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In this study, organosilicon compounds were used as modifiers of filaments constituting building materials for 3D printing technology. Polymethylhydrosiloxane underwent a hydrosilylation reaction with styrene, octadecene, and vinyltrimethoxysilane to produce new di- or tri-functional derivatives with varying ratios of olefins. These compounds were then mixed with silica and incorporated into the ABS matrix using standard processing methods. The resulting systems exhibited changes in their physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Several of the obtained composites (e.g., modified with VT:6STYR) had an increase in the contact angle of over 20° resulting in a hydrophobic surface. The addition of modifiers also prevented a decrease in rheological parameters regardless of the amount of filler added. In addition, comprehensive tests of the thermal decomposition of the obtained composites were performed and an attempt was made to precisely characterize the decomposition of ABS using FT-IR and optical microscopy, which allowed us to determine the impact of individual groups on the thermal stability of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The L-FDM technique enables the direct introduction of chemicals, dyes, radioactive substances, pesticides, antibiotics, nanoparticles, trace elements, fertilizers, phosphors, monomers for polymerization, proteins, peptides, and active ingredients in the direct printing process from a polymer material with a typical FDM printer. With the proposed technology, it is now possible to introduce chemical substances into polymer filaments that were previously impossible to apply due to undergoing physical or chemical transformations during previous processing processes. This article discusses methods that eliminate the need for costly and energy-consuming processing equipment. These methods can be utilized in any laboratory by users without access to specialized devices. A novel L-FDM technique that builds upon the fundamentals of the FDM additive manufacturing process has been developed. It includes a mechanism that directly incorporates a chemical substance and alters polymer fibers throughout the fine process. This method eliminates the need for additional extrusion operations and compounding equipment to introduce chemical additives and solvents. This advancement opens up new opportunities for printers to be used in chemical labs to test new or known chemical substances. The paper outlines the technological assumptions, potential applications, and practical examples of direct filament modification using the L-FDM technique. The modifications made to the mechanical properties of the printed objects were confirmed through thermal analysis techniques (DSC), water contact angle measurements, electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), and mechanical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The L-FDM technique enables the direct introduction of chemicals, dyes, radioactive substances, pesticides, antibiotics, nanoparticles, trace elements, fertilizers, phosphors, monomers for polymerization, proteins, peptides, and active ingredients in the direct printing process from a polymer material with a typical FDM printer. With the proposed technology, it is now possible to introduce chemical substances into polymer filaments that were previously impossible to apply due to undergoing physical or chemical transformations during previous processing processes. This article discusses methods that eliminate the need for costly and energy-consuming processing equipment. These methods can be utilized in any laboratory by users without access to specialized devices. This article presents a novel 3D printing technique called L-FDM (liquid for fused deposition modeling), which is based on the deposition of molten thermoplastic material. The new method allows for the direct introduction of chemicals and polymer filament modifications during the printing process. In contrast to traditional incremental methods, L-FDM eliminates the need for extra granulating, extrusion, and processing equipment, making it possible to introduce chemical additives to the polymer matrix directly. This opens up exciting possibilities for chemical laboratories to test and experiment with new and known chemicals through 3D printing. The article discusses the technical aspects of L-FDM and its potential applications and provides practical examples of direct filament modifications using the technique. The results of these modifications were verified using a colorimeter, electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), and optical microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, composites containing polylactide and carbonate lake sediment in concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, and 15% by weight were prepared by a 3D printing method. The material for 3D printing was obtained by directly diluting the masterbatch on an injection moulder to the desired concentrations, and after granulation, it was extruded into a filament. The material prepared thusly was used to print standardised samples for mechanical testing. To compare the mechanical properties of the composites obtained by 3D printing and injection moulding, two sets of tests were performed, i.e., mechanical tests (tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength) and hydrophobic–hydrophilic surface character testing. The degree of composite waste in the 3D printing was also calculated. Mechanical and surface tests were performed for both systems conditioned at room temperature and after accelerated ageing in a weathering chamber. The study showed differences in the properties of composites obtained by 3D printing. Sedimentary fillers improved the hydrophobicity of the systems compared with pure PLA, but it was not a linear relationship. The PLA/CLS sedB composite had higher strength parameters, especially after ageing in a weathering chamber. This is due to its composition, in which, in addition to calcite and silica, there are also aluminosilicates, causing a strengthening of the PLA matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing and 3D printing methods based on the extrusion of material have become very popular in recent years. There are many methods of printing ceramics, but the direct extrusion method gives the largest range of sizes of printed objects and enables scaling of processes also in large-scale applications. Additionally, the application of this method to ceramic materials is of particular importance due to its low cost, ease of use, and high material utilization. The paper presents the most important literature reports on ceramics printed by direct extrusion. The review includes articles written in English and published between 2017 and 2022. The aim of this literature review was to present the main groups of ceramic materials produced by extrusion-based 3D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the influence of TiO2 pigment filler modified with spherosilicate derivatives on the processes and thermomechanical properties of composites based on PLA was investigated. Rheological tests (MFR) were carried out, on the basis of which it was found that the addition of organosilicon compounds has a plasticizing effect on the polymer-filler systems. TGA and DSC analysis were performed. The analysis of the contact angle showed that 1.5% of the additives had an influence on the superhydrophobic properties of TiO2 (above 135°), and a slight improvement of this parameter was also observed for composites containing the modified pigment. Microscopic analysis and mechanical tests (tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength tests) were carried out as well. It has been observed that the addition of certain derivatives adversely affects the dispersion of the filler, thus a slight improvement in mechanical properties is observed. For modifiers that do not affect filler agglomeration, a plasticizing effect on the composite is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication summarises the current state of knowledge and technology on the possibilities and limitations of using mineral and synthetic fillers in the field of 3D printing of thermoplastics. FDM technology can be perceived as a miniaturised variation of conventional extrusion processing (a microextrusion process). However, scaling the process down has an undoubtful drawback of significantly reducing the extrudate diameter (often by a factor of ≈20–30). Therefore, the results produced under conventional extrusion processing cannot be simply translated to processes run with the application of FDM technology. With that in mind, discussing the latest findings in composite materials preparation and application in FDM 3D printing was necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often, simple questions do not have obvious answers and require an experiment that yields an unexpected answer. Have you ever wondered what will happen if you turn 180 degrees to the commonly accepted FDM printing convention? The paper presents the verification of the possibility of using the reverse orientation of the print head in traditionally used 3D printers of FFF/FDM systems. It has been shown that the mechanical parameters of the printed object can be even higher when reverse printing is used. The presented concept opens up new possibilities of designing printers in FFF/FDM systems, which use changed heat convection and the reverse effect of gravity on the printed object. This work was carried out using the TRIZ methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first report of using limonene derivative of a spherosilicate as a modifier of polylactide used for 3D printing and injection moulding is presented. The paper presents the use of limonene-functionalized spherosilicate derivative as a functional additive. The study compared the material characteristics of polylactide modified with SS-Limonene (0.25–5.0% w/w) processed with traditional injection moulding and 3D printing (FFF, FDM). A significant improvement in the processing properties concerning rheology, inter-layer adhesion, and mechanical properties was achieved, which translated into the quality of the print and reduction of waste production. Moreover, the paper describes the elementary stages of thermal transformations of the obtained hybrid systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work concerns research on the use of inorganic chemical compounds Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , and Al and organosilicon modifiers used as additives controlling the properties of PLA for material extrusion in 3D printing technology. The addition of inorganic compounds reduces the temperature at the beginning of the composite decomposition, which is related to the presence of metal and metal oxides. An effect of inhibition of catalytic activity was also noticed as a result of the addition of organosilicon compounds. An increase in the melt flow index parameter was observed, making improving the extrusion and 3D printing process possible. The presence of inorganic additives results in a better fusion of the print paths, which leads to reduced structure defects and better interlayer adhesion. The tensile strength of the obtained composite samples decreases with the increase in the concentration of the metal and metal oxides. The addition of organosilicon substances increases the tensile strength regardless of the inorganic compound concentration. The highest increase in tensile strength was obtained for the PLA/12.5% Fe 3 O 4 /OSS-5OD-3TMOS sample and it was 24.35% compared to the sample without the addition of organosilicon compounds. The use of organosilicon additives resulted in an increase in the water contact angle. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]