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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate topographic characteristics of the retina in myopic eyes., Methods: We reviewed spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images of patients with myopia retrospectively. Retinal topography (RT) was defined as the topography of the retinal pigment epithelium layers. Retinal topographies were classified into several types, and the distribution and characteristics of each type were assessed in eyes with varying degrees of axial length (AL)., Results: A total of 167 subjects with myopia were included in this study. Seventy eyes (41.9%) were classified as regular (R) type, 48 (28.7%) were wave (W) type, 32 (19.2%) were band (B) type, and 17 (10.2%) were pond (P) type. The distribution of these types varied significantly among eyes with different degrees of AL (P < 0.001); R-type was predominant in eyes with 24 mm less than or equal to AL less than 26 mm, and P-type in eyes with AL greater than or equal to 28 mm. The retina sloped away from the cornea more frequently on the nasal side than it did on the temporal side or in between the nasal and the temporal sides, with the exception of the P-type RT. Topography of the central zone was frequently slanted, except in B-type eyes. The difference between the refractive and corneal astigmatism of eyes with P-type RT was greater than that of B-type eyes (P = 0.002)., Conclusions: Retinal topography varies according to the degree of AL. This variation in RT may originate from the differences between healthy eyes and highly myopic eyes, and may be related to the optical characteristics of the eye., (Copyright 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.)

Purpose: To investigate the morphologic and topographic characteristics of intraretinal cystoid spaces in eyes with Type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel 2)., Methods: Using B-scan and en face images of eyes with MacTel 2 taken from a spectral domain optical coherence tomography database, the circularities and mean gray values of the cystoid spaces were measured to determine their boundaries and reflectivity. The characteristics of cystoid spaces in MacTel 2 eyes were compared with those in eyes with Type 1 idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel 1), retinal vein occlusion, and diabetic macular edema, which are caused by vascular leakage. The cystoid spaces of en face optical coherence tomography images were matched with fluorescein angiographic images., Results: The circularity of the cystoid spaces in B-scan and en face optical coherence tomography images of 16 eyes with MacTel 2 was lower than that of eyes with MacTel 1 (P = 0.004 and P = 0.003, respectively), retinal vein occlusion (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), and diabetic macular edema (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The mean gray value ratio of the cystoid spaces of eyes with MacTel 2 was lower than that of eyes with MacTel 1 (P = 0.002) and diabetic macular edema (P < 0.001). In eyes with MacTel 2, the cystoid spaces were located in the foveal center or parafoveal area., Conclusion: Characteristics of cystoid spaces of eyes with MacTel 2 were different from those in eyes with MacTel 1, retinal vein occlusion, and diabetic macular edema. The irregular boundaries and low reflectivity of the cystoid spaces in MacTel 2 may represent the degenerative origin of the disease.

Purpose: To investigate the biometric characteristics of eyes with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC)., Methods: Medical records of 52 consecutive patients with unilateral CSC were reviewed. Central serous chorioretinopathy was diagnosed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and fluorescein angiography. Data collected for comparison with fellow eyes were refractive error, biometric measurements using partial coherence interferometry, and SD-OCT parameters., Results: Mean time from subjective symptom onset to initial visit was 8.3 ± 12.29 weeks. Mean axial length (AL) was shorter in CSC eyes than in fellow eyes by 0.24 ± 0.379 mm (P < 0.001), and mean anterior chamber depth (ACD) was shallower in CSC eyes than in fellow eyes by 0.03 ± 0.088 mm (P = 0.021). Central serous chorioretinopathy eyes also had thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) than fellow eyes by 34.0 ± 45.93 μm (P < 0.001). Differences in spherical equivalents between CSC and fellow eyes correlated with AL differences (r = -0.690, P < 0.001) and CT differences (r = 0.473, P = 0.001). On multiple linear regression analysis, the differences in ACD between CSC and fellow eyes were significantly correlated with AL differences (P = 0.032) and symptom duration (P = 0.019)., Conclusions: Biometric characteristics such as AL and ACD were different between eyes with CSC and fellow eyes. Variations in biometry, which correlated with CT differences, might be related to differences in refractive errors between eyes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the 3-dimensional (3D) configuration of subretinal fluid (SRF) in idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT)., Methods: The OCT images of patients with CSC were reviewed retrospectively. The 3D configurations of SRF were assessed using a modified segmentation algorithm of SDOCT. The differences of the configurations between acute and chronic CSC were compared. For the patients with acute CSC, we investigated a possible relationship between early change in 3D configuration and disease prognosis., Results: We included 69 eyes of 68 patients in this study. The mean volume, the greatest basal diameter (GBD), and the area of SRF were not different between acute and chronic CSC. The mean peak height (PH) of SRF and the ratio of PH to GBD in acute CSC (298.13 ± 92.67 μm, 9.44 ± 2.57%) were significantly greater than those in chronic CSC (192.97 ± 71.05 μm, 5.97 ± 1.90%; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). In patients with acute CSC, the early changing pattern of 3D configurations was significantly different according to the SRF prognosis (P = 0.003). In situ decrease of SRF was observed in 94.7% of the spontaneously resolving group. However, downward elongation of SRF was observed more frequently in the persistent group (58.3%) than in the spontaneously resolving group (6.3%)., Conclusions: The 3D configurations of SRF were different between acute and chronic CSC. In patients with acute onset, the early change of 3D configuration was different and varied according to the SRF prognosis.

Purpose: To evaluate a simplified method to measure peripapillary choroidal thickness using commercially available, three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (3D-OCT)., Methods: 3D-OCT images of normal eyes were consecutively obtained from the 3D-OCT database of Korea University Medical Center On the peripapillary images for retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) analysis, choroidal thickness was measured by adjusting the segmentation line for the retinal pigment epithelium to the chorioscleral junction using the modification tool built into the 3D-OCT image viewer program. Variations of choroidal thickness at 12 sectors of the peripapillary area were evaluated., Results: We were able to measure the peripapillary choroidal thickness in 40 eyes of our 40 participants, who had a mean age of 41.2 years (range, 15 to 84 years). Choroidal thickness measurements had strong inter-observer correlation at each sector (r = 0.901 to 0.991, p < 0.001). The mean choroidal thickness was 191 ± 62 µm. Choroidal thickness was greatest at the temporal quadrant (mean ± SD, 210 ± 78 µm), followed by the superior (202 ± 66 µm), nasal (187 ± 64 µm), and inferior quadrants (152 ± 59 µm)., Conclusions: The measurement of choroidal thickness on peripapillary circle scan images for RNFL analysis using the 3D-OCT viewing program was highly reliable and efficient.

Purpose: To characterize eyes with glial proliferation after macular hole (MH) surgery., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent vitrectomy for an idiopathic MH using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The pattern of the closed MH after surgery was categorized according to the presence (group 1) or absence (group 2) of apparent glial proliferation, which was determined by glial tissue reflectivity involving the external limiting membrane (ELM) and photoreceptor layers. Photoreceptor layer defect areas were categorized as mild or severe. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and pre- and postoperative OCT parameters were compared between the two groups., Results: Among 30 eyes followed-up for a median of 11 months, seven (23 %) were assigned to group 1 and 23 (77 %) to group 2. The median age was higher in group 1 (70 years) than in group 2 (63 years). The postoperative BCVA was poorer in group 1 than in group 2 at 3 months and at the final examination (P = 0.022 and P < 0.001 respectively). The median preoperative basal hole diameter in group 1 (1,219 μm) was larger than that of group 2 (590 μm) (P = 0.002). The MH index (hole height/basal hole diameter) was smaller in group 1 than in group 2 (P = 0.012). At the final examination, group 1 had larger mild and severe photoreceptor layer defect areas (medians 1,300 μm and 207 μm respectively) than group 2 (medians 110 μm and 70 μm respectively) (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 respectively)., Conclusions: Eyes with glial proliferation after surgery for MH had different preoperative characteristics than eyes with no evidence of glial proliferation. In addition to a large hole diameter, other factors such as a small MH index and advanced age could be involved in the development of glial proliferation.

Purpose: To investigate the morphologic characteristics of chronic macular holes (MHs) using optical coherence tomography., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed optical coherence tomographic images of consecutive patients who had been diagnosed with MH. Chronic MH was defined as MH that was observed without being surgically treated for at least 1 year. Optical coherence tomographic parameters were compared between chronic and acute MH., Results: Thirteen eyes of 13 patients were classified as chronic MH, and 67 eyes of 67 patients were classified as controls. While the basal hole diameter of chronic MH was not different from that of controls (P = 0.146), the minimum hole diameter (781.8 μm) of chronic MH was larger than that of controls (448.4 μm; P < 0.001). The hole height and MH index were smaller in the chronic MH group (380.6 μm; 0.31) than in control group (469.9 μm, 0.53; P = 0.033, P = 0.003). Intraretinal fluid was less frequently observed in chronic MH than in controls (P < 0.001). Retinal pigment epithelial atrophy was only observed in chronic MH., Conclusion: Chronic MH has features distinct from those of acute symptomatic MH on optical coherence tomography. These findings provide useful insight for the differentiation of chronic MH from acute MH.

Background and Objective: To study characteristics of errors in thickness comparison maps (TCMs) from three-dimensional optical coherence tomography., Patients and Methods: Patients who underwent three-dimensional optical coherence tomography examinations were included. Errors in TCM were categorized into several types according to common features, and the origins and distributions of errors were investigated., Results: Errors were observed in 25 (22.9%) of 109 TCMs with a normal macula and in 88 (63.3%) of 139 TCMs with an abnormal macula (P < .001). The errors were categorized into three types: horizontal line-shaped errors that originated from fixation loss by the examinee, jumping errors caused by segmentation error, and two-peaked errors due to mismatching. There were significant differences in the distributions of the error types among different diagnoses., Conclusion: Errors in TCM were categorized into several types according to common features. Distributions of these types differed among eyes according to diagnosis., (Copyright 2012, SLACK Incorporated.)

Purpose: To investigate eccentric fixation (EF) in full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) and epiretinal membrane (ERM) and its relationship to photoreceptor integrity., Methods: The amount of EF during spectral domain optical coherence tomography scanning was determined as the distance between the scan center and the foveal center. We investigated the difference in reflectivity of the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) junction at the scan center and the foveal center., Results: The amount of EF was significantly greater in preoperative FTMH (median, 209 μm; interquartile range [IQR], 146 μm, 367 μm), postoperative FTMH (median, 138 μm; IQR, 95 μm, 461 μm), preoperative ERM (median, 210 μm; IQR, 151 μm, 308 μm), and after removal of ERM (median, 129 μm; IQR, 72 μm, 175 μm) than normal eyes (median, 67 μm; IQR, 47 μm, 101 μm). Abnormal EF was more frequently observed in eyes with greater inner segment/outer segment reflectivity at the scan center than at the foveal center., Conclusions: Fixation during the spectral domain optical coherence tomography scanning was frequently eccentric in FTMH and ERM and might be dependent on photoreceptor integrity.

Aims: To assess the accuracy of the Topcon 3D OCT Viewer in analysing Stratus OCT data., Methods: Randomly selected fast macular thickness map protocol optical coherence tomography (OCT) raw data were exported from the Stratus OCT database and imported into and analysed with the Topcon 3D OCT Viewer. The segmentation error (SE) rates and scores were compared between the two programs. Differences in the retinal thickness between the two programs were measured in both the SE (-) group and the SE (+) group., Results: 356 eyes were analysed. The SE rate and mean SE score were significantly lower with the Topcon 3D OCT Viewer than with Stratus OCT ((30.9% (110/356) vs 38.2% (136/356), p=0.011; 0.33 ± 0.59 vs 0.48 ± 0.96, p=0.003), respectively). In the SE (-) group, the mean of the differences between the two programs was -2.79 μm (p<0.001) in the central 1 mm zone of the nine ETDRS areas and 1.49 μm (p=0.152) for the automated centre point thickness., Conclusions: The Topcon 3D OCT Viewer analysed Stratus OCT data very well and displayed better segmentation performance. The Topcon 3D OCT Viewer program can be used interchangeably for the measurement of macular thickness, but careful interpretation by a clinician is needed.

Background: To demonstrate the change in macular thickness using optical coherence tomography in diabetic patients and to assess its relationship with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels., Methods: Diabetic patients who underwent at least two macular thickness measurements with OCT within a 12-month period were included. HbA1c values within 1 month of each OCT study, and clinical data such as age, insulin treatment, systemic hypertension, and the severity of diabetic retinopathy were collected. The change in three macula parameters including center point thickness (CPT), central subfoveal macular thickness (CSMT), and total macular volume (TMV) between two measurements was calculated. Patients were divided into two groups based on the half-width of the 95% confidence interval for percent change, the increase group (group 1) and the decrease group (group 2). The associations of CPT change, CSMT change, and TMV change with baseline HbA1c levels, HbA1c change, and other clinical factors were investigated using correlation analysis and group comparison., Results: A total of 23 eyes of 23 patients were studied. In correlation analysis; the increase in CPT, CSMT, and TMV was correlated with baseline HbA1c (CPT, Spearman's rho = 0.462, p = 0.027; CSMT, Spearman's rho = 0.479, p = 0.021; TMV, Spearman's rho = 0.589, p = 0.003), and the change of HbA1c (CPT, Spearman's rho = -0.585, p = 0.003; CSMT, Spearman's rho = -0.583, p = 0.004; TMV, Spearman's rho = -0.725, p < 0.001). In group comparison for CPT, group 1 have a higher baseline HbA1c (11.2% vs 8.7% of THb, p = 0.044) and a greater HbA1c reduction (-3.3% vs -1.2% of THb, p = 0.044) than group 2. For CSMT, group 1 tended to have a greater HbA1c reduction (-2.9% vs -1.2% of THb, p = 0.074) than group 2. For TMV, group 1 had a higher baseline HbA1c (11.6% vs 8.4% of THb, p = 0.001) and a greater HbA1c reduction (-3.5% vs -0.5% of THb, p < 0.001) than group 2., Conclusions: The change in macular thickness and volume developed in relation to HbA1c levels during a less than 12-month period. A high baseline HbA1c and a large reduction of HbA1c were risk factors for the increase in macular thickness. Prospective study with a large number of patients is needed to clarify the change of macular thickness in relation to glycemic control.