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Electrogenerated chemiluminescence or electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a chemiluminescence phenomenon generated by electrochemical reactions. Applying this phenomenon for metal ions detections is potentially effectual as it provides excellent selectivity and sensitivity as well as the ease of use and economical cost. Accordingly, the detection methods of many trace metals have been successfully developed by employing ECL systems, including Hg(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Ag(I), Co(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Ni(II), and As(III). There are several key components required to comprise the ECL systems, including luminophores that emit light and are directly proportionate toward metal concentrations, co‐reactants that increase the number of excited luminophores, and electrodes where the electron transfer occurs. Some new ECL systems comprising luminophores, co‐reactants, and electrodes have been developed to achieve impressive measurement results with low detection limits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive illustration concerning the development of ECL‐based metal sensors, to elucidate a development overview of key elements employed in ECL systems and their modifications, explaining the different types of interactions due to the presence of metal ions in ECL systems, as well as to discuss the future opportunities and challenges of the ECL systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing global changes such as increasing sea-surface temperatures, decreasing acidity levels, and expanding oxygen-minimum zone may impact on the biogeochemical cycles of trace metals in ocean systems. Each trace metal has unique characteristics and a distinctive distribution pattern controlled by chemical, biological, and physical processes that occur in ocean systems. The correlations of variability drivers in trace metals are interesting topics for investigation. Following up on ocean research in the coastal and estuary area, we specifically review the distribution of trace metals in seawater and suspended and surface sediment. The marginal seas usually feature significant terrestrial inputs accompanied by several active water-mass currents. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of variability related to trace-metal distribution in coastal and estuary systems and to specifically describe the distribution, profile and drivers that affect trace metals variability. • Trace-metal distributions in ocean systems have been classified into conservative-, nutrient-, and scavenged-type profiles • Several variability drivers of trace metals may be involved in differences of metal distribution in particular ocean systems • The availability of dissolved trace metals is likely to increase in the future due to increasing SST, decreasing pH or decreasing DO • Suspended matter which generally derives from terrestrial input plays a role in determining the fate of trace metals • The study findings improve our understanding of trace-metal characteristics in the marine environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]