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As cultural carriers of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), practitioners are key stakeholders in its inheritance and tourism use. Master-apprentice transmission is a major mechanism of generational inheritance. This paper examines ICH masters and apprentices at the Arts & Crafts Museum of Hangzhou, China, and analyzes the cultural composition of handicraft ICH and its intergenerational evolutionary mechanisms. Semi-structured interviews with two generations of practitioners and participant observation were undertaken. Research results reveal that intergenerational evolution involves multifaceted stakeholder interactions centred on practitioners with the support of government, management of the museum and participation of visitors. With patterns of family and master-apprentice inheritance, two generations of practitioners facilitate the evolution of handicraft ICH though both co-creations and conflicts. Second, six cultural attributes for handicraft ICH as of material, pattern, shape, technique, image and system are identified to visualise the process of intergenerational evolution. Third, driven by internal and external factors, ICH evolves through tracks of inheritance, selection and variation as presented through the above six cultural attributes. Moreover, the interdependence of cultural elements highlights the heritage framework of handicraft ICH and reflects the fluidity of authenticity. Accordingly, theoretical contributions and future research directions are offered for the sustainable development of handicraft ICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both livelihood resilience and sustainability have received substantial attention from tourism researchers. Capital is crucial to livelihood resilience, and different livelihoods depend on different asset portfolios. However, the transformation of capital across livelihoods has not been examined carefully. Instead of treating capital as singular, we investigate capital as a multiplicity. We evaluate the transformation of capital through a qualitative approach to better understand livelihood resilience through changes in asset assemblages. We made multiple field visits to a Chinese coastal community that is developing a tourism industry, where we collected data through semi-structured interviews and observation that revealed that livelihood capitals have multiple properties and functions, enabling their transformation among asset assemblages. The buffering capacity of livelihood systems, and thereby the livelihood resilience of fishing households, substantially depends on the transformation of capitals. We conclude that the understanding of livelihood resilience can be deepened through assemblage thinking that considers both the multiplicity of capitals and their relations in different production contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engagement of vulnerable rural women in the demonstration and practices of cultural heritage for tourism is a strategy that can empower them. Five dimensions of women's empowerment (economic, social, psychological, educational and political) are examined at multiple scales (self, family, community and society) in a Hui ethnic community in Haiyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, northwest of China. This county is nationally recognized for its poverty. Semistructured interviews were undertaken with government officials, management staff of embroidery cooperatives and rural women. It is shown that the involvement of rural Hui women in embroidery tourism has not only advanced them economically but also provided feasible paths for social, psychological, educational and political empowerment to varying degrees. Theoretical contributions and practical implications of the research are then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Geographies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a huge impact on global tourism, including wildlife tourism. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), risk perceptions of wildlife tourism are explored and a structural equation model is created of the influence of COVID-19 on tourists' behavioral intentions in China. A total of 677 quantitative surveys were obtained in April and May 2020. The results indicate that attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control all have predominantly significant positive effects on behavioral intentions regarding tourism and protective behavior. In addition, approximately 70% of respondents considered the COVID-19 pandemic had increased their perceptions of risk and weakened their behavioral intentions regarding wildlife tourism and animal protection. This study contributes to the literature on wildlife tourism in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and provides timely practical insights into guidelines for the wildlife tourism industry, as well as safety precautions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a personal statement concerning the author's involvement in tourism research in Asia, particularly Indonesia and China, including Taiwan. Personal background and major projects are introduced, and seven research dimensions are suggested: the role of tourism, extending project activities, finance, synergy, timing, collaboration, and language and culture. Current activities are outlined. Concluding comments address timeliness, a long-term perspective, cultural empathy and making a difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many indigenous communities are greatly influenced by tourism development and their support for tourism matters to both developers and tourists' experiences. Therefore, it is important to understand the meaning and attributes of their support for tourism. This paper explores such advocacy in two Dong ethnic villages in southwest China. Twelve semi-structured interviews and 377 questionnaires were completed with Dong villagers to elicit their attitudes and behaviors regarding support for tourism. It is shown that support of local tourism development has two main dimensions: 'hospitality' and 'authenticity'. The former is about willingness to welcome tourists, whereas the latter is mainly concerned with their interest in sharing an authentic lifestyle. Subtle differences exist among two study villages due to their different stages of tourism development and different degrees of dependence on tourism. Those who are engaged in tourism are more hospitable towards tourists and more willing to share their authentic culture. The voices of indigenous people are represented and understanding of support for tourism is enriched. Management implications are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With worldwide industrialization and urbanization, agricultural heritage systems are under threat at the global scale despite their exceptional values reflecting intricate human-nature relationships. As a new function of agricultural heritage, tourism does not realize its potential for heritage conservation and community development. Therefore, the integration of multiple heritage values with tourism is highly important for sustaining agricultural heritage systems and rural communities. This study conceptualizes a multiple value system of agricultural heritage to analyze its tourism use and identify linkages for integration. With Duotian Agrosystem, a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) in China, as an example, this study identifies the mismatch between tourism demand and supply. Relying on the authenticity of Duotian agricultural landscape in Spring, current tourism is highly seasonal. Limited tourist experiences and ways for community participation are available without sufficient tourism expressions of the historical, socio-cultural, educational, and research values. As a result, the enhancement in livelihood value is restricted. Therefore, innovations are needed to construct diverse links between tourism and the multiple values of Duotian Agrosystem to enhance tourism contributions to heritage conservation and community development. Theoretical and management implications are then discussed in a broader context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism can be an important strategy for conserving traditional agricultural systems and potentially enhancing livelihoods of hosting communities. The intricate and complex relations between agricultural heritage conservation, tourism and community livelihoods are examined at a GIAHS site in China. Through multi-stakeholder interviews, the study illustrates that the increased government support and public awareness after GIAHS designation do not ease the struggle between conservation and development at Guanhou Village. Particularly in the context of fast urbanization, multi-layer integration of tourism and the agricultural heritage system should be sought to sustain traditional agriculture and enhance community livelihoods. Practical implications are then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an agricultural product with strong social and cultural connotations, the production and consumption of tea have high potential to be integrated with tourism to enhance community livelihood sustainability. A sustainable livelihood approach is used in a tea tourism context in Hetu Town, Anhui Province, China, to examine critically the interactive relationships between tea and tourism. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with management officials, community leaders, tea industry representatives and village residents in four field investigations in 2015 and 2016. Improvement in community livelihood sustainability was identified through enhancement of livelihood diversity and choice. However, impacts on household livelihood sustainability varied as tourism participation is restricted by level of livelihood assets. The increase of the within-community income gap may generate social problems in the long run. The current level of tea and tourism integration is limited. The history, culture and traditions related with tea are not widely disseminated by local tea producers. Opportunities for in-depth and diversified tea tourism experiences are being recognized, which call for partnership with those involved in tourism. Practical implications are discussed to enhance tea and tourism integration, boost local participation, enhance local benefits, and particularly, to engage those with lower levels of livelihood assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the recreational uses of national parks, a field investigation was employed at Giant Panda National Park, Sichuan. Through a mixed-methods approach and visual portrayal of the spatio-temporal behaviours of four types of visitors is undertaken and associated demographic and other features described. Tourists' concerns regarding wilderness tours are found to be comprised of three dimensions "physical safety," "travel comfort" and "quality of experience." A focus upon weather-related matters reveals that visitors intend to adjust differently in response to different degrees of bad weather. Implications for Chinese national park management are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tourism impacts the livelihoods of destination communities for both good and ill. This study restructures the sustainable livelihood framework to analyze tourism and rural sustenance at Hetu Town, Anhui Province, China. A mixed methods research design is adopted, incorporating a quantitative questionnaire survey and qualitative semi-structured interviews. Data were collected from April 2015 to February 2016. Improvements in livelihood diversity were identified with most residents adopting a multi-activity strategy using synergistic relationships between tourism and other sources of income, thereby enhancing overall livelihood sustainability. However, freedom to engage in new livelihoods varies as those with limited assets are difficult to participate in tourism. An income gap has emerged within the community. Such social risks have not been considered by the local government and are not reflected in local policies. Practical implications are discussed to enhance tourism participation and ensure appropriate benefit sharing with an emphasis on the roles of government. Highlights • A sustainable livelihood framework is restructured in the tourism context to analyze interactions between tourism and rural livelihoods. • Livelihood sustainability is evaluated using a two dimensional framework of livelihood diversity and livelihood freedom. • Community level enhancement in livelihood sustainability is identified through incorporating tourism with traditional livelihoods. • Underlying social risks caused by uneven participation are not considered by the local government. • Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism has long been one of the driving forces of island development, but may impose serious impacts on their physical and social composition and on island communities. Yujiale has been developed recently on many islands of China. It is a form of tourism through which households earn money by sharing fishing culture and products in the distinctive natural and cultural context of islands. This research assesses the provision of Yujiale services and products by fishing families of Digou village, Changdao Island, Changshan Archipelago, Shandong Province, China. It also assesses the community's perceptions and attitudes toward Yujiale tourism. On-site interviews and off-site analysis of online data reveal positive attitudes toward Yujiale tourism and the reinforcement of island identity among Yujiale operators. Despite offering similar services and products without much collaboration, diversification of Yujiale operations is emerging based on the varied assets of the fishing families and their engagement in fishing. However, at present, those with limited resources and capabilities are unable to take advantage of potential economic benefits. Suggestions are made to facilitate the provision of equitable opportunities to participate in and gain benefits from Yujiale tourism, so as to enhance island sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty Alleviation through Tourism Development: A Comprehensive and Integrated Approach, Robertico Croes and Manuel Rivera (2016) Waretown, NJ: Apple Academic Press, xxi + 246 pp., ISBN: 9781771881418, h/bk, £89.00 Sustainability in Hospitality: How Innovative Hotels are Transforming the Industry, Miguel Angel Gardetti and Anna Laura Torres (eds) (2016) Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing Limited, vi + 263 pp., ISBN: 9781783532643, h/bk, £80.00 CSR and Sustainability: From the Margins to the Mainstream: A Textbook, Michael Hopkins (ed.) (2016) Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing Limited, xxvii + 465 pp., ISBN: 9781783534463, h/bk, £80.00 The Seductions of Pilgrimage: Sacred Journeys Afar and Astray in the Western Religious Tradition, Michael A. Di Giovine and David Picard (eds) (2015) Farnham, Ashgate, ix + 266 pp., ISBN: 9781472440075, h/bk, £70.00 Tourism and National Identity: Heritage and Nationhood in Scotland, Kalyan Bhandari (2014) Bristol: Channel View, xiii + 154 pp., ISBN: 9781845414474, p/bk, £24.95 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines food clusters as contributors to tourism development from a creative economy perspective. A conceptual framework is proposed that emphasizes four interdependent determinants and four facilitators that underpin the formation and operation of creative food clusters. The conceptual framework and its application to the Stratford case study site highlights the resources required as well as the place branding processes needed for food cluster development. Emphasis is given to the importance of partnerships between the public and private sectors as well as strong leadership in facilitating stakeholder collaboration and communication. The introduced conceptual framework is intended to act as a guide for those interested in pursuing a culinary tourism-focused creative economy strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China Tourism Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of China Tourism Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evidence since at least the 1990s suggests that global climate patterns have undergone dramatic changes, often resulting in weather-induced natural disasters that have caused widespread environmental damage. Such conditions raise serious threats to communities that are dependent on natural resources and ecosystem services for tourism development. Communities located in high-risk disaster regions face greater challenges in developing a tourism economy that is both resilient and sustainable. Residents in these communities live with a constant awareness of external threats and try to build a degree of resilience that includes traditional disaster prevention measures and a long history of post-disaster reconstruction. It is necessary to understanding the relationships between tourism and community resilience to address planning and development goals in an era of increasing climate uncertainty. Three communities are examined that are regularly exposed to the threats of typhoons and flooding and are located within National Scenic Areas in Taiwan. In-depth interviews with community leaders and surveys of residents were undertaken. Residents with high potential to experience natural disasters generally have high degrees of awareness of various forms of tourism impacts. Their perceptions of tourism impacts are positively correlated with community resilience. The strongest relationships are between a perception of the positive economic impacts from tourism and the local capacity for undertaking adaptive responses; and between an awareness of the environmental impacts of tourism and the perceived fragility of their environment. Empowering community resilience usually requires long-term capacity building and is correlated with all three types of perceived tourism impacts. Deconstruction of the special experiences of disaster-prone tourism destinations provides a more nuanced insight into the relationships between community knowledge and awareness of resilience needs and the role and impacts of tourism. This, in turn, facilitates understanding of community tourism development in the face of contemporary changes in weather and climate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tourism may enhance island livelihood options, reduce fishing pressures but place new demands on limited resources and disrupt local livelihood systems and socio-cultural traditions. Two fishing villages at Long Islands in Shandong Province, China, are compared using a sustainable livelihood framework to assess livelihood changes induced by Yujiale tourism, a special type of coastal tourism. It is found that livelihoods are enhanced at the community level through the incorporation of Yujiale tourism which uses existing resources of fishing and mariculture and generates jobs and income to supplement these traditional livelihoods. However, an unequal distribution of tourism benefits was found where the poor were largely excluded due to financial limitations. A comparison of the two cases suggests that local leadership affects Yujiale tourism development and its impacts on traditional livelihoods. Practical implications are discussed at both community and household levels to enhance livelihoods sustainability for island communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourists and destination communities interact in different contexts. Such interactions play a key role in constructing a rewarding experience and cultural understanding for tourists and influence the social and cultural life of the destination community. It is particularly so at ethnic areas where tourism experiences are acquired through encounters with the ethnic community. A diagram of tourist–community interactions in ethnic tourism is developed to outline different types of interactions, factors affecting these interactions, and impacts to both groups of actors. This research explores tourist–community interactions through a comparative examination of tourists' and residents' perceptions at Tuva villages in Kanas Scenic Area (KSA), China. In-depth interviews were conducted with residents involved in tourism and tourists to KSA through two field investigations in 2010 and 2013. Research results indicate that the ethnic encounter is not perceived by tourists as a primary motivation to visit Kanas, but it contributes to the formation of a satisfactory on-site experience. Tourists and community members have diverse needs for these interactions and are impacted by these interactions to different degrees. The research also reveals that community participation influences how and to what extent these interactions occur. Practical implications for KSA are then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Community participation is crucial for successful heritage tourism and community development. Levels and ways of participation vary, depending on nature and context of heritage sites. This paper explores community participation in tourism at Mutianyu Great Wall, China. General positive perceptions toward World Heritage, tourism development and tourism impacts are held by different groups of the local community. Between-group differences indicate that local opinions are influenced by different levels of impacts from and participation in tourism. Community members receive benefits with minimal participation in decision making. This study provokes reflections on community participation theory and management practices in the Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses tourism plans by comparing principles in the literature on tourism planning with Egyptian National tourism planning documents. Issues that are addressed relate to the choice of goals and objectives and the form that they take in Egyptian national tourism planning. It is found that Egyptian tourism planning follows the trends of according growing attention to sustainability and promoting the value of collaboration and synchronization on the part of multiple agencies. However, there is much room for improvement, particularly regarding reaping the benefits of such initiatives due to a lack of comprehensiveness in planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses several articles which explore the relationship between location and tourist movement. An article investigates whether tourism consume place and lead to the loss of periphery. Another examines both the geographical and broader social scientific understandings of periphery. Also included is an article on the concept of experiential consumption.

This paper presents a systematic examination of tour guide management in Hainan, China. A series of issues and problems with the implemented management mechanisms are identified. It reveals how inappropriate management measures contribute to deterioration of the guiding service and unhealthy operation of the guiding business. It argues that an enhanced tour guide management system could raise the professionalism of tour guides and also restrain improper business practices, thereby enhancing the quality of services provided by tour guides. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: This paper addresses community-based tourism and raises questions concerning the meaning of the term. Desired results may not be achieved through strict application of the concept in the absence of external inputs in all but a few favoured cases. Tourism, by definition, involves links with the outside world, raising questions concerning the types and extent of inputs that can be accepted without undermining the meaning of ‘community-based’. Through a case study of tourism in Mamoiada, Sardinia, the paper addresses the concept of community and locals’ participation in tourism development. It points out the key role played by local institutions and cosmopolitan locals, who are residents with external exposure, who are able to take initiatives and act as catalysts of development. Tourism planners should carefully evaluate the institutional arrangements, including the presence of cosmopolitan locals and their involvement in the creation of competitive local attractions, for the success of tourism development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Heritage souvenirs are an indispensable part of indigenous tourism and the authenticity of indigenous heritage is a vital aspect of such tourism. This study adopts a mixed methods approach to explore the perceived authenticity of glass bead souvenirs of the Paiwan Tribe in Pintung County, Taiwan. The study explores differences in the evaluations of authenticity among stakeholders and the factors that influence perceptions of authenticity. An understanding of tourists' perceptions of indigenous heritage offers valuable information for the creation of indigenous souvenirs and for reviving the promotion of indigenous culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage preservation and tourism use are inevitably intertwined at heritage sites and are characterized by both symbioses and tensions, particularly at World Heritage Sites, where international initiatives interact with local priorities. The international designation impacts heritage preservation, tourism development and community well-being at the local level, especially in developing countries. This paper examines global–local relationships, as well as involvement and governance at intermediate scales, and their implications for preservation and development at Badaling Great Wall World Heritage Site in Beijing, China, through examinations of its management structure, heritage preservation and development plans, and the opinions of the local business community. Interviews were conducted with key officials of the Management Office and questionnaire surveys were distributed with local business operators. It is shown that multiple stakeholders operate in a hierarchical, multi-departmental management structure. International linkages are weak and via central government. Positive economic impacts from tourism are highly valued. High awareness of heritage preservation and positive attitudes toward tourism are identified among local business operators with relatively high tolerance for negative environmental impacts. Potential conflicts between global priorities by World Heritage designation and local needs for tourism development are illustrated. Practical implications for heritage and tourism planning and management are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local communities are the most affected but often neglected stakeholder in heritage tourism, though they are equipped with rich local knowledge and experience. The need to engage local communities in heritage tourism is well recognized. This paper explores the relationships between heritage tourism and the local community at World Heritage Sites in China. Through the case study of Mutianyu Great Wall in Beijing, the paper intends to understand the current situation of local participation in heritage tourism and identify impacts of heritage tourism development on the local community. Mutianyu Great Wall has been one of the most popular Great Wall sites in Beijing with tourism officially developed since 1988. Mutianyu village is located beside the tourist area and most village residents are involved in tourism on site through a variety of ways. Running small business outlets on site is the primary way of participation for Mutianyu village residents. A questionnaire survey was conducted in December 2008 with small business operators to acquire their opinions concerning impacts of World Heritage designation and tourism development, as well as their experiences of tourism participation. A total of 52 questionnaires were collected. Interviews were also conducted with key officials from Mutianyu Village to understand the current status of heritage protection, tourism development and local involvement in tourism. It is identified that Mutianyu village is highly dependent economically on tourism at Mutianyu Great Wall. Although not involved in the decision-making process nor properly informed of the planning results, local residents actively and extensively participate in tourism business. Results from the questionnaire survey indicate respondents' high recognition of the positive impacts of World Heritage designation and positive economic, social and cultural impacts from tourism. In contrast, emerging negative environmental impacts were observed by some respondents as a price being paid for economic benefits. This study will enhance the understanding of relationships between heritage tourism and community participation at World Heritage Sites in China. Research findings should also increase the awareness of the importance of local participation in tourism and help develop policies and management strategies to facilitate effective local participation in tourism development at World Heritage Sites in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife tourism is based on interactions between humans and wildlife. Although it is well understood that differences exist in the relationship in different cultures, existing management models are often based on a scientific approach rather than a cultural approach or an approach that integrates these perspectives. This study concentrates on the social and cultural factors affecting wildlife tourism management through a case study of Monkey Island in Hainan Province, China. Various stakeholders were interviewed about their views on conservation and tourism management. The "differential mode of association" of Chinese culture is used to understand conflicts and harmony in nature conservation and tourism development. It is shown that Chinese people are accustomed to treat wildlife in aesthetic and moral ways. A conservation model that does not take account of these cultural factors is likely to be ineffective. The research establishes and demonstrates the need and potential to study wildlife tourism from a cultural approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist towns are a new and extraordinary form of urbanization in the peripheral regions of China, especially for regions where distinctive tourist attractions are located. Tourism urbanization is occurring in China due to high pressure for urbanization and because real estate has become a major development force. This article investigates the interconnected consequences of tourism development, tourism-related leisure property development, and the process of urbanization. The role of real estate in tourism development in China is illustrated. Policies for tourism real estate are assessed by examining the social, economic, and landscape consequences. Dali and Lijiang, the two tourist cities, are the case study areas of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments set the context in which entrepreneurship can or cannot occur. This paper examines the case of Yangshuo in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, to explore the influence of governmental involvement on heritage tourism development. This paper draws primarily on interviews with government officials, supplemented by surveys with residents, the business community and tourists, to understand the policies, marketing, and official attitudes and involvement of governments in tourism. Yangshuo has been successful at developing tourism in part because Yangshuo's governments accord great importance to tourism and have actively encouraged its development, adopting multiple supportive roles. Variations in government support can greatly influence the entrepreneurial environment and, hence, the style and pace of tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]