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Aim: To determine the association of the presence of diabetes and, among persons with diabetes, the age at type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset, BMI and the interactive effect with the subsequent thyroid cancer risk. Materials and Methods: We conducted a population register‐based longitudinal cohort study in Shanghai, including 428 568 persons with new‐onset T2DM matched with the general population. The risk of thyroid cancer among subgroups was calculated based on standardized incidence ratio (SIR), hazard ratio (HR) and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: In total, 1142 thyroid cancer cases were identified during 8 years of follow‐up, with an incidence rate of 59.01/100 000 person‐years and a higher risk (SIR = 1.21) compared with the general population. The earlier age at T2DM onset and higher BMI were associated with an increasing risk of thyroid cancer independently (onset age <50, SIR: 1.46; BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2, SIR: 1.93), with the highest risk in patients with both BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2 and onset age <50 years (SIR = 3.91, HR = 3.04). Among patients with T2DM onset age <60 years, SIR increased with higher BMI, while there were no trends when onset age ≥60 years. Among patients with BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2, SIR increased with an earlier onset age, whereas no trends were shown in the BMI <24.9 kg/m2 groups. Obese (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2) patients had a significantly higher HR of thyroid cancer only when T2DM onset age <60 years. Conclusions: Both earlier age of T2DM onset (<50 years) and higher BMI (≥30 kg/m2) contributed to the higher risk of thyroid cancer. Patients with young‐onset T2DM and obesity are considered more vulnerable to thyroid cancer development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of surgery in the treatment of Graves' disease (GD) needs to be revisited. The aims of the present retrospective study were to evaluate the outcomes of the current surgical strategy as a definitive treatment of GD at our center and to explore the clinical association between GD and thyroid cancer. Methods: A patient cohort of 216 cases from 2013 to 2020 was involved in this retrospective study. The data of the clinical characteristics and follow-up results were collected and analyzed. Results: There were 182 female and 34 male patients. The mean age was 43.9 ± 15.0 years old. The mean duration of GD reached 72.2 ± 92.7 months. Of the 216 cases, 211 had been treated with antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and hyperthyroidism had been completely controlled in 198 cases. A total (75%) or near-total (23.6%) thyroidectomy was performed. Intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) was applied to 37 patients. The failure of ATD therapy (52.3%) was the most common surgical indication, followed by suspicion of a malignant nodule (45.8%). A total of 24 (11.1%) patients had hoarseness after the operation and 15 (6.9%) patients had transient vocal cord paralysis; 3 (1.4%) had this problem permanently. No bilateral RLN paralysis occurred. A total of 45 patients had hypoparathyroidism and 42 of them recovered within 6 months. Sex showed a correlation with hypoparathyroidism through a univariate analysis. A total of 2 (0.9%) patients underwent a reoperation because of hematomas. A total of 104 (48.1%) cases were diagnosed as thyroid cancer. In most cases (72.1%), the malignant nodules were microcarcinomas. A total of 38 patients had a central compartment node metastasis. A lateral lymph node metastasis occurred in 10 patients. Thyroid carcinomas were incidentally discovered in the specimens of 7 cases. The patients with concomitant thyroid cancer had a significant difference in body mass index, duration of GD, gland size, thyrotropin receptor antibodies and nodule(s) detected. Conclusion: Surgical treatments for GD were effective, with a relatively low incidence of complications at this high-volume center. Concomitant thyroid cancer is one of the most important surgical indications for GD patients. Careful ultrasonic screening is necessary to exclude the presence of malignancies and to determine the therapeutic plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thyroid cancer is an important disease that threatens the health of humans. Ginsenoside Rh2 is known as an anticancer molecule; however, its function in thyroid cancer cells has not been reported. In the present study, we identified that Rh2 treatment of the thyroid cancer cell line K1 inhibited cell migration and proliferation.Material and Methods: We determined the Rh2 function in thyroid cancer cell lines. By RT-PCR, expression of miR-524-5p and related genes were determined. The cell phenotype including cell migration and proliferation were detected after serials treatment. The relevant protein level were checked by Western blot.Results: Interestingly, we observed that miR-524-5p, a type of miRNA, had lower expression in the thyroid cancer cell lines TPC-1, K1, and NPA than in the normal thyroid cell line Nthyri3-1. Additionally, Rh2 treatment induced miR-524-5p expression. Further examination using overexpression of miR-524-5p identified that the miR-524-5p mimic inhibited cell migration and proliferation of the K1 line. Similar to Rh2-treated cells, the miR-524-5p mimic-expressing cells had increased E-cadherin and reduced vimentin levels compared to the control cells. Next, we examined the relationship between Rh2 and miR-524-5p with respect to thyroid cell migration and proliferation. Treatment with Rh2 and miR-524-5p inhibitor suppressed Rh2 action on K1 thyroid cell migration and proliferation, and the rates were similar to those in control cells, suggesting that Rh2 might induce miR-524-5p expression to inhibit thyroid cancer cell migration and proliferation.Conclusions: Our analyses identified Rh2 and miR-524-5p action on thyroid cancer cell migration and proliferation as well as the linkage between Rh2 and miR-524-5p in thyroid cancer cell development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of total and near-total bilateral thyroidectomy for the treatment of bilateral multinodular goiter. Methods: 346 patients with a diagnosis of bilateral multinodular goiter were randomly divided into two groups. 165 patients underwent total thyroidectomy or near-total thyroidectomy (group A), while 181 patients were exposed to a partial or subtotal thyroid gland removal treatment (group B). The incidences of postoperative complications and recurrence rate were monitored during the average follow-up period of 36 and 39 months, respectively. Results: Six and two patients from groups A and B, respectively, were diagnosed with papillary carcinoma and excluded from the study. Transient recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis occurred in three patients each from group A (1.89%, 3/159) and group B (1.68%, 3/179) postoperatively. Injury to superior laryngeal nerve was confirmed in three patients (two in group A and one in group B). Eleven (6.92%, 11/159) and nine (5.03%, 9/179) cases in groups A and B, respectively, suffered from transient hypocalcemia symptoms. There was no statistical difference in complications between two groups. Permanent hypoparathyroidism was not observed in either group. No recurrence was observed in group A, while 12 cases (6.70%, 12/179) were observed in group B. The recurrence rate was significantly different between the two groups (p <.05). Conclusion: It is safe and feasible to perform either total or near-total thyroidectomy in patients with bilateral multinodular goiter. These treatments provide decisive advantages over partial and subtotal thyroidectomies in terms of the recurrence and reoperation rate with comparable postoperative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]