (1994) An Index-Catalogue of Chinese Tettigoniodea (Orthopteroidea: Grylloptera). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 3, 15 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503405","Sergeev, M. G. (1995) The general distribution of Orthoptera in the Eastern parts of the Saharan-Gobian and Scythian Subregions. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 38, 213 - 256.","Braun, H. (2016) Two mysterious tiny katydids from the Ecuadorian Andes (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hexacentrinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 25 (2), 97 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.025.0209","Uvarov, B. P. (1921) Three new alpine Orthoptera from Central Asia. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1 - 5.","Mani, M. S. (1968) Ecology and biogeography of high altitude insects. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 528 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 1339 - 9","Gurney, A. B. & Liebermann, J. (1975) A new species of Shield-Backed Katydid from Cerro Aconcagua, Argentina, with notes on other species and their habitats (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Decticinae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 65, 102 - 107.","Alexander, R. D. & Otte, D. (1967) The evolution of genitalia and mating behavior in crickets (Gryllidae) and other Orthoptera. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 133, 1 - 62.","Tundup, P., Tamchos, T. & Norbu, T. (2016) Impact of change in climate on the historical monuments in western Himalayan region (Ladakh). International Journal of Current Research, 8 (12), 43320 - 43323."]}

Genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921 Type species: Hyphinomos fasciata Uvarov, 1921. Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921: 74; Ramme, 1950: 76; Mani, 1968: 102, 212; Rentz and Colless, 1990: 352-377; Jin and Xia, 1994: 30; Sergeev, 1992: 3, 10; Sergeev, 1995: 218; Sergeev, 1998: 247; Otte, 1997: 261; Sergeev, 2010: 133; WarchalowskaSliwa, Rhee, Heller & Grzywacz, 2020: 161. Synonymic history: Hypsinomus Mani, 1968: 212 ���incorrect spelling of Hyphinomos Hyphonomus Rentz and Colless, 1990: 355, 364���incorrect spelling of Hyphinomos Emended description. As given by Uvarov, 1921: Scapus longer than wide; fastigium as wide as scapus, apex of fastigium produced almost to the distal margin of scapus; Ocelli small, disposed in triangle, lateral ocelli much dorsal, present on the lateral margin of protruded fastigium, slightly above the upper margin of antennal socket; median ocellus almost in the line of basal margin of eyes and antennal socket. Distribution: The genus Hyphinomos is known from two species reported from Western Tibet and the Western Himalaya (Fig. 1). Key for the identification of Hyphinomos species 1. Vertex (upper side of head) whitish (Fig. 2A), ovipositor broad (Fig. 3D; length/width=5.8���6.0).... H. fasciata Uvarov, 1921 - Vertex either yellow interspersed with black spots (in freshly molted adult) or black and adorned with yellow stripes and patches; occiput black (Fig. 2B), ovipositor slender (Fig. 3A���C; length/width=7.6���8.0)........ H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950, Published as part of Ali, Ahsan, Jaiswara, Ranjana, Bharti, Umesh & Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, 2022, Revision of the high-altitude genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with a redescription and new data on mating behavior and acoustic signals of H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950, pp. 301-324 in Zootaxa 5099 (3) on page 303, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6078605, {"references":["Uvarov, B. P. (1921) Three new alpine Orthoptera from Central Asia. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1 - 5.","Ramme, W. (1950) Neues zur Gattung Hyphinomos Uvarov. Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt Osterreichischer und Schweizer Entomologen, 2, 76 - 79.","Mani, M. S. (1968) Ecology and biogeography of high altitude insects. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 528 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 1339 - 9","Rentz, D. C. F. & Colless, D. H. (1990) A classification of the shield-backed katydids (Tettigoniinae) of the world. In: Bailey, W. J. & Rentz, D. C. F. (Eds.), The Tettigoniidae: Biology, Systematics and Evolution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 352 - 377.","Jin, X. - B. & Xia, K. - L. (1994) An Index-Catalogue of Chinese Tettigoniodea (Orthopteroidea: Grylloptera). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 3, 15 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503405","Sergeev, M. G. (1992) Distribution patterns of Orthoptera in North and Central Asia. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 1, 14 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503557","Sergeev, M. G. (1995) The general distribution of Orthoptera in the Eastern parts of the Saharan-Gobian and Scythian Subregions. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 38, 213 - 256.","Sergeev, M. G. (1998) Conservation of orthopteran biological diversity relative to landscape change in temperate Eurasia. Journal of Insect Conservation, 2, 247 - 252. [https: // link. springer. com / article / 10.1023 / A: 1009620519058] https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1009620519058","Otte, D. (1997) Orthoptera Species File 7. Tettigonioidea. Orthopterists' Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 373 pp."]}

Subgroup confracta Liu, 2020 According to Liu Cx et al. (2020), the species of this group ���have mediate-width long tegmina, comparatively short files and the narrowest mirror. The file is widest in basal quarter, from which teeth are gradually narrower toward both ends. The songs are discontinuous and each song unit consists of numerous simple syllables���. The authors included the two newly described species Mecopoda confracta and M. synconfracta sp. n. (China), but listed also Mecopoda _���S��� (Malaysia) with song and file data and Mecopoda _ ���N��� (Bali) (Sismondo 1990) as group members. In addition and based on file structure, they added an unidentified Mecopoda species from Vietnam and an otherwise undescribed ��� Mecopoda elongata��� from India. From song structure also the ���chirper��� in Nityananda & Balakrishnan (2006) belongs to the group. In our material specimens with a ratio larger than 1.5 (length/width of mirror area) always belonged to the confracta subgroup. Among this material there are at least three forms which differ clearly in song pattern from the previously described ones and from each other. Their songs differ mainly in three parameters, in echeme repetition rate (echeme period), in syllable repetition rate (syllable period) and in the number of syllables per echeme. For comparison, we present also data on the song of the Chinese species M. confracta (Tab. 4). Concerning the structure of the stridulatory file,all species of the subgroup are relatively similar(Figs.11H���K, 12)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5","Sismondo, E (1990) Synchronous, alternating, and phase-locked stridulation by a tropical katydid. Science, 249, 55 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 249.4964.55","Nityananda, V. & Balakrishnan, R. (2006) A diversity of songs among morphologically indistinguishable katydids of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from southern India. Bioacoustics, 15, 223 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09524622.2006.9753552"]}

Mecopoda niponensis continentalis Gorochov, 2020 Recording; male CH7674, CHINA: Yunnan, Honghe, Dai Yao Jinping Miao, Maandi (22��52���N, 103��13���E), 1900 m, 20 viii 2013, leg. Liu Chun-Xiang (song, stridulatory organs, chromosomes). Other material (stridulatory files studied): 13 males, CHINA, Fukien (= Fujian), Kuatun (2300m) 27.40��N, 117.40��E, 11���15 ix 1938, leg. J. Klapperich; 1 male, CHINA, Fukien (= Fujian), Kwangtseh, 17 viii 1937, leg, J.Klapperich (ORT2002 _1833-9, 1845, 1849���50, 1984; ZFMK). For comparison with M. n. vietnamica subsp. nov., we present an oscillogram of the song of the subspecies continentalis from China (Fig. 7). For the stridulatory file, see M. n. vietnamica subsp. nov. below. Chromosomes: 2n = 27, FN = 54; pairs 1, 2 and 5���13 metacentric, 3 and 4 subacrocentric, X chromosome metacentric (Fig. 15)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564"]}