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The study deals with the isolation, purification and characterization of galactomannan from the endosperm of Borassus labellifer (Linn.) to be used for biomaterial fabrication in tissue engineering (TE) applications. The isolated Borassus flabellifer (Linn.) galactomannan (BFG) through a sequential aqueous dissolution, centrifugation and ethanol precipitation presented a total yield of 19.77 ± 1.05 % (w/w) with advantageous compositional and functional properties. BFG was found to have mannose to galactose (M/G) ratio of 1.4:1. The molecular weight of BFG was found to be 4.9 × 10 5  g/mol and the molecular structure analysis by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy revealed the presence of α-linked, d-galactopyranose units and β-linked, D-mannopyranose units. Further characterization by rheometer confirmed the non-Newtonian and pseudo-plastic behavior of different BFG concentrations and structural analysis by XRD and SEM confirmed the amorphous nature of BFG with the presence of pores and cervices on the rough surface. Finally, the favorable biological activity demonstrated in response to fibroblast cells against different BFG concentrations substantiates its relevance to be used in biofabrication of tissue scaffolds., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All the authors have no conflict of interest to disclose with reference to this publication., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The utility of plant tissues as scaffolding materials has been gaining significant interest in recent years owing to their unique material characteristics that are ideal for tissue regeneration. In this study, the degradation and biocompatibility of natural cellulosic scaffolds derived from Borassus flabellifer (Linn.) (BF) immature endosperm was improved by chemical oxidation and surface functionalization processes. Briefly, thus obtained cellulosic scaffolds were sequentially processed via a detergent exchange decellularization process followed by sodium periodate mediated oxidation and organosilane-based surface modification using amino (NH 2 )-terminated 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and methyl (CH 3 )-terminated octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). Post oxidation and surface functionalization, the scaffolds showed improved physiochemical, morphological, and mechanical properties. Especially, the swelling capacity, total porosity, surface area, degradation kinetics, and mechanical behavior of scaffold were significantly higher in modified scaffold groups. The biocompatibility analysis demonstrated excellent cellular adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts with an evident upregulation of mineralization. Subcutaneous implantation of these scaffolds in a rat model demonstrated active angiogenesis, enhanced degradation, and excellent biocompatibility with concomitant deposition of a collagen matrix. Taken together, the native cellulosic scaffolds post chemical oxidation and surface functionalization can exclusively integrate the potential properties of native soft tissue with ameliorated in vitro and in vivo support in bone tissue engineering for nonloading bearing applications.

This study describes the fabrication of cellulose scaffold (CS) and cellulose-chitosan (CS/CHI) scaffolds from the immature endosperm of Borassus flabellifer (Linn.) (BF) loaded with platelet rich plasma (PRP). Thus, developed scaffolds were evaluated for their physicochemical and mechanical behavior, growth factor release and biological performance. Additionally, in vivo response was assessed in a sub cutaneous rat model to study vascularization, host inflammatory response and macrophage polarization. The results of this study demonstrated that CS and CS/CHI scaffolds with PRP demonstrated favorable physiochemical and morphogical properties. The scaffold groups CS-PRP and CS/CHI-PRP were able to release growth factors in a well sustained manner under physiological conditions. The presence of PRP in cellulosic scaffolds did show significant differences in their behavior when investigated under in vitro studies, where the release of diverse cytokines improved the cellular proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Finally, the PRP enriched scaffolds when studied under in vivo conditions showed increased angiogenesis and re-epithelialization with adequate collagen deposition and tissue remodeling. Our results suggest that besides the conventional carrier systems, this new-generation of plant-based cellulosic scaffolds with/without any modification can serve as a suitable carrier for PRP encapsulation and release, which can be used in numerous tissue regenerative therapies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]