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This paper describes and illustrates a new species of Primulaceae, Primula wolongensissp. nov. from Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province, China. It is very rare and currently only known from its type locality. The new species belongs to subsection Chartacea of the section Petiolares on account of lacking bud scales at flowering, being efarinose and having distinct petiolate leaves with more or less rounded lamina. The new species can be differentiated from other members of the subsection by leaf blade margin dentate, and leaf veins which are not raised, scape shorter than or equal to pedicels, yellow flowers and location of stamens of the corolla tube at thrum flower. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ribosome internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) demonstrated that P. wolongensis was sister to subgen. Auriculastrum. Primula wolongensis is currently known from a single location in Wolong Town, and its conservation status is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

12. Malus transitoria (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. Figs 31–32 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 726 (Schneider 1906b). Pyrus transitoria Batalin, Trudy imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 13 (1): 95‒96 (Batalin 1893). – Sinomalus transitoria (Batalin) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 196 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Type: CHINA • Kansa (Gansu), the eastern ridge of the Sodis-kruxum; 16 (28) May 1873; fl; 20 Aug. (1 Sep.) 1873; fr; Przewalsky 55; lectotype: LE [LE01015142]!, K [K000758424]!, P [P03240528]!, designated by Batalin 1893: 95‒96 and Langenfeld 1991: 138–139. Malus centralasiatica Vassilcz., Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya botanicheskago instituta imeni V.L. Komarova Akademii nauk SSSR 19: 202 (Vassilczenko 1959). – Malus transitoria var. centralasiatica (Vass.) T.T.Yu, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae Vol. 36: 394 (Yu 1974), syn. nov. – Type : CHINA • Gansu, Xining, La Che Tze Shan Mountains; alt. 3900 m (actually alt. 2200‒2850 m); 3 Aug. 1923; fr; R.C. Ching 724; holotype: LE; isotype: A [A00368974]!, PE [PE00953983]!, SYS [SYS00074312]!. Malus transitoria var. glabrescens T.T.Yu & L.T.Lu, Acta Phytotaxonomics Sinica 18 (4): 496 (Yu et al. 1980), syn. nov. – Type : CHINA • Tibet, Qamdo (Changdu); alt. 3550 m; 26 Apr. 1976; Qing-Zang Exped. Veg. Group 10023; holotype: PE [PE00964002]! Malus transitoria var. calycomeles Cheng, Zeng & Jin, Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 17 (1): 1 (Cheng et al. 1995), syn. nov. – Type : CHINA • Sichuan, Ruoergai; alt. 2500 m; M.H. Cheng et al. 91‒87; lectotype: HWA, here designated. Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Haidian; 13 Aug. 1962; fr; Renguo 12; PE. – Gansu • Diebuxian; 30 Sep. 2005; fr; A. Aiello et al. 080; PE • Lanzhou; 21 Sep. 2003; fr; C.M. Tan et al. Lanzhou005; JJF, SZG • Ningxian; 15 May 2014; fl; X.Y. Xu 20140515047; QYTC • ibid.; 15 May 2014; fl; W. Hui 20140515052; QYTC • Heshui; 28 Jun. 1954; fr; Yellow River Investigation Team 113; PE • Jinchi; 27 Jul. 1990; fr; L.P. Liu 00019; QYTC • Gannan; 1 Sep. 2012; st; S.Q. Guo & P. Du LiuJQ-2012-GN-185; KUN • ibid.; 21 Sep. 1957; fr; Z.L. Yan & P. Zhang 1063; PE • ibid.; 29 May 1956; st; Yellow River Investigation Team 4152; PE • ibid.; 1 Sep. 1960; fr; Qinggan Team 3400; PE • T’ao River basin; Jun. 1925; fl; J.F. Rock 12188; PE. – Inner Mongolia • Alashan; 23 Jun. 1962; fl; He group 85; NAS • ibid.; 2 Aug. 2011; fr; Beijing Normal University Ningxia Team HL114; BNU • Helanshan; Sep. 1956; fl; W.Z. Fang s.n.; NAS • ibid.; 30 Aug. 2008; fr; Y.Z. Zhao & S.Q. Zhou 2423; HIMC • ibid.; 23 Jun. 1962; fl; Biology department senior year 85; PE, HIMC. – Ningxia • Helanshan; 18 Jun. 1973; fr; Ningxia Yaojiansuo 73-0167; PE. – Qinghai • Xunhua; 27 Jun. 1981; st; B.Z. Guo 25400; HNWP • Yushu; 12 Aug. 1981; fr; Z.K. Wei 22383; HNWP • Hualong; 6 Jun. 2004; fl; Y.H. Wu 28576; HNWP • Huzhu; 10 Sep. 1980; fr; R.F. Huang & Y.C. Yang 1747; HNWP • Tongren; 28 Jul. 1970; fr; L.H. Zhou & H.H. Zhang 1295; HNWP. – Shaanxi • Jingbian; 23 Jun. 1952; fr; J.M. Liu 11636; PE • Yanan; 19 Jun. 1993; fl; L.R. Xu 1670; PE • Shanbei; 4 Sep. 1953; fr; Shanbei Team 10652; CDBI • Huashan; 14 Sep. 1978; fr; Z.Y. Zhang 18227; IBSC. – Sichuan • Kangding; 14 Jun. 1980; fl; Z.Y. Chen et al. 112699; PE • Hongyuan; 14 Sep. 1957; fr; X. Li 74662; PE • Daofu; 23 Jul. 1959; fr; S. Jiang et al. 002352; PE • Xikang; 8 Aug. 1951; fr; Y.W. Cui 5198a; PE • Aba; 2 Aug. 1975; fr; Sichuan zhibei Team 10487; CDBI • Dege; 1 Jun. 1977; fr; Sichuan zhibei Team 15073; CDBI. – Tibet • Changdu; 26 Aug. 1973; fr; Tibet Expedition Team 2248; HNWP • ibid.; 26 Sep. 2008; fr; Y.H. Zhang, G.D. Li & X.X. Wang SunH-07ZX-1761; KUN • ibid.; 24 Sep. 2008; fr; C.R. Zaxi, L. Xi & Y.P. Geng ZhongY752; KUN. Description Small tree or shrub, 3‒5 m high, rarely 8 m. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.8‒1.9 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina 3.4‒6.8 × 2.3‒3.6 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded, cuneate or cordate, equilateral, apex acuminate or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous when young, then abaxially glabrescent, usually 3‒5 divided. Inflorescence umbelliform corymb, with 3‒6 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.7‒2.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium lanuginous. Sepals triangular, densely puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 0.7‒0.9 × 0.4‒0.6 cm, white, obovate or oblong. Stamens 20‒25, unequal. Styles 3‒5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 0.6‒0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.3‒2.8 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests on slopes or loess hills; 1500‒3900 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet) (Fig. 31). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51. Note There are plentiful morphological variations within this species. Varieties that have been defined on the basis of a few characters and locations are unjustified because such unique phenotypic characters have probably been affected by the environment. Therefore, three new synonyms are proposed in this study (Malus transitoria var. glabrescens, M. transitoria var. calycomeles, and M. transitoria var. centralasiatica). The vertical vicariance of Malus kansuensis (distribution below 3000 m), M. toringoides (2600‒3050 m) and M. transitoria (above 3000 m) is very remarkable, and there are no obvious reproductive barriers between them.As a consequence, hybrids that show characters of both parents could be found in the contact zones; for example, the specimens from Maerkang (Sichuan, China) exhibit continuous morphological variation between M. transitoria and M. toringoides., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 49-53, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Batalin A. 1893. Notae de plantis asiaticis XXVII - XLVII. Trudy imperatorskago S. - Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 13: 91 - 106.","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Vassilczenko I. T. 1959. To knowledge of the east-Asian apple species (Malus Mill). Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya botanicheskago instituta imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii nauk SSSR 19: 202.","Yu T. T. 1974. Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae Vol. 36. Science Press, Beijing.","Yu T. T., Lu L. T. & Ku T. C. 1980. Taxa nova Rosacearum Xizangensium. Acta Phytotaxonomics Sinica 18 (4): 490 - 503.","Cheng M. H., Li X. L., Liang G. L., Zeng W. G., Yuan B. X., Jin Q., Liu Y. Q., Xie X. L. & Ou P. G. 1995. A new mutant of apple genus - a persistent calyx mutant of Malus transitoria var. calycomeles Cheng, Zeng et Jin n. var. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 17 (1): 1 - 2."]}

1a. Malus baccata var. baccata Pyrus baccata L., Mantissa Plantarum: Generum editionis VI. et specierum editionis II: 75 (Linnaeus 1767). – Malus sibirica Borkh., Archiv für die Botanik (Leipzig) 1 (3): 89 (Borkhausen 1798), nom. inval., nom. nov. of Pyrus baccata L. – Pyrus baccata var. sibirica Maxim., Bulletin de l’Académie impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 170 (Maximowicz 1874). – Malus baccata var. sibirica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 720 (Schneider 1906b). – Malus sibirica (Maxim.) Kom., Key for the Plants of the Far Eastern Region of the USSR. Part 2: 638 (Komarov & Klobukova-Alisova 1932, non Borkhausen 1798). – Type: COUNTRY UNKNOWN • locality unknown; s.d.; fl; Linnaeus s.n.; holotype: LINN [LINN-HL647-4]! Malus rossica Medik., Geschichte der Botanik unserer Zeiten: 78 (Medikus 1793), nom. inval. Malus pallasiana Juz., Flora USSR Vol. 9: 370 (Juzepczuk 1939). – Type: RUSSIA • Transbaikalia; s.d.; Anonymous s.n.; type: LE, designated by Juzepczuk 1939: 370. Malus chamardabanica Vartapetyan & Solovjeva, Byulleten’ moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel biologicheskii 85 (5): 82 (Vartapetyan & Solovjeva 1980). – Malus baccata f. chamardabanica (Vartapetyan & Solovjeva) Ponom., Botanical Magazine 73 (1): 83. (Ponomarenko 1988), syn. nov. – Type: RUSSIA • 20 Sep. 1978; fr; Вартапетян B. [Vartapetyan V.] s.n.; holotype: MW [MW0592212]!; isotype: MW [MW0592213]! Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Baihua Mountain; Jun. 1996; fl; Q.R. Liu 06719 8; BNU • ibid.; 8 Jul. 1988; fr; H.X. Gao 018414; BNU • Mentougou; 21 May 1974; fl; K.J. Guan 74-097; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 18 May 2005; fr; Z.Y. Liu 2050152; IMC • Kaixian; 5 Sep. 2002; fr; Z.Y. Liu 2023209-01; IMC. – Fujian • Xiamen; 14 Jul. 1981; fr; G. Yao et al. 8149; FJSI. – Gansu • Lien hoa_shan, Hako, slopes of Mt.; Oct. 1926; fr; J.F. Rock. 13498; IBSC, AU • Tianshui; Apr. 1960; fl; Anonymous 00052; PE • Pingliang; 15 May 2014; fl; Y. He & J.S. Hao GSL2014050511; BNU. – Guangdong • Ruyuan; 10 Apr. 1934; fl; X.P. Gao 54069; BNU • same collection data as for preceding; fl, fr; X.P. Gao 54078; BNU. – Guizhou • Tungtze; 18 May 1930; fr; Y. Tsiang 4909; IBSC. – Hebei • Xinglong; 12 May 1951; fl; Y. Liu 15269; IBK • Pohuashan; 21 Jul. 1930; W.Y. Hsia 2202; IBSC. – Henan • Xinxiang; Jul. 1959; fr; F.Q. Li 23704; HENU • Luanchuan; 18 Apr. 2015; fl; W.G. Yang 150418026 06; HEAC. – Heilongjiang • Haerbin; 11 Jul. 1956; fr; Lin 11 51; NEFI • Huma; 29 Jul. 1961; fl; Z. Lu 90083; NEFI. – Hubei • Yingshan; 28 Apr. 2015; fl; L. Chen CB08794; CSH • Luotian; 19 May 2015; fl; L. Chen CB09123; CSH • locality unknown; 1930; fr; H.F. Chow 41023; LBG. – Hunan • Yangmingshan; 12 Apr. 1942; st; Y. Jiang & S.Q. Chen 699; IBK. – Inner Mongolia • Humeng; 30 Jun. 1963; fl, fr; Anonymous 164; PE • Chahameng; 9 Sep. 1949; fl, fr; Y.W. Cui 00883; PE. – Jilin • Antu; 4 Sep. 1959; fl, fr; P.Y. Fu 1364; PE • Changbaishan; 6 Aug. 2012; fr; H.C. Zhou ZhouHC1078; KUN. – Jiangxi • Lushan; 26 Jul. 1922; fr; A.N. Steward 4522; PEY. – Liaoning • Fengcheng; 18 May 1960; fl; Y.C. Deng & Q.H. Feng 220; IBK • Qianshan; 23 Jul. 1958; fr; F.M. Luo et al. GUO818; PE. – Qinghai • Huzhu; Sep. 1980; fr; G.B. Shi 161; IBSC. – Shandong • Kunyushan; 8 May 1959; fl; T.Y. Zhou et al. 0718; NAS • Qingdao; 6 Aug. 1958; fr; Z.L. Yan 115; PE. – Shanxi • Zhongyang; 12 Jun. 1955; fr; Zhongyangyidui 0011; PE • Mozhanggou; 8 Jun. 1956; fl; W.Z. Wang et al. 486; PE. – Shaanxi • Taipaishan; 21 Apr. 1939; fl; K.T. Fu 2972; PE. – Shanghai • Taochuan; 26 Apr. 1956; fl; Anonymous 00014; PE • Yanan; 13 Sep. 1954; fr; K.J. Fu 8159; PE. – Sichuan • Lixian; 7 Aug. 1958; fr; Z.L. Wu 33576; CAF • Mt. Gibboh; May 1928; fl; J. Rock 016003; IBSC. – Tianjin • Jixian; 1 Aug. 1972; fr; Jipudui 409; PE. – Tibet • Gongbujiangdaxian; 6 Aug. 2014; fr; X.C. Chen 6090; HNWP • Lhasa; 15 May 1980; fl; Z.C. Ni 79248; PE, XZ. – Xinjiang • Aertai; 25 Aug. 1956; fr; R.C. Qin xin2337; PE. – Yunnan • Chao-tung Hsien; 18 May 1932; fl; H.T. Tsai 50905; IBK, PE, NAS • Hills around La-chu pa; Sep. 1924; fr; G. Forrest 25074; PE. – Zhejiang • Anji; 8 Oct. 1989; fr; Zhihangbiao 003355; HHBG. RUSSIA – Tschita • Schilka; 25 Jun. 1977; fr; N. Alianskaia & T. Sofejkova 145; PE. SOUTH KOREA – Incheon • Hyeolgusan; 24 Jul. 2011; fr; G.-N. Jeon 201111-0052; PE. – Jeora- Nam-Do • Gu-Rae-Gun; 23 Jun. 2004; fr; C.S. Chang et al. sky0334; PE. – Kyeong-Sang-Nam-Do • San-Cheong-Gun; 21 May 2004; fl; C.S. Chang & K.S. Lee sky0099; PE. UNITED STATES – New York • Ontario, cultivated; 28 Sep. 1990; fr; Zhen-long Yan 1034; PE. Description Tree, 10‒15 m high. Leaves petiolate, petiole 1.1‒4.2 cm long, puberulous or glabrescent. Lamina 3.9‒9.8 × 1.6‒5.2 cm, oval to ovate, base cuneate, apex retuse to caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous or glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3‒5 flowers. Pedicel 1.6‒4.4 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petals ca 0.9‒1.8 × 0.5‒1.0 cm, white, obovate. Pome ca 0.7 × 0.6 cm, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 3.3 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers from April to September. Mature fruits from September to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in miscellaneous wood forests on slopes and in valleys; up to 1500 m a.s.l. Distribution Bhutan, China (Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Kamoon), Japan (Aomori, Nagano), Kashmir, South Korea (Inchon, Jeollanam-do, South Gyeongsang), Mongolia, Nepal, and Russia (Siberia). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Linnaeus C. 1767. Mantissa Plantarum: Generum editionis VI. et specierum editionis II. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 69083","Borkhausen M. B. 1798. Uber die Linneischen Gattungen Crataegus, Mespilus, Sorbus, Pyrus und Cydonia. In: Romer J. J. (ed.) Archiv fur die Botanik (Leipzig) 1 (3): 85 - 91. Schaferischen Buchhandlung, Leipzig.","Maximowicz C. J. 1874. Diagnoses des nouvelles plantes du Japon et la Mandjourie, XVe decade. Bulletin de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 19: 158 - 186.","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Komarov V. L. & Klobukova-Alisova E. N. 1932. Opredelitel'rastenii Dal'nevostochnogo kraya [Key for the Plants of the Far Eastern Region of the USSR]. Part 2. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad [Saint Petersburg].","Medikus F. K. 1793. Geschichte der Botanik unserer Zeiten. Schwan und Gotz, Mannheim, Germany. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 140710","Juzepczuk S. V. 1939. Rosales and Saraceniales. In: Komarov V. L. (ed.) Flora USSR Vol. 9. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad [Saint Petersburg].","Vartapetyan V. & Solovjeva L. V. 1980. New apple species endemic in the Transbaikal region. Byulleten' moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel biologicheskii 85 (5): 81 - 82.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1988. The genetic diversity center of Malus Mill. Botanical Magazine 73: 83."]}

6. Malus fusca (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. Figs 19–20 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 723 (Schneider 1906b). Pyrus fusca Raf., Medical Flora or, Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of North America Vol. 2: 254 (Rafinesque 1830). – Malus baccata subsp. fusca (C.K.Schneid.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). – Type: USA • Alaska, outside the town of Junean, on the side of a woody alpine; 58°30′ N, 135°5′ W; 5 Sep. 1913; S.J. Enander s.n.; neotype: RIJKS, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 148. Pyrus diversifolia Bong., Mémoires de l’Academie imperiale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixieme Serie. Sciences mathematiques, physiques et naturelles 2 (2): 133 (Bongard 1832). – Malus diversifolia (Bong.) M.Roem., Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae: 215 (Roemer 1847), nom. illeg. – Malus fusca var. diversifolia (Bong.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 724 (Schneider 1906b), nom. inval. – Pyrus fusca var. diversifolia (Bong.) L.H.Bailey, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture Vol. 5: 2876 (Bailey & Bailey 1916b). – Type: RUSSIA • Sitcha, s.d.; Mertens s.n.; lectotype: LECB [LECB0001455]!, here designated; isolectotype: M [M0213668]! Pyrus rivularis Douglas ex Hooker, Flora Boreali-Americana, or, the Botany of the Northern Parts of British America Vol. 1 (4): 203, tab. 68 (Hooker 1832). – Malus rivularis (Douglas) M.Roem., Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae: 215 (Roemer 1847), nom. illeg. – Type: CANADA • Columbia, illegible common near the Confluence of the Columbia and its southern brameky drown t. 68; s.d.; Douglas s.n.; lecotype: K [K000758454, K000758455]!, here designated. Pyrus rivularis var. levipes Nutt., The North American Sylva Vol. 2: 24 (Nuttall 1849). – Malus rivularis var. levipes (Nutt.) Koehne, Deutsche Dendrologie: 262 (Koehne 1893). – Malus fusca var. levipes (Nutt.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 724 (Schneider 1906b), nom. inval. – Type: USA • The North West coast; s.d.; Menzies s.n.; herbarium unknown. Examined specimens CANADA – British Columbia • Oak Park; 23 Jun. 1920; fr; A. Eastwood 9729; A • District of Renfrew; Jun.–Jul. 1901; st; C.O. Rosendahl & C.J. Brand 72; GH • Vancouver Island; 1858; fl, fr; D. Lyall s.n.; GH. UNITED STATES – Alaska • Fort Wrangel; 25 Aug. 1897; st; C.S. Sargent s.n.; A • Wrangell; 27 Jul. 1914; fr; A. Eastwood 992; A • Traitors Gove, North of Ketchikan; 6 Jun. 1967; fl; G.W. Frame 16; NY. – California • Lat; 1858; fl, fr; D. Lyall s.n.; GH • Big Lagoon; 21 Jul. 1932; fr; H.L. Mason 7101; GH. – New York • Ontario; 10 Sep. 1990; fr; Professor Zhen-long Yan 1046; PE • ibid.; 28 Sep. 1990; fr; Professor Zhen-long Yan 1032; PE. – Washington • Grays Harbor; 1 Jun. 1987; fr; D.E. Boufford & E.W. Wood 23784; PE • Cascade Mountains; 16 Jun.–15 Sep. 1896; fl, fr; O.D. Allen 213; P. Description Tree, 10‒12 m high, sometimes shrub under artificial culture. Branches terete, villous when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.5‒2.5 cm long, occasionally puberulous in mature leaf. Lamina 6.0 × 3.1 cm, elliptical to oval, base cuneate or cordate, oblique, apex acuminate or acute, rarely obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, sporadically 3-lobed, blade abaxially pubescent when young, glabrescent. Inflorescence umbelliform corymb, with 6‒10 flowers. Pedicel ca 2‒3 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate to triangular, glabrous, caducous. Petals ca 0.9 × 0.6 cm, white, rarely pink, obovate. Stamens 16‒20, unequal. Styles 2‒5 (3‒4), as long as or longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, coniform, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.1 cm long, puberulous. Distribution Canada and United States (Fig. 19). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 34-37, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Rafinesque C. S. 1830. Medical Flora or, Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of North America Vol. 2. Atkinson & Alexander, Philadelphia. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 100632","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Bongard A. G. H. 1832. Observations sur la vegetation de l'ille de Sitcha. Memoires de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg. Sixieme Serie. Sciences mathematiques, physiques et naturelles 2 (2): 119 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62405","Roemer M. 1847. Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae. Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Vimariae [Weimar, Germany]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49482","Bailey L. H. & Bailey E. Z. 1916 b. Prunus. In: Bailey L. H. (ed.) The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture Vol. 5. The Macmillan Company, New York, London.","Hooker W. J. 1832. Flora Boreali-Americana, or, the Botany of the Northern Parts of British America Vol. 1 (4). H. G. Bohn, London.","Nuttall T. 1849. The North American Sylva Vol. 2. Smith & Wistar, Philadelphia.","Koehne E. 1893. Deutsche Dendrologie. Verlag Von Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart."]}

24. Malus trilobata (Labill. ex Poir.) C.K.Schneid. Figs 55–56 Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 179 (Schneider 1906a). Crataegus trilobata Labill. ex Poir., Encyclopedie Methodique Botanique Supplement 1: 291 (Poiret 1810). – Crataegus trilobata Labill. ex Poir., Icones Plantarum Syriae Rariorum: Descriptionibus et Observationibus illustratae Vol. 4: 15 (La Billardière 1812). – Pyrus trilobata (Labill. ex Poir.) DC., Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Vol. 2: 636 (de Candolle 1825). – Sorbus trilobata (Labill. ex Poir.) Heynh., Nomenclator Botanicus Hortensis Vol. 1: 773 (Heynhold 1840). – Eriolobus trilobata (Labill. ex Poir.) M.Roem., Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae: 216 (Roemer 1847). – Cormus trilobata (Labill. ex Poir.) Decne., Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, Ser. 1 10: 157 (Decaisne 1874). – Type: LEBANON • locality unknown; s.d.; La Billardière s.n.; isotype, P [P02143277, P02143278]!, FI [FI011067]! Sorbus trilobata var. oxyloba Boiss., Flora Orientalis Vol. 2: 657 (Boissier 1872). – Eriolobus trilobata var. oxyloba (Boiss.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 726, fig. 402ab (Schneider 1906b), nom. nud. – Type: SYRIA • Beilan; Monte Amano, on the slopes between the vineyards from Beilan to the Kara Tschausch mountain Houd Dagh; alt. 3000 ft; 22 Jun. 1862; fr.; T. Kotschy s.n.; lectotype: P [P03776682]!, here designated. Pyrus trilobata var. rumelica Dingler, Flora oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung 66: 303 (Dingler 1883). – Sorbus trilobata var. rumelica Boiss., Flora Orientalis. Supplementum: 199 (Boissier 1888). – Type : GREECE • Maronia; 5 May 1876; Anonymous 476; holotype: B [10_0295745]! Examined specimens LEBANON – Bsharre • Hadet ej Jobbe; 12 Jun. 1933; fl; G. Samuelsson 5940; K • Ehden; 16 Jun. 1933; fl; G. Samuelsson 6119; K. – El • Hermel; 16 Aug. 1945; fr; P. H. Davis 9858; K • locality unknown (Bishare?); 30 Jul. 1855; fr.; Kotschy s.n.; P, SYRIA • locality unknown; s.d.; Kotschy 369; P. Description Small tree or shrub. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.8‒4.2 cm long, glabrous. Lamina ca 3.4‒5.1 × 4.1‒7.4 cm, ovate, base cordate, equilateral, apex acute, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially pubescent, lobed. Inflorescence umbellate, with 6‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.2 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.4 × 1.0 cm, white, obovate or oval. Stamens 20‒30, unequal. Styles 5, pubescent at base. Pome ca 1.0‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or ellipsoidal, red. Carpopodium ca 1.2‒4.5 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from September to October. Distribution Bulgaria, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey (Fig. 55). Chromosome number 2n = 34. Note The type of Crataegus trilobata (La Billardière s.n.) still exists, therefore the lectotype (Juvernalk s.n.) designated by Langenfeld (1991: 123) is invalid., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 81-83, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 a. LXVIII. Species varietatesque pomacearum novae. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 218 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19060034006","Poiret J. L. M. 1810. Encyclopedie Methodique Botanique Supplement 1. Agasse, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 826","La Billardiere J. J. H. 1812. Icones Plantarum Syriae Rariorum: Descriptionibus et Observationibus illustratae Vol. 4. Impensis Autoris, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 149612","de Candolle A. P. 1825. Rosaceae. In: Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Vol. 2: 525 - 639. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 286","Heynhold G. 1840. Nomenclator Botanicus Hortensis Vol. 1. Arnoldischen Buchhandlung, Dresden. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 127506","Roemer M. 1847. Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae. Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Vimariae [Weimar, Germany]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49482","Decaisne J. 1874. Memoire sur la famille des Pomacees. Nouvelles Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Ser. 1 10: 113 - 192.","Boissier E. 1872. Flora Orientalis Vol. 2. H. Georg, Basel. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 20323","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Dingler H. 1883. Beitrage zur orientalischen Flora. Flora oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung 66: 302 - 304.","Boissier E. 1888. Flora Orientalis sive enumeratio plantarum in Oriente a Graecia et Aegypto and Indiae fines hucusque observatarum. Supplementum. H. Georg, Basel.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

8. Malus toringo (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese Figs 23–24 Tuinbouw-Flora van Nederland en zijne overzeesche Bezittingen Vol. 3: 368 (de Vriese 1856). Sorbus toringo Siebold, Jaarboek van de koninklijke nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Aanmoediging van den Tuinbouw 1848: 47 (Siebold 1848), nom. nud. – Pyrus toringo (Siebold) Miq., Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi. Amsterdam 3 (2): 41 (Miquel 1867). – Pyrus rivularis var. toringo (Siebold) Wenz., Linnaea 38 (1): 39 (Wenzig 1874). – Malus microcarpa var. toringo (Siebold) Carrière, Étude générale du Genre pommier: 61, fig. 11 (Carrière 1883). – Malus baccata subsp. toringo (Siebold) Koidz., Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 25 (290): 76 (Koidzumi 1911). – Type: JAPAN • Honshu, Nagano, on the way from Senjongahara to Mt. Mikuni yama, Azusa yama, Kawakamimura, Minamisaku-gun; alt. 1700 m; 25 May 1963; M. Hotta 12195; neotype: LE, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 143. Pyrus sieboldii Regel, Index Seminum quae Hortus Botanicus Imperialis Petropolitanus pro Mutua Commutatione Offert: 51 (Regel 1859). – Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder, Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2): 293 (Rehder 1915), nom. illeg. Malus sargentii Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 1 (2): 71 (Rehder 1903a). – Malus toringo subsp. sargentii (Rehder) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 33 (Likhonos 1974). – Malus toringo var. sargentii (Rehder) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 9 (Ponomarenko 1992). – Type: JAPAN • Hokkaido, brackish marsh near Mororan; 25 Sep. 1892; C.S. Sargent s.n.; type: A [A00026654]! Crataegus cavaleriei H.Lév. & Vaniot, Bulletin de la Société botanique de France 55: 58 (Léveillé 1908). – Type : CHINA • Kouy Tcheou, Pin-fa; 23 Jul. 1902; J. Cavalerie 93; lectotype: E [E00010841]!, here designated; isolectotype: E[E00284743]! Photinia rubrolutea H.Lév., Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 9: 460 (Léveillé 1911). – Type: CHINA • Kouy Tcheou; 13 Nov. 1907; J. Cavalerie 3303; type: K [K000758420]! Pyrus esquirolii H.Lév., Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 189 (Léveillé 1913). – Type: CHINA • Kouy-Tcheou, Pin-Fa; 2 Apr. 1902; fl; J. Cavalerie 1304; lectotype: E [E00010840]!, here designated; isolectotype: GH [GH 00032495]! Malus sieboldii var. arborescens Rehder, Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2): 294 (Rehder 1915). – Type: JAPAN • Hondo, Lake Chuzenji; alt. 5000 ft; 3 Jun. 1914; fl; E.H. Wilson 6800; lectotype: A [A00368650]!, here designated. Malus sieboldii var. calocarpa Rehder, Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2): 294 (Rehder 1915). – Type: JAPAN • cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum; 1890; Dr W.S. Bigelow s.n.; type: A [A00106229, A00106231]! Malus sieboldii var. incisa Koidz., Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 30 (358): 331 (Koidzumi 1916), nom. nud. Malus toringo var. koringo Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 183 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Malus toringo f. koringo (Koidz.) T.Shimizu, Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 37 (2): 120 (Shimizu 1989). Malus sieboldii var. sargentii (Asami) Langenf., Daildarznieciba 8: 13 (Langenfeld 1971), without basionym ref. Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Yuexi; 24 Aug. 1986; fr; Plant survey Team Da0586; PE • Jinzhai; 6 Aug. 1986; fr; Plant survey Team Da0225; PE. – Beijing • Haidian; 21 Aug. 1962; fr; Renguo 49; PE • ibid.; 23 Apr. 1962; fl; Renguo 41; PE • ibid.; 26 Apr. 1957; st; H.X. An et al. 229257; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 6 Jul. 2008; fr; Bashan coll. Team 0008; PE • Wushan; 26 May 1989; fl; L.Q. Chen Chuanhua-258; PE, CCAU. – Hubei • Lichuan; 5 Jun. 1958; fr; W.B. Lin 235; PE, HIB • Shennongjia; 14 Aug. 2008; fr; Yu et al. 080176; PE • Guangshui; 27 Jun. 2009; st; Y.Z. Luo 3038; HENU. – Hunan • Nanyu; 8 Aug. 1948; fr; Y. Liu 570; NAS • Hengshan; 24 May 1944; fr; H.D. Zhang 3185; IBK, IBSC • Qianyang; 22 Jun. 1954; fr; Z.T. Li 2450; IBSC • Xinning; 18 Jul. 1979; fr; Q.Z. Lin 10078; IBSC, CSFI • Sangzhi; 26 Apr. 2009; fl; B. Zhang & X. Xiang 090426033; PE. – Gansu • Pingliang; 16 May 2014; st; Y. He & J.C. Hao GSL 2014050597; BNU • Gannan; 25 Jun. 1956; fr; B.Z. Guo 3108; HNWP • ibid.; 13 May 1956; fr; Yellow River Investigation Team 3629; HNWP, KUN, PE. – Guangdong • Lianshan; 5 Dec. 1996; fr; B.H. Chen 234; IBSC • Lechang; 26 Oct. 1986; fr; Nanling Team 3157; IBSC • ibid.; 25 Oct. 1987; fr; Nanling Team 4086; IBSC • Renhua; 21 May 1936; fr; W.T. Tsang 26450; IBSC • Ruyuan; 10 Apr. 1934; fl; X.P. Gao 54078; IBK, IBSC, KUN, NAS, PE, SZ. – Guangxi • Damiaoshan; 9 Jul. 1959; fr; Q.H. Lv 3499; HITBC, IBSC, PE • Xingan; 23 Jul. 2014; fr; Xinganxian survey Team 450325140723009LY; GXMG • Ziyuan; 23 May 1982; fr; G.Z. Li 11600; IBK • Quanzhou; 12 Oct. 2014; fr; Quanzhouxian survey Team 450324141012045LY; GXMG, IBK. – Guizhou • Yunyan; 15 Sep. 2002; fr; Q.R. Liu et al. LCG2002072; BNU • Jinping; Jun. 1964; fr; Y.M. Wang 64-1068; GFS • Kaili; 23 May 1959; fl, fr; Qiannan Team 2122; PE, HGAS, NAS • Liziba; 20 Nov. 1927; fr; B.Q. Zhong 309; PE, GFS, KUN. – Liaoning • Anshan; 28 Sep. 1950; fr; Q.T. Li 2569; IFP • Jinxian; 1 May 1984; fl; J.Q. Deng 4; PE • Shenyang; 7 Jul. 1966; fr; Y.M. Huang s.n.; IFP. – Jiangxi • Chongyi; 19 Jun. 1965; fr; M.X. Nie et al. 08863; LBG • Suichuan; 22 Apr. 2015; fr; D.G. Zhang & G.X. Chen LXP-064550; JIU • Lushan; 18 Sep. 1984; fr; J.Y. Liu 8400213; TIE • Dayuxian; 17 Jun. 1962; st; J.S. Yue et al. 1315; NAS • Jian; 21 May 2016; fr; Zhang et al. LXP- 13-17760; SYS • locality unknown; 4 Sep. 2016; fr; T.J. Liang LS20160070; CSH. – Jiangsu • Nanjing; 21 Sep. 1982; fr; G. Yao 8388; NAS • ibid.; 18 Aug. 1981; fr; G. Yao et al. 8216; FJSI • Suzhou; 23 Aug. 1958; fr; F.X. Liu 10803; HHBG. – Qinghai • Xining; 25 May 1990; fl; Z.H. Zhang et al. 5709; HNWP • ibid.; 20 May 1991; fr; R.H. Zhang s.n.; HNWP • ibid.; 20 May 1991; fl; W. Li s.n.; HNWP. – Shandong • Qingdao; 1982; fr; D.J. Yu 40; PE • ibid.; 7 Jul. 2013; X.B. Ma 10175; SDFRG • Zhangjiashan; 30 May 2012; fl; Y.M. Fang 170; SDFRG • Laiyang; 3 May 1955; fl; F.S. Zhang 511; PE. – Shaanxi • Baoji; 1 Aug. 1989; fr; Y.S. Lian et al. 96133; PE • Ningshan; 24 Jul. 1982; fr; Anonymous 4-170; PE • ibid.; 18 ul. 2007; fr; Q.R. Liu QL028; BNU • Wugong; 21 Jun. 1955; st; D.J. Yu 46; PE • Langao; 29 Jun. 2004; fr; Chen et al. 562; WUK. – Sichuan • Maoxian; 9 Jul. 1959; fr; Maowen Group 5105; CDBI, SM • Songgang; 25 May 1957; fl; X. Li 70851; PE, IBSC, IFP, KUN, NAS, SZ • Qingchuan; 25 Aug. 1930; fr; F.T. Wang 22361; PE. – Yunnan • Weixi; 11 Sep. 1974; st; P. Zhang 74058; PE • Lijiang; 21 Aug. 1974; st; P. Zhang 74002; PE. – Zhejiang • Hangzhou; 27 Jun. 2002; fr; Zhu & Liu 443; PE, HITBC, IBSC • ibid.; 27 Jun. 2002; fr; Q.G. Zhu & Q.W. Liu 56; HITBC, IBSC • ibid.; 5 May 1973; fl, fr; Anonymous s.n.; PE [00953581] • Chunan; 1 Jun. 1959; fr; M.L. She et al. 27770; NAS. JAPAN – Shinano • Nagano; 14 Jun. 1965; fl; Miyoshi Fufuse 43178; PE • ibid.; 16 Sep. 1952; fr; Miyoshi Fufuse 25713; PE • ibid.; 8 May 1948; fl; Miyoshi Fufuse 19023; PE. SOUTH KOREA – Chollabuk-do • Wanju-gun, cultivated; 8 Aug. 1992; fr; D.E. Boufford et al. 25818; PE. – Gyeongsangbuk-do • Uiseong-gun; 13 Apr. 2011; fl; Nagtong-90; PE. UNITED STATES – Maryland • Prince George, cultivated; 16 Oct. 1982; fr; Steven R. Hill 12497; PE, NAS. – Massachusetts • Arnold Arboretum; 2 Oct. 1916; fr; H.H. Chung 4013; PE. Description Small tree or shrub, 4‒6 (6‒8) m high. Branches terete, aculeolate and pendulous, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 5.9 × 3.0 cm, elliptic to ovate, base rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute or acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous, sometimes 3-lobed, rarely 5-lobed. Inflorescence umbellate, with 4‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.0 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.2 × 0.7 cm, pink, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal, yellow. Styles 3‒5, longer than stamens, basally densely puberulent. Pome ca 0.6‒0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose or oblate, yellow or red. Carpopodium ca 2.5 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in the mixed forests or shrubs in plains or valleys, rarely in forests in mountain areas; 600‒1700 m a.s.l. Distribution North Korea, South Korea, Japan and China (Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Qinghai, Zhejiang, Yunnan) (Fig. 23). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51, 68, 85., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 40-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["de Vriese W. H. 1856. Tuinbouw-Flora van Nederland en zijne overzeesche Bezittingen Vol. 3. A. W. Sythoff, Leyden.","Siebold P. F. 1848. Extrait du catalogue et du prix-courant des plantes du Japon et des Indes-Orientales et Occidentales Neederlandaises, cultivees dans l'etablissement. Jaarboek van de koninklijke nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Aanmoediging van den Tuinbouw 1848: 38 - 49.","Miquel F. A. W. 1867. Proluso florae iaponicae. Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi. Amsterdam 3 (2): 1 - 209.","Wenzig T. 1874. Pomariae Lindl. Linnaea 38 (1): 1 - 206.","Carriere E. A. 1883. Etude generale du Genre pommier, et Particulierement des pommiers microcarpes ou pommiers d'ornement, pommiers a fleurs doubles, pommiers de la Chine, pommiers bacciferes, pommiers de Siberie, pommiers cerises, etc. La Maison Rustique, Paris.","Koidzumi G. 1911. Note on Japanese Rosaceae II. Shokubutsugaku zasshi [Botanical Magazine] 25 (290): 74 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.25.290 _ 74","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Regel E. A. 1859. Index Seminum quae Hortus Botanicus Imperialis Petropolitanus pro Mutua Commutatione Offert. Accedunt Animadversiones Botanicae Nonnullae. St. Petersburg.","Rehder A. 1915. Rosaceae. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2). The University Press, Cambridge. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 191","Rehder A. 1903 a. Malus sargentii, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 1 (2): 71 - 72. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10.","Leveille A. A. H. 1911. Decades plantarum novarum LIX - LX. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 9: 441 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19110092706","Leveille A. A. H. 1913. Decades plantarum novarum CXII - CXVIII. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 181 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19130120907","Koidzumi G. 1916. Decades plantarum novarum vel minus cognitarum. Shokubutsugaku zasshi [Botanical Magazine] 30 (358): 325 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.30.325","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189","Shimizu T. 1989. New names of some Japanese plants. Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 37 (2): 120. https: // doi. org / 10.24517 / 00055972","Langenfeld V. T. 1971. Wild apples. Daildarznieciba 8: 15."]}

18. Malus yunnanensis (Franch.) C.K.Schneid. Figs 43–44 Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 179 (Schneider 1906a). Pyrus yunnanensis Franch., Plantae Delavayanae: 228 (Franchet 1890). – Eriolobus yunnanensis (Franch.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 727 (Schneider 1906b). – Cormus yunnanensis (Franch.) Koidz., Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 34 (Art. 2): 75 (Koidzumi 1913). – Macromeles yunnanensis Koidz., Florae Symbolae Orientali- Asiaticae: 53 (Koidzumi 1930). – Docyniopsis yunnanensis (Franch.) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 196 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Type: CHINA • Yunnan, LanKong, woods at the Hee-chan-men; alt. 2800 m; 22 May 1886; fl; J.M. Delavay 2331; holotype: P [P01819335]!; isotype: K [K000758438, K000758439, K000758440]!, P [P01819336, P01819337, P01819338]!, W [W1962- 0013366]! Pyrus veitchiana hort., The Gardeners’ Chronicle, Ser. 3 52: 288 (Royal Horticultural Society 1912), nom. nud. – Type: CHINA • Sichuan, locality unknown; seeds from China by E.H. Wilson (no. 539), cultivated in Coombe Wood Nursery; 30 Sept. 1912; fr; Wilson 539; lectotype: K [K000758472]!, here designated; isotype: A [A00106227]! Pyrus yunnanensis var. veitchii Osborn, The Gardeners’ Chronicle, Ser. 3 78: 227 (Osborn 1925). – Malus yunnanensis var. veitchii (Osborn) Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 4 (2): 115 (Rehder 1923). – Type: CHINA • Chongqing, Wushan; 26 May 1914; fl; A. Henry 5638; lectotype: A [A00026642]! here designated; isotype: GH [GH00026663]! Examined specimens CHINA – Chongqing • Nanchuan; 19 Jul. 1978; fr; Botanical Geographic Expedition 548; PE • ibid.; 30 May 1928; fr; W.P. Fang 1138; IBSC • ibid.; 26 May 1957; fl; J.H. Xiong & Z.L. Zhou 90988; IBSC • ibid.; 4 Jul. 1964; fr; K.J. Guan, J.W. Wang & C.L. Li 1070; PE • Wuxi; 7 Oct. 1988; fr; Y.D. Chen, L.Z. Fu & X.T. Ma 2211; PE • ibid.; 27 Aug. 1958; G.H. Yang 59373; NAS • Chengkou; 25 May 1958; fl; T.L. Dai 100618; IBK • ibid.; 31 Jul. 2006; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 4680; WUK • Fuling; 9 Aug. 1962; fr; Pucha Team 96403; SM. – Gansu • Kangxian; 15 Sep. 1963; fr; J.Q. Xing 20219; XBGH • Zhouqu; 17 Sep. 1958; fr; Z.P. Wei 2489; HHBG • Wudu; 1 May 1959; fl; Z.Y. Zhang 1103; LBG • ibid.; 18 Jun. 1959; fr; Z.Y. Zhang 5127; LBG. – Guizhou • Songtao; 9 Oct. 1976; fr; Schneid 135; HGAS • Yinjiang; 6 Aug. 1963; fr; C.P. Jian et al. 30532; PE • ibid.; 5 Oct. 1963; fr; C.P. Jian et al. 32124; PE • Jiangkou; 23 Jun. 1988; fr; Wulingshan Expedition 743; PE. – Hubei • Shennongjia; 19 Sep. 1980; fr; 1980-Sino- American Botanical Expedition 1556; PE • ibid.; 3Aug. 1985; fr; S.X. Yang 475; IBK • ibid.; 19 Jul. 2011; fr; D.G. Zhang Zdg 2044; KUN • Hefeng; 8 Aug. 1988; fr; Y.M. Wang 5803; PE • Badong; 19 Jul. 1957; G.X. Fu & Z.S. Zhang 847; PE. – Hunan • Dayong; 18 Jul. 1985; fr; K.W. Liu 33404; CSFI • Tianmenshan; 22 Sep. 2007; fr; F.C. Wu & B.R. Liao SCSB-07102; KUN • Shimen; 20Aug. 1987; Hupingshan Expedition A110; PE • ibid.; 13 Jul. 1987; fr; Hupingshan Expedition 1457; PE. – Shanxi • Puxian; 21 Sep. 1934; fr; T.P. Wang 3780; IBSC. – Shaanxi • Zhenan; 30 May 1973; fl; X.X. Hou 611; IBSC • Ziyang; 19 Aug. 1966; fr; Shaanxi-Qin Expedition 257; XBGH • Langao; 12 Jun. 2005; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 2464; WUK • Pingli; 27 Jul. 2006; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 4403; WUK. – Sichuan • Baoxing; 6 Sep. 1963; fr; Chuanxi Team 3006; PE • Muli; 2 Jul. 1978; fr; Q.S. Zhao 6261; CDBI • ibid.; 27 May 1937; fr; T.T. Yu 5780; PE • Yanyuan; 30 Jul. 1983; fr; Qingzang Team 12609; PE • Wenchuan; 28 Aug. 1982; fr; K.Y. Lang, L.Q. Li & Y. Fei 1339; PE • Tianquan; 1 May 1956; fl; H.P. He 43633; CDBI. – Tibet • Chayu; Aug. 1935; st; Q.W. Wang 65519; PE, LBG • ibid.; 11 Aug. 1973; st; J.W. Zhang 1023; PE • ibid.; 23 Jun. 1982; fl; Z.J. Ren Ren 721; PE • Milin; 24 Sep. 1974; st; Anonymous 3402; PE. – Yunnan • Lijiang; 4 Aug. 1981; fr; Institute of Beijing Hengduanshan Team 02609; PE • Deqin; 23 Nov. 1940; fr; K.M. Feng 8854; PE • Yun-ning; 1 May 1937; fl; T.T. Yu 5223; PE • Shangrila; 22 May 1939; fl; K.M. Feng 972; PE • Jianchuan; Jul. 1923; fl; G. Forrest 23482; PE • Heqing; May 1913; fl; G. Forrest 10019; PE • Yulong; 21 Sep. 2015; fr; J.D. Ya & C. Liu 15CS11203; KUN. Description Tree, 8‒13 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.0‒ 2.5 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 6.0‒9.5 × 3.6‒5.8 cm, oval to oblong, base cordate, rounded or truncate, equilateral, apex acuminate, acute or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially pubescent, usually 3‒5-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 8‒12 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.8 cm long, glabrous or puberulous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 0.6 × 0.4 cm, white, orbicular. Stamens 20‒25, unequal. Styles 5, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, oblate or oval, red, with white fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.3‒2.8 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests; 1600‒3800 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan) (Fig. 43). Chromosome number 2n = 34. Note Because the syntype specimens J.M. Delavay 2331 of M. yunnanensis still exist, the neotype Handel– Mazzetti 842 designated by Langenfeld (1991: 133) is invalid., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 66-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 a. LXVIII. Species varietatesque pomacearum novae. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 218 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19060034006","Franchet A. 1890. Plantae Delavayanae. P. Klincksieck, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10529","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Koidzumi G. 1913. Conspectus rosacearum japonicarum. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 34 (Art. 2): 1 - 312.","Koidzumi G. 1930. Florae Symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae, Sive, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Flora of Eastern Asia. Kyoto","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189","Royal Horticultural Society. 1912. The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ser. 3 52: 288 - 290.","Rehder A. 1923. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 4 (2): 107 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 317976","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

26. Malus komarovii (Sarg.) Rehder Figs 59–60 Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 51 (Rehder 1920). Crataegus tenuifolia Kom., Trudy imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 18: 435 (Komarov 1901), nom. illeg. – Crataegus komarovii Sarg., Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 1 (2): 183 (Sargent 1912), nov. nom. of Crataegus tenuifolia Kom.. – Sinomalus tenuifolia (Kom.) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 1 (1): 12 (Koidzumi 1932). – Sinomalus komarovii (Sarg.) Honda, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 47: 297 (Honda 1933). – Type: NORTH KOREA • valley Segeelu- Korani; 16 Jun. 1897; fl; V. Komarov 869; holotype: LE; isotype: K [K000758431]! Examined specimens CHINA – Jilin • Antu; 29 Aug. 1959; fr; P.Y. Fu 1256; IFP • ibid.; 9 Aug. 1979; fr; S.D. Zhao 2447; IFP • Changbai; 26 May 1976; fl; X.Z. Wang s.n.; PE • ibid.; 3 Jul. 1958; fl; F.M. Luo et al. 662; PE. NORTH KOREA – North Hamgyong • Kilju-gun; 25 Aug. 1942; fr; Nakashima s.n.; NAS • locality unknown; 12 Sep. 1962; st; S.E. Liu & S.X. Li 9191; IFP. Description Small tree or shrub, 3 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.8‒2.0 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 3.9‒4.2 × 2.9‒3.9 cm, ovate, rarely oblong, base cordate or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute or acuminate, margin serrulate, blade puberulous, 3-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 6‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.8 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially lanuginous, caducous or persistent. Petals white, ovate. Stamens 20‒30, unequal. Styles 4 or 5, glabrous. Pome ca 0.8‒1.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 1.5 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in shrubs; 1100‒1300 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Henan, Jilin), North Korea, and South Korea (Fig. 59). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 87-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Rehder A. 1920. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 44 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185141","Komarov V. L. 1901. Species novae Florae Asiae Orientalis (Manshuriae et Korae borealis). Trudy imperatorskago S. - Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 18: 419 - 449.","Sargent C. S. 1912. Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 1 (2). The University Press, Cambridge. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 191","Koidzumi G. 1932. Contributiones ad cognitionem Florae Asiae Orientalis. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 1 (1): 11 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00001078742","Honda M. 1933. Nuntia ad floram Japoniae XXI. Shokubutsugaku zasshi [Botanical Magazine] 47: 433 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.47.433"]}

13. Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) Koehne ex C.K.Schneid. Figs 33–34 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 719 (Schneider 1906b). Pyrus pashia var. sikkimensis Wenz., Linnaea 38 (1): 49 (Wenzig 1874). – Pyrus sikkimensis Hook. f., Flora of British India Vol. 2 (5): 373 (Hooker 1879). – Malus baccata subsp. sikkimensis (Wenz.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). – Type: INDIA • Sikkim, Himalaya, alt. 7000‒10 000 ft; s.d.; fl; J.D. Hooker s.n.; isosyntype: K [K000758445]!, M [M0213666]! Examined specimens BHUTAN – Guni Sa; 14 May 1949; fl; F. Ludlow, G. Sherriff & J.H. Hicks 16231; PE. CHINA – Sichuan • Butuo; 6 Aug. 1979; st; Pucha Team 0682; SM. – Tibet • Milin; 19 Oct. 1984; fr; G. Yao et al. 132; NAS • ibid.; 29 Jul. 1989; fr; G. Yao et al. 1834; NAS • ibid.; 13 Sep. 2003; fr; X.F. Gao et al. 7425; CDBI • ibid.; 28 Jul. 1975; fr; Qingzhang Budian Group 750912; PE • Chayu; 7 Oct. 2007; fr; Z.D. Fang, G. He & Q.R. Yang XZ-689; SABG • Bomi; 3 Sep. 1982; fr; B.S. Li et al. 0518; PE • Yadong; 9 Sep. 1974; fr; Qingzang Team 2108; PE • Linzhi; 2 Jul. 1989; fr; G. Yao et al. 1443; NAS • Shannan; 11 Sep. 2017; fr; PE-Xizang Team PE6349; PE. – Yunnan • Deqin; 25 May 1975; fl; Yunnan Deqinxian Nongyeju s.n.; PE • 18 May 1975; fl; Yunnan Deqinxian Nongyeju s.n.; PE • ibid.; 2 Sep. 1974; fr; P. Zhang 74050; PE • Wenshan; 26 Mar. 2009; st; Y.L. Wang et al. 09-129; SZG • Weixi; 12 Sep.1974; fr; P. Zhang 74061; PE. INDIA – Sikkim • Himalaya; 4 Aug. 1849; fl, fr; J.D. Hooker s.n.; K[000758444] • ibid.; 26 May 1849; fl, fr; J.D. Hooker s.n.; K[000758443] • ibid.; 28 May 1849; fl; J.D. Hooker s.n.; K[000758446] • ibid.; 4 Jun. 1849; fl; J.D. Hooker s.n.; K[000758445] • ibid.; 16 Aug. 1844; fr; J.D. Hooker s.n.; K[000758442] • locality unknown; 6 Jul. 1849; fr; Anonymous s.n.; K. MYANMAR – East Himalaya; Aug. 1837; fl, fr; Griffith 2081; K. Description Small tree, up to 8 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.3‒2.2 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina 5.6‒8.3 × 2.6‒4.1 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded, equilateral, apex acuminate or acute, margin serrulate, blade pubescent abaxially and on midvein. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.7 cm long, densely lanuginous. Hypanthium densely lanuginous or glabrous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 1.1 × 0.9 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 25‒50, unequal. Styles 4, as long as or longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or pyriform, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.6 cm long, lanuginous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in alpine forests; 2000‒3000 (3900) m a.s.l. Distribution Bhutan, China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), India (Sikkim), Nepal and Sri Lanka (Fig. 33). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51, 54, 68. Note Sorbus sikkimensis Wenz. (including Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) N.P.Balakr.) was mistakenly treated as a synonym of Malus sikkimensis by Hassler (2020), but it actually is a synonym of Sorbus corymbifera (Miq.) T.H.Nguyên & Yakovlev according to the original literature and type specimen Sorbus sikkimensis Wenz. Linnaea 38 (1): 58 (Wenzig 1874). – Type : INDIA • India orientalis; 1843; Griffith 2077/1; syntype: M[M0213809, M0213776]!; isosyntype: E[E00145673]!, GH[GH00112876, GH00135439]! (Note on the sheet: lectotype, designated by Aldasoro et al. 2004: 57). In addition, because the type Hooker f. & Thomson s.n. of M. sikkimensis cited by Wenzig (1874: 49) still exist, the neotype G. King s.n. designated by Langenfeld (1991: 129) is invalid., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 53-56, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Wenzig T. 1874. Pomariae Lindl. Linnaea 38 (1): 1 - 206.","Hooker J. D. 1879. Flora of British India Vol. 2 (5). L. Reeve, London.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Hassler M. 2020. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World in the Catalogue of Life. The Catalogue of Life Partnership.","Aldasoro J., Aedo C., Munoz F., Pando F. & Navarro C. 2004. Revision of Sorbus Subgenera Aria and Torminaria (Rosaceae-Maloideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 69: 1 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25027918","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

11. Malus xiaojinensis M.H.Cheng & N.G.Jiang Figs 29–30 Journal of Southwestern Agricultural College 4: 53‒55, figs 1‒3 (Cheng et al. 1983). Malus baccata var. xiaojinensis (M.H.Cheng & N.G.Jiang) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 8 (Ponomarenko 1992), nom. inval. – Type: CHINA • Sichuan, Xiaojin; Dashuigou, wet hillside; alt. 3000 m; 7 Oct. 1981; fr; N.G.Jiang, M.H.Cheng & Q.Shi 128; lectotype: HWA [HWA00061036]!, here designated; isolectotype: CDBI [CDBI0043871, CDBI0003872]!, PE [PE00964203]!, HWA [HWA00061037]! Examined specimens CHINA – Sichuan • Xiaojin; 7 May 1984; fr, st; Q. Shi et al. 840025; PE [PE00964204] • ibid.; 7 Oct. 1981; fr; M.H. Chen & N.G. Jiang 128; CDBI, PE • ibid.; 2 Jul. 1958; fr; Sichuan agricultural college 6320; CDBI • ibid.; 2 Aug. 1958; fr; Sichuan agricultural college 6320; CDBI • Kangding; 1 Sep. 1982; fr; Sichuan vegetation group 29803; CDBI • ibid.; 3 May 1974; fl; F.Y. Qiu 4406; CDBI • Jinchuan; 2 Jul. 1975; fr; Sichuan vegetation group 9447; CDBI • Heishui; 7 May 1959; fl; Chuanjingzhi Heishui group 1054; PE, SM • ibid.; 30 Jul. 1957; fr; X. Li 73880; PE, IBSC • Lixian; 23 Jun. 1958; fr; S.Y. Chen 5296; NAS, SM • ibid.; 23 Jun.; 1958; fr; M.F. Zhong, T. He & S.Y. Chen 5296; SM • Maerkang; 2 May 1957; fl; X. Li 70352; NAS, IBSC, KUN, PE [PE00964011], SZ • ibid.; 19 May 1957; fl, fr; X. Li 70724; IBSC, NAS, PE, SZ • ibid.; 7 Jul. 1957; fr; Z.Y. Zhang & H.F. Zhou 22649; PE. Description Tree, 8‒12 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.6‒2.7 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 3.7‒7.5 × 2.1‒3.2 cm, oval, oblong or orbicular, base rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acuminate or caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous when young, glabrescent, 3‒5-lobed in sapling and base of mature tree. Inflorescence umbellulate, with 3‒7 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0‒3.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium glabrous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.0‒1.2 × 0.8‒1.0 cm, white, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3‒5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0‒ 1.3 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal to subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm long. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of forests, river banks or gullies; 2600‒3000 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Sichuan) (Fig. 29)., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Cheng M. H., Jiang N. G. & Zeng W. G. 1983. A new species of Malus Miller. Journal of Southwestern Agricultural College 4: 53 - 55.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10."]}

15. Malus honanensis Rehder Figs 37–38 Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 51 (Rehder 1920). Sinomalus honanensis (Rehder) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 196 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Pyrus honanensis (Rehder) M.F.Fay & Christenh., Plant Gateway’s The Global Flora: A Practical Flora to Vascular Plant Species of the World. Vol. 4: 107 (Christenhusz et al. 2018). – Type: CHINA • Henan, Song Xian, Shi-zi-miao (Shih Tze Miao); 26 May 1919; fl; J. Hers 489; type: A [A00026648]! Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Haidian; 21 Aug. 1962; fr; Guoren 16; PE • ibid.; 5 May 1962; fl; Renguo 66; PE. – Gansu • Heshui; 7 Sep. 1990; st; L.P. Liu 77; QYTC • Zhengning; 18 May 1991; fl; L.P. Liu 910029; QYTC • Zhongwan; 15 May 1985; fl; L.P. Liu 151; QYTC • Wenxian; 9 May 2007; fl; Baishuicaiji Team 4570; PE • Wushan; 19 May 1956; fl; Anonymous 00039; PE • Dangchang; 7 Aug. 1951; fr; Z.B. Wang 14743; PE • Kangxian; 16 Jul. 1963; fr; Z.Y. Zhang 16893; PE. – Guizhou • YinKiang; 8 Aug. 1931; fr; Anonymous 51519; IBK. – Hebei • Shexian; 23 May 1979; fl; Anonymous 20842; BNU • ibid.; 15 Jun. 1958; st; K.J. Guan 5455; PE • ibid.; 23 Jun. 1958; fr; K.J. Guan 5585; PE • Wuan; 13 Sep. 1979; fr; Anonymous 21282; BNU • ibid.; 17 May 1973; fl; K.J. Guan et al. 47; PE • ibid.; 17 Jul. 1972; fr; WU225; PE • ibid.; 17 Jul. 1972; fr; WU227; PE • Cixian; 22 Jul. 1935; fr; H.F. Zhou 43276; PE. – Henan • Lushi; 11 May 1975; fl; Y.H. Guo 426; IBSC • ibid.; 4 Jul. 2005; fr; M. Liu H20195; PE • ibid.; 14 Jul. 1935; fr; K.M. Liou 4761; PE • Xinyang; Jun. 1959; fl; X.H. Wang 347; HENU • ibid.; 3 May 1959; fr; X.H. Wang 342; HENU • Neixiang; 25 Aug. 1982; fr; Institute of Henan Biology Botanical Expedition 056; PE • Luanchuan; 1959; fr; Puchabiaoben 21104; PE • Tiantanshan; Jul. 1997; fr; Z.H. Xin 049; HENU • Shaoyuan; Jul. 1995; fr; X.M. Fan 0010; HENU • Nanyang; Aug. 1959; fr; S.Y. Wang 13; HENU • Songshan; 24 Apr. 1921; fl, fr; J. Hers 195; AU. – Hunan • Hupingshan; May 1981; fl; Y.C. Fang & X.P. Wang 051; NYA • ibid.; 8 Jun. 1987; st; C.L. Long 87413; CSFI. – Qinghai • Xining; 24 May 1990; st; Z.H. Zhang et al. 5691; HNWP. – Shanxi • Lingchuan; 26 Jul. 1980; fr; S.Y. Bao & S.J. Yan 373; HSIB • ibid.; 7 Jul. 1980; fr; S.Y. Bao & S.J. Yan 54; HSIB • Qinyuan; 20 Sep. 2002; fr; K. Bachtell et al. 043; PE • Yuanqu; 19 May 1960; fl; X.Y. Liu & F. Zhao 20078; PE • Yangcheng; 3 Jun. 1982; fr; T.W. Liu & S.B. Zeng 270; HSIB • Yucheng; 14 May 1957; st; Fenhe Team 226; IBK. – Shaanxi • Zhouzhi; 2 Aug. 2016; fr; Qinling Botanical Expedition-Team 354; NAS • Taibai; 23 Jun. 1958; st; 58- Qinling Team 10064; PE • Taibai; 6 May 1939; fl; K.T. Fu 2612; IBK • ibid.; 26 Jun. 1958; st; Z.P. Wei 935; HHBG. – Sichuan • Nanchong; 12 Jun. 1972; fr; Pucha Team 72N-936; SM • Daxian; 23 Aug. 1978; fr; Tongjiangpucha Team 1031; SM • Nanping; 26 May 1979; fr; Pucha Team 0254; SM • Zhaojue; 10 May 1979; fr; Zhaopu Team 0258; SM • Jinyang; 9 May 1959; st; Southwest Normal University Department of Biology 02569; SM. Description Small tree or shrub, 5‒7 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina ca 6.4 × 4.6 cm, usually oval, sometimes elliptical, base rounded, truncate or cordate, equilateral, apex acute or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade lanuginous, densely pubescent on midvein, usually 3‒6-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5‒10 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 0.8 × 0.7 cm, white, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3 or 4, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red, with white fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.4 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests on slopes or in valleys; 800‒1000 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan) (Fig. 37). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 58-61, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Rehder A. 1920. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 44 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185141","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189"]}

16. Malus kansuensis (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. Figs 39–40 Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 178 (Schneider 1906a). Pyrus kansuensis Batalin, Trudy imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 13 (1): 94 (Batalin 1893). – Eriolobus kansuensis C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 726 (Schneider 1906b). – Type: CHINA • Sichuan, septentrianale vallis fl. Honton; 12 Aug. 1885; fr; Potanin s.n.; lectotype: LE, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 137; isolectotype: K [K000758428]!, PE [PE00020669]! Malus kansuensis f. calva Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 50 (Rehder 1920), syn. nov. – Malus kansuensis var. calva (Rehder) T.C.Ku & Spongberg, Flora of China 9: 186 (Ku & Spongberg 2003). – Type : CHINA • Hubei, Fang Xian; alt. 2300 m (7000 ft); 28 May 1907; fl; E.H. Wilson 264; type: A [A00026651]!, K [K000758430]! Malus komarovii var. funiushanensis S.Y.Wang, Flora Henanensis Vol. 2: 201, fig. 994 (Wang 1988). – Type : CHINA • Henan, Luanchuan, Laojunshan; Anonymous 14080; type: HNAC. Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Huangshan; 8 Aug. 1936; fr; P.C. Tsoong s.n.; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 4 Apr. 1960; fl; Dabashan workgroup 00759; CDBI • ibid.; 20 Jul. 1958; fr; T.L. Dai 101347; CDBI, IBK • ibid.; 1 Jul. 2004; fr; Y. S. Chen et al. 640; WUK • Wuxi; 1 Jun. 1962; fl; B.C. Ni Ni 000268; CDBI • ibid.; 25 Aug. 1989; fr; Y.D. Chen et al. 2441; PE • ibid.; 16 Sep. 1958; fr; G.H. Yang 58523; PE • Wushan; 26 May 1989; fl; L.Q. Chen Chuanhua-245; CCAU. – Gansu • Zhouqu; 19 Sep. 1958; fr; Y.Q. He 645; PE • ibid.; 17 Jul. 1998; fr; Bailongjiang Expedition Team 243; PE • Tianshui; 19 Sep. 1951; fr; J.M. Liu 10586; PE • ibid.; 21 May 1963; fl; Q.X. Li 207; PE • Between Yaruku, Yarugomba and Lupassu; Aug. 1925; J.F. Rock 131172; IBSC • Huicheng; 13 Sep. 1958; fr; Z.Y. Zhang 782; IBSC, HIB, NAS • Lintan; 11 Jul. 1957; fl; Taohe Team 3347; IBK, IBSC, KUN • Wenxian; 21 May 2007; fl; D.E. Boufford et al. 37822; PE • ibid.; 16 May 2007; fl; D.E. Boufford et al. 37822; PE • Ling Tan Shen; 19 Sep. 2005; fr; A. Aiello et al. 019; PE. – Henan • Lingbao; 7 Aug. 2014; fr; J.M. Li et al. 140807133; HEAC • ibid.; 1959; fr; Puchabiaoben 14082; PE • Lushi; 9 Jul. 1959; fr; Anonymous 34485; PE • Songxian; 14 Sep. 1960; fr; K.J. Guan & T.L. Dai 2605; PE • Xixia; 18 Jul. 1960; st; K.J. Guan & T.L. Dai 1204; PE • ibid.; 2 Jun. 1959; st; Anonymous 705; PE. – Hubei • Shennongjia; 19 Jun. 1976; fr; E-Shennongjia Botanical Expedition 10427; PE, HIB • ibid.; 9 Sep. 1980; fr; 1980- Sino-American Botanical Expedition 893; NAS • ibid.; 27 Aug. 1980; fr; 1980- Sino-American Botanical Expedition 397; NAS • Badong; 24 Jul. 1957; fl; G.X. Fu & Z.S. Zhang 1049; PE • ibid.; 24 Jul. 1957; fr; M.X. Nie & Q.H. Li 1049; LBG. – Hunan • Qianyang; 7 May 1959; fr; P.X. Tan 60537; IBSC. – Jiangxi • Shangyouxian; 20 Aug. 1971; fr; Jiangxi Team 552; PE • Suichang; 14 May 1970; fr; 236 renwuzu 758; PE. – Ningxia: Liupanshan; 28 Jul. 2012; fr; BNU LPS116; BNU • Longde; 10 Jul. 1942; fr; Z.B. Wang 13102; PE. – Qinghai • Xunhua; 6 Jun. 1981; fl; B.Z. Guo & W.Y. Wang 2506; HNWP • ibid.; 1 Jun. 2004; fl; Y.H. Wu 28184; HNWP. – Shanxi • Xingxian; 31 Aug. 1955; st; Yellow-River Expedition second Team 2194; PE. – Shaanxi • Langao; 12 Jun. 2005; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 2466; WUK • ibid.; 28 Jun. 2004; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 425; WUK • Pingli; 22 Jun. 2005; fr; Y.S. Chen et al. 2941; WUK • Nangao; 20 Jul. 1958; fr; T.L. Dai 101347; PE, SZ. – Sichuan • Kangding; 30 May 1930; st; Z.P. Huang 1142; IBSC • ibid.; 21 May 1953; fl; X.L. Jiang 35649; IBK • Pingwu; 31 Jul. 1958; fr; H.L. Tsiang 10940; IBSC • Maerkang; 27 Aug. 1957; fl; X. Li 72299; PE • ibid.; 13 Sep. 2004; fr; C.S. Chang et al. SI0388; PE. – Tibet • Lhasa; 4 Aug. 1970; fr; B.Z. Guo et al. 22270; NAS. Description Small tree or shrub, 3‒8 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9‒2.6 cm long, pubescent when young, puberulous or glabrescent. Lamina ca 4.9‒5.4 × 3.6‒3.9 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded, truncate or cordate, equilateral, apex acute or acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous or glabrous, usually 3-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4‒10 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.2‒2.9 cm long, glabrous or pubescent when young then glabrescent. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 0.7 × 0.5 cm, white, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3, rarely 2 or 4, longer than stamens, glabrous or puberulous. Pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal, yellow to red, with fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.6‒3.6 cm long, glabrous or puberulous. Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits from July to August. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests or shrubs; 1500‒3300 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet) (Fig. 39). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 a. LXVIII. Species varietatesque pomacearum novae. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 218 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19060034006","Batalin A. 1893. Notae de plantis asiaticis XXVII - XLVII. Trudy imperatorskago S. - Peterburgskago botanicheskago Sada 13: 91 - 106.","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Rehder A. 1920. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 44 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185141","Wang S. Y. 1988. Flora Henanensis Vol. 2. Henan Science and Technology Press, Zhengzhou."]}

21. Malus ioensis (Alph.Wood) Britton Figs 49–50 An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British possessions Vol. 2: 235, fig. 1980 (Britton & Brown 1897). Pyrus coronaria β ioensis Alph.Wood, A Class-book of Botany (Ed. 1861): 333 (Wood 1861). – Pyrus ioensis (Alph.Wood) J.H.Carruth, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 5: 48 (Carruth 1877). – Pyrus ioensis (Alph.Wood) L.H.Bailey, American Garden 12 (8): 473 (Bailey 1891), nom. Carruth 1877. – Malus coronaria var. ioensis (Alph.Wood) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 724 (Schneider 1906b). – Malus coronaria subsp. ioensis (Alph.Wood) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 24 (Likhonos 1974). – Type: USA • Missouri, Daviess, near Pattonsburg, thickets, limestone uplands; 14 Jun. 1924; E.J. Palmer 25466; neotype: S, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 153. Malus ioensis var. bushii Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 232 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus ioensis var. bushii (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type: USA • Missouri, Wayne County, Williamsville; 24 Apr. 1912; fl; B.F. Bush 6634; lectotype: A [A00026607]!, here designated; isoletotype: A [A00026608]!, GH [GH00026609]!, NY [NY01163652]!, US [US00097444, US00097445]! Malus ioensis var. creniserrata Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 231 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus ioensis var. creniserrata (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type : USA • Louisiana, Rapides, County, Parish, Pineville; 3 Apr. 1885; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; lectotype: A [A00026605]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026606]!, NY [NY01163668]! Malus ioensis var. palmeri Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 142 (Rehder 1911b). – Pyrus ioensis var. palmeri (Sarg.) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type : USA • Missouri, Jasper, Webb City, woods; 28 Apr. 1909; fl; E.J. Palmer 1795; lectotype: A [A00026610]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026611, A00026612]!, MO [MO-2217901, MO-2217902]!, NY [NY01163653]! Malus ioensis var. spinosa Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 231 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus ioensis var. spinosa (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Malus angustifolia var. spinosa (Rehder) C.F.Reed, Phytologia 63 (5): 410 (Reed 1987). – Type: USA • Missouri, Dunklin, Campbell, low woods; 22 Apr. 1912; fl; B.F. Bush 6630; lectotype: A [A00026613]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026614], GH [GH00026615]!, NY [NY1163649]! Malus ioensis var. texana Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 142–143 (Rehder 1911b). – Pyrus ioensis var. texana (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type: USA • Texas, Kendall County, Boerne; thicks; 25 Mar. 1911; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; lectotype: A [A000283735]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A000283736]! Malus ioensis var. typica Rehder, Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 1914: 262 (Rehder 1914), nom. inval. Malus ioensis f. plena Rehder, Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 1914: 262 (Rehder 1914), nom. inval. Malus ioensis f. fimbriata A.D.Slavin, American Midland Naturalist 12 (9): 363 (Slavin 1931). Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Illinois • locality unknown; s.d.; st; Anonymous s.n.; A [01861806] • ibid.; st; Anonymous s.n.; A [01861750]. – Indiana: Daviess; s.d.; fl; Anonymous s.n.; GH [01861773] • ibid.; 6 May 1919; fl; Chas. C. Deam No.26, 267; GH. – Iowa • Iowa State College; 24 Jul. 1926; st; A. Haydeu 14143; PE. – Massachusetts • Norfolk; 24 May 1922; fl; N.T. Kidder s.n.; ECON. – Missouri • Wedd; 28 Apr. 1909; fl; E.J. Palmer 1795; A • Williamsville; 24 Apr. 1912; fl; B.F. Bush 6634; GH. – Oklahoma • Vinita; 5 Aug. 1894; st; B.F. Bush 325; A. – Texas • near Boerne; 24 Mar. 1911; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; A • ibid.; 7 Oct. 1910; st; S.H. Hastings s.n.; A • Kendall; 27 May 1916; fr; E.J. Palmer 9911; A. – Wisconsin • Richland; 21 Sep. 1988; st; M. Nee 36806; PE. Description Small tree, 6‒8 (10) m high, or shrub, 4‒7 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.0‒ 3.3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 3.3‒8.3 × 1.9‒4.6 cm, oblong to ovate, base truncate, cuneate or rounded, equilateral, apex acute, rounded or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrous or puberulous, sometimes lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 3‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.7‒2.2 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.1‒1.5 × 0.7‒1.1 cm, white, pink or premium pink, obovate to oblong. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 5, as long as stamens, pubescent at base. Pome ca 2.0‒3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 2.1‒2.5 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from September to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests and shrubs in open areas of valleys; 100‒300 m a.s.l. Distribution United States (Fig. 49). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 68., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 74-76, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Britton N. L. & Brown A. 1897. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British possessions Vol. 2. C. Scribner, New York. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10850","Wood A. 1861. A Class-book of Botany (Ed. 1861). A. S. Barnes & Burr, New York.","Carruth J. H. 1877. Centennial catalogue of the plants of Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 5: 40 - 59.","Bailey L. H. 1891. Notes from a garden herbarium - VI. American Garden 12 (8): 469 - 474.","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Rehder A. 1913 b. Malus platycarpa, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 227 - 232. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Bailey L. H. 1916 a. Nomenclatorial transfers. Rhodora 18: 152 - 160.","Rehder A. 1911 b. Malus lancifolia, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 141 - 143. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Reed C. F. 1987. New combinations required for the Flora of Central Eastern United States. Phytologia 63 (5): 409 - 412.","Rehder A. 1914. Einige neuere oder kritische Geholze. Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 23: 257 - 263.","Slavin A. D. 1931. Notes on new forms of Malus and Crataegus. American Midland Naturalist 12 (9): 363 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2419961"]}

20. Malus angustifolia (Aiton) Michx. Figs 47–48 Flora Boreali-Americana Vol. 1: 292 (Michaux 1803). Pyrus angustifolia Aiton, Hortus Kewensis Vol. 2: 176 (Aiton 1789). – Pyrus coronaria var. angustifolia (Aiton) Wenz., Linnaea 38 (1): 41 (Wenzig 1874). – Malus coronaria var. angustifolia (Aiton) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 9 (Ponomarenko 1992). – Malus coronaria var. angustifolia (Aiton) Rehder ex Likhonos, Kul’turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14: 34 (Likhonos 1983), nom. inval. – Type: USA • North Carolina, locality unknown; s.d; Greene s.n.; neotype: K [K000758465]!, here designated. Pyrus malus var. sempervirens Weston, Botanicus Universalis et Hortulanus 1: 230 (Weston 1770), nom. nud. – Malus sempervirens Desf., Tableau de l’École de Botanique du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle: 173 (Desfontaines 1804), nom. nud. Malus angustifolia f. pendula Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 53 (Rehder 1920). – Type: USA • Southeastern US; 25 Jun. 1914; fl; T.G. Harbison 129; holotype: A [A00026578]! Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Delaware • Sussex; 24 Jun. 1943; st; R. McVaugh 6527; NY. – Florida • Leon; 1843; fl; M. Rugel s.n.; K • ibid.; 7 Aug. 1895; fl; G.V. Nash 2366; K. – Georgia • Lumpkia; 18 May 1982; st; X.Q. Chen et al. 817; NAS, PE • Columbia; 1884; st; Anonymous s.n.; P [00380801] • ibid.; Apr. 1945; fl; J.M. Franklin s.n.; P. – Maryland • Carroll; 13 May 1881; fl; J.D. Smith s.n.; P • Worcester; 14 May 1926; fl; C.E. Moldenke 2818; NY • Prince George’s; 7 May 1943; fl; R. McVaugh 6619; NY. – New Jersey • Cape May; 9 Aug. 1914; fl; K.K. Mackenzie 6132; NY. – New York • Ontario; 1 Oct. 1990; st; Professor Zhen-Long Yan 1041; PE • Bronx; 24 May 1915; fl; J. Hartling 29851; NY. – North Carolina • Orange; 8 Jun. 1986; fr; Y. Gu et al. 0066; NAS • Buncombe; 27 Apr. 1994; fl; A.B. Russell 1490; PE • locality unknown; s.d.; fl; Greene s.n.; K [000758465]. – Pennsylvania • Allegheny; May 1871; fl; S.W. Knipe s.n.; NY. – South Carolina • Richland; 18 Jul. 2003; fr; J.B. Nelson 23934; W • Oconee; 16 Apr. 1991; fl; Som with Botany 831 Class 121; PE. – Virginia • Bedford; 26 May 1893; st; A.H. Curtiss s.n.; NY. – locality unknown • 1832; fl; Schweinitz s.n.; K • ibid.; 1833; fl; Drummond s.n.; K [000758467]. Description Small tree or shrub, 2‒3 m or 5‒7 (10) m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.0‒ 1.2 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina ca 3.6‒4.0 × 1.2‒1.7 cm, oval to ovate, base cuneate or rounded, equilateral, apex acute, rounded or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrous or villus on midvein, sometimes lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.2 cm long, glabrous. Hypanthium glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.1 × 0.6‒0.7 cm, pink or white, obovate to oblong. Stamens ca 20, unequal, with pink anther. Styles 5, longer than stamens, pubescent at base. Pome ca 1.0‒3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 2.4 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers from February to May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in the forests and shrubs in open areas of valleys; 10‒700 m a.s.l. Distribution United States (Fig. 47). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 68. Note The specimen K000758465, collected from North Carolina, conforms to the protologues of Aiton (1789: 176) and Michaux (1803: 292). We therefore consider the neotype designated by Langenfeld (1991: 152) to be incorrect., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 71-72, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Michaux A. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana Vol. 1. Levrault, Paris, Strassburg.","Aiton W. 1789. Hortus Kewensis, or, a Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew Vol. 2. George Nicol, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4504","Wenzig T. 1874. Pomariae Lindl. Linnaea 38 (1): 1 - 206.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10.","Likhonos F. D. 1983. Kul'turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14. Leningra.","Weston R. 1770. Botanicus Universalis et Hortulanus 1. J. Bell, London.","Desfontaines R. L. 1804. Tableau de l'Ecole de Botanique du Museum d'Histoire naturelle. J. A. Brosson, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13828","Rehder A. 1920. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 44 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185141","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

10. Malus toringoides (Rehder) Hughes, nom. cons. Figs 27–28 Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 6: 205 (Hughes 1920), nom. cons. Malus transitoria var. toringoides Rehder, Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2): 286 (Rehder 1915). – Pyrus transitoria var. toringoides (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 155 (Bailey 1916a). – Pyrus toringoides (Rehder) Osborn, The Gardeners’ Chronicle, Ser. 3 73: 89, fig. 42 (Osborn 1923). – Sinomalus toringoides (Rehder) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 1 (1): 11 (Koidzumi 1932). – Type : CHINA • Szechuan, Kangding, west of Tachien-lu; alt. 3300 m; Oct. 1904; E.H. Wilson 1285; holotype: A [A00020423]!; isotype: US[US00097450]! Pyrus bhutanica W.W.Sm., Records of the Botanical Survey of India 4: 265 (Smith 1911). – Malus bhutanica (W.W.Sm.) J.B.Phipps, Edinburgh Journal of Botany 51 (1): 100 (Phipps 1994). – Type : BHUTAN (actually from Tibet, CHINA) • Lalung Gumpa; 27 Jun. 1906; J.C. White s.n.; type: K [K000758452, K000758453]! Examined specimens CHINA – Gansu • Lanzhou; 15 Nov. 1920; fr; Anonymous 6021; P, TIE • T’ao River basin; Jun. 1925; st; J.F. Rock 12478; IBSC • ibid.; Jul. 1925; fr; J.F. Rock 13133; IBSC • Gannan; 9 May 1957; fl; P. Zhang & L.F. Qi 915; PE • Zhengning; 10 Aug. 1991; fr; L.P. Liu 910065; QYTC. – Hunan • Mangshan; 10 Aug. 1957; fr; L.H. 926; PE. – Qinghai • Huzhu; 28 Jul. 1992; fr; G.X. Liu s.n.; PE [00953998]. – Sichuan • Luhuo; 25 Jun. 1974; fl, fr; Q.S. Zhao, Y.H. Guo & Z.M. Tan 111266; PE • Xikang; 12 Jul. 1951; fr; Y.W. Cui 4349; PE • Aba; 2 Oct. 1957; fr; X. Li 74941; PE, IBSC, KUN, NAS, SZ • Xiaojin; 2 Aug. 1958; fr; X.S. Zhang & Y.X. Ren 6397; PE • Lixian; 13 Jun. 1959; fl; S. Jiang et al. 00773; PE • Xinlong; 25 Aug. 2006; fr; D.E. Boufford et al. 37290; PE • ibid.; 25 Aug. 2006; fr; D.E. Boufford et al. 37284; PE • Maoxian & Lixian; 1952; fl; T. He & Z.L. Zhou 14048; PE • Hongyuan; 24 Aug. 1983; fr; Z.X. Tang 1785; PE • Suining; 2 Aug. 1974; fr; Sichuan Zhibei Team 5838; CDBI. – Tibet • Jiangda; 1 Jun. 1974; fr; Sichuan Zhibei Team 6996; CDBI, PE • Lhasa; 26 May 1975; fl; Qinggan Expedition 75-84; PE • ibid.; 10 Sep. 1965; fr; Y.T. Zhang & K.Y. Lang 2685; PE • Changdu; 7 May 1976; fl; Qingzang Team 7679; PE • ibid.; 19 Sep. 2008; D.C. Zhang et al. ZhangDC-07ZX-1293; KUN • Linzhi; 23 Sep. 2009; fr; H. Sun et al. SunH-07ZX-2546; KUN • Mangkang; 12 Sep. 2008; fr; T. Zhang et al. 08CS650; KUN. UNITED STATES – Massachusetts • Arnold Arboretum; 17 Oct. 1973; fr; S.Y. Hu 13327; IBSC. Description Small tree or shrub, 3‒10 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.8‒2.9 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 3.9‒6.8 × 1.5‒3.6 cm, elliptic to ovate, base rounded, cordate or cuneate, equilateral, apex obtuse or retuse, margin crenate, blade piliferous, pubescent on midvein, usually 3-lobed or divided, sometimes unlobed. Inflorescence umbelliform corymb, with 3‒6 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular or narrow-triangular, abaxially puberulous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 0.7‒0.9 × 0.5‒0.7 cm, white, obovate, puberulous or glabrous. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, shorter than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0‒ 1.3 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal to subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 2.3‒2.8 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests on slopes; 1500‒3700 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet) (Fig. 27). Chromosome numbers 2n = 31, 34, 51, 54, 68., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 46-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Hughes D. K. 1920. Decades Kewenses: Plantarum Novarum in Herbario Horti Regii Conservatarum. Decas XCVIII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 6: 205 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4118668","Rehder A. 1915. Rosaceae. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2). The University Press, Cambridge. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 191","Bailey L. H. 1916 a. Nomenclatorial transfers. Rhodora 18: 152 - 160.","Osborn A. 1923. Pyrus toringoides. The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ser. 3 73: 89. Osborn A. 1925. Pyrus yunnanensis. The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ser. 3 78: 227 - 228.","Koidzumi G. 1932. Contributiones ad cognitionem Florae Asiae Orientalis. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 1 (1): 11 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00001078742","Smith W. W. 1911. Some additions to the Flora of the Eastern Himalaya. Records of the Botanical Survey of India 4: 261 - 272.","Phipps J. B. 1994. Malus bhutanica - comb. nov. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 51 (1): 99 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0960428600001748"]}

3. Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. Figs 13–14 Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae: 216 (Roemer 1847). Pyrus sieversii Ledeb., Flora Altaica Vol. 2: 222 (Ledebour 1830). – Type: CHINA • Xinjiang, Tarbagatai, near Ust-Kamenogorsk (Kazakhstan); s.d.; fr; Dr. Sieverss s.n.; lectotype: LE[LE01053104]!; isolectotype: LE [LE01053105, LE01053106]!, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 171. Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck., Neuheiten-Offerte des National-Arboretums zu Zöschen: 16 (Dieck 1891). – Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck.) Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 171 (Langenfeld 1991). Malus hissarica Kudr., Plodovii Shakhrisyabza: 158 (Kudrjaschev 1950). – Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica (Kudr.) Langenf., Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (Langenfeld 1971), without basionym ref. – Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica (Kudr.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 24 (Likhonos 1974). – Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Ponomar., Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 61 (7): 998 (Ponomarenko 1976). – Type: UZBEKISTAN • North slopes of the Hissar Range, bass. R. Kashka-Daria. Northern coures of the river. Tankhas, above K. Chopuh; 1 Aug 1937; Kudryashev 1330; holotype: TASH, designated by Langenfelds 1991: 172. Malus chitralensis Vassilcz., Flora Iranica 66: 38. (Browicz et al. 1969). – Malus sieversii var. chitralensis (Vassilcz.) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 7 (Ponomarenko 1992). – Type: PAKISTAN • Chitral, Rumbour; alt. 7500 ft; 8 May 1958; fl; S.A. Bowes Lyon 679; isotype: BM [BM000602198]!, E [E00010842]! Malus sieversii f. cerea Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. flava Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 14 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. flavorosea Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. flavorubens Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. gilva Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 17 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. insipida Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 17 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. laetevirida Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. media Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. ochrorubra Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. pomacea Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. purpureofasciata Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. rubrifasciata Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. rubrolateralis Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 17 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. suffusa Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. viridicerea Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 15 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. viridifasciata Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. viridirubra Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 14 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. viridis Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 14 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. viridula Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 17 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. xanthella Bondarenko ex Korovina & Chernom., Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N.I. Vavilova 81: 16 (Korovina & Chernomorskaya 1978), nom. nud. Malus caspiriensis Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 181 (Langenfeld 1991), nom. illeg. – Malus sieversii var. caspiriensis (Langenf.) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 8 (Ponomarenko 1992). – Type: INDIA • Jammu-Kashmir, Sunagai; 9 Aug. 1891; fr.; G.А. Gammi s.n.; holotype: DD, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 181. Malus sieversii f. linczevskii (Poljakov) Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 172 (Langenfeld 1991), nom. nud. Malus sieversii f. longicarpa (В.Bykov) Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 172 (Langenfeld 1991), nom. nud. Examined specimens CHINA – Qinghai • Xining; 10 May 1990; fl; Z.H. Zhang 5950; HNWP • ibid.; 8 May 1990; fl; Z.H. Zhang et al. 5743; HNWP. – Xinjiang • Aletai; 18 Jul. 1964; fr; G.S. Qin 89; PE • Xinyuan; 3 Sep. 1959; fr; Beijiang Team 1978; PE • ibid.; 21 Aug. 1959; st; Beijiang Team 133; PE • ibid.; 23 Aug. 1959; st; Beijiang Team 161; PE • Gongliu; 1 Sep. 1959; fr; Beijiang Team 182; PE • ibid.; 4 Sep. 1959; fr; Beijiang Team 200; PE • ibid.; 11 May 1959; fl; Beijiang Team 18; PE • ibid.; 30 Apr. 1959; fl; Beijiang Team 8; PE • ibid.; 11 Jul. 1965; fl, fr; Wang et al. 2631; PE • ibid.; 5 May 1959; fl; A.R. Li & J.N. Zhu 10302; PE • Yili; 16 Apr. 1963; fl; Xinjiang Institute for Agricultural Sciences s.n.; PE • ibid.; 12 May 1958; fl; S.H. Yang 0142; PE • Huocheng; 23 Jul. 1991; st; Shimizu et al. 135; PE • Suiding; 1 Sep. 1957; fl, fr; K.J. Guan 4146; PE, XJBI • Tulufan; 17 Sep. 1976; fr; Lu, Gu & Li 71; PE • Kuerle; 22 May 1959; fr; Xindong 00083; PE • locality unknown; 1974; fl, fr; Y.R. Lin 74847; PE. INDIA – Kashmir • Nurla; 13 Oct. 1932; fl, fr; T.N. Liou 5495; PE • ibid.; 13 Oct. 1932; fl, fr; T.N. Liou 5499; PE. KYRGYZSTAN – Dzhalal-abad • Aktasch; 25 Sep. 1944; fr; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 49; PE • ibid.; 17 Aug. 1945; fl; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 416; PE • Karavan; 25 Aug. 1945; fl; Lyssova 12; PE • Balyktysai; 17 Oct. 1944; fr; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 210; PE • Sarai; 24 Aug. 1945; fl; An. Fedorov & E. Iljina 445; PE. UZBEKISTAN – Tieu-Shan • Chatkal Mt. Chimgan; 16 May 2014; fl; H. Sun et al. 17642; KUN • Chofkae Rande Raffasai; 13 May 2014; fl; H. Sun et al. 17558; KUN • ibid.; 15 May 2014; fl; H. Sun et al. 17581; KUN. Description Small tree or shrub, 2‒8 m high. Branches terete, densely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 3.3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 6.3 × 5.2 cm, elliptical to obovate, base cuneate, usually equilateral, apex acuminate or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 3 cm long, puberulent. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals lanceolate to triangular-ovate, densely puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.5 × 1.0 cm, obovate. Stamens 20, unequal. Styles 5, rarely 4, as long as or longer than stamens, basally densely puberulent. Pome solitary, ca 2.5‒4.5 cm in diameter, subglobose or oblate, yellow-green, red or fuchsia. Carpopodium ca 2.5‒4.0 cm long, puberulent. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in the forest on slopes, mountaintop or in valleys near rivers; 1000‒2500 m a.s.l. Distribution Central Asia, including China (Qinghai, Xinjiang), Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan (Fig. 13). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 26-30, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Roemer M. 1847. Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae. Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Vimariae [Weimar, Germany]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49482","Ledebour C. F. 1830. Flora Altaica Vol. 2. G. Reimeri, Berolini [Berlin]. Leveille A. A. H. 1908. Nouvelles rosacees et rubiacees chinoises. Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France 55: 55 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1908.10831336","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Dieck G. 1891. Neuheiten-Offerte des National-Arboretums zu Zoschen. Ehrhadt Karras, Halle, Germany.","Kudrjaschev S. N. 1950. Plodovii Shakhrisyabza 1: 158.","Langenfeld V. T. 1971. Wild apples. Daildarznieciba 8: 15.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1976. Does the species Malus hissarica Kudr. exist? Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 61 (7): 993 - 998.","Browicz K., Frohner S., Nordborg G., Riedl H., Schiman-Czeika H., Schonbeck-Temesy E., Vassilczenko I. T. & Gilli A. 1969. Rosaceae I. In: Rechinger K. H. (ed.) Flora Iranica 66: 1 - 217. Naturhistorisches Museums, Wien.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10.","Korovina O. N. & Chernomorskaya N. M. 1978. Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem. in the Western Tien Shan. Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena Druzhby Narodov Instituta Rastenievodstva Imeni N. I. Vavilova 81: 14 - 17."]}

7. Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Figs 21–22 Gardeners Dictionary, 8 th Ed .: Malus no. 1 (Miller 1768). Pyrus malus var. sylvestris L., Species Plantarum Vol. 1: 479 (Linnaeus 1753). – Malus communis var. sylvestris (L.) Desf., Histoire des Arbres et Arbrisseaux Vol. 2: 140 (Desfontaines 1809), nom. illeg. – Malus sylvestris Moench, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis Vol. 2: 682 (Moench 1794, non Miller 1768), nom. illeg. – Pyrus sylvestris Gray, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants Vol. 2: 562 (Gray 1821). – Type: SWEDEN • Uppsala, locality unknown; s.d.; Linnaeus s.n.; lectotype: LINN [LINN-897.3]!, here designated. Malus acerba Mérat, Nouvelle Flore des Environs de Paris Vol. 1: 187 (Mérat 1812) [Malus acerta Mérat, spelling variant], nom. inval. – Pyrus acerba DC., Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Vol. 2: 635 (de Candolle 1825). – Type: FRANCE • Ile-de-France, Fontainebleau Forest; fl, fr; s.d.; Mérat s.n.; lectotype: P [P04345284]!, here designated. Malus sylvestris var. microphylla Browicz, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 31 (2): 323 (Browicz 1972a). – Type: TURKEY • Sulucre, about 30 km, NW of Ama Forest remnants, grey soil, alt. 630 m; 10 Jul. 1963; M. Zohary 10413; holotype: E [E00326781], photo! Malus bulgarica Dimitrov, Nauchni Trudove, Vissh Selskostopanski Institut Vasil Kolarov. Plovdiv 25 (4): 33 (31‒33), figs 1‒2 (Dimitrov 1980), nom. inval. – Malus sylvestris var. bulgarica (Dimitrov) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 6 (Ponomarenko 1992), nom. inval. Malus rhodopaea Dimitrov, Nauchni Trudove, Vissh Selskostopanski Institut Vasil Kolarov. Plovdiv 25 (4): 36 (34‒36), figs 3‒4 (Dimitrov 1980), nom. inval. – Malus sylvestris var. rhodopaea (Dimitrov) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 6 (Ponomarenko 1992), nom. inval. Examined specimens AUSTRIA – locality unknown; s.d.; fl; A. Keraer 2438; PE. BELGIUM – Namur • Between Yvoir and Godinne; 10 Oct. 1979; fr; D.K. Ferguson 1168; PE • ibid.; 18 May 1979; fl; D.K. Ferguson 1145; PE. DENMARK – Silkeborg • Gjessø; 4 Jun. 1980; fl; I. Nielsen, P. Bro Christensen, T. Hvid & L.B. Petersen 851; PE, IBSC. – Århus • Søby Fredskov; 28 May 1978; fl; P. Frost-Olsen 24, 1504; PE, IBSC, NAS. FRANCE – 60 Oise • Senlis; 22 May 1926; st; P. Jovet 21503; P • ibid.; 30 Sep. 1925; st; P. Jovet 20306; P • ibid.; 8 Oct. 1925; st; P. Jovet 20303; P • ibid.; 6 Apr. 1926; st; P. Jovet 22359; P. – 75 Paris • 18e arr.; 30 Sep. 1944; st; P. Jovet 75018; P. GERMANY – Thüringen • Kyffhäuser; 7 Sep. 1960; fr; Danert 506; KUN. HUNGARY – Austria inferior • Vindobonensi; s.d.; fl; A. Kerner 2438; PE [01702120]. POLAND – Lesser Poland • Dołęga near Szczurowa; 21 Apr. 2009; fl; J. Żelazny s.n.; PE. UNITED STATES – Illinois • Lisle, cultivated; 6 Aug. 1999; st; H. Oleari 8986 V99; KUN [KUN0937826]. – New York • Westchester, cultivated; 8 May 1996; fl; J.B. Walker 1874; NY. Description Small tree or shrub, 4‒10 m high, rarely 13 m. Branches terete, puberulous or glabrous when young. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.5 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina 6.5 × 4.3 cm, oval to orbicular, base rounded, rarely cuneate, equilateral, apex usually acute, rarely obtuse or retuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrous. Inflorescence umbellate, with 2‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.9 cm long, puberulous at base. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.3 × 0.8 cm, white or pink, rarely red or mauve, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal, yellow. Styles 5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome solitary, about 20 g, ca 2.0‒ 3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 1.8 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits from October to November. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of mixed forests or broad-leaf forests on south slopes or floodplains. Distribution Austria, Belgium, British Isles, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova (Kishinev), Poland, Russia (Karel’skij peresheyek, Vologda, Perm’, Ufa, Ural’sk, Volgograd), Ukraine (Mariupol), Scandinavian Peninsula, Spain, and Switzerland (Fig. 21). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 37-40, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Miller P. 1768. Gardeners Dictionary, 8 th Ed. Rivington, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 541","Linnaeus C. 1753. Species Plantarum Vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm].","Desfontaines R. L. 1809. Histoire des Arbres et Arbrisseaux Vol. 2. J. A. Brosson, Paris.","Moench C. 1794. Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis Vol. 2. In officina nova libraria academiae, Marburgi Cattorum [Marburg, Germany]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 304","Gray S. F. 1821. A Natural Arrangement of British Plants Vol. 2. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43804","Merat F. V. 1812. Nouvelle Flore des Environs de Paris Vol. 1. Crapelet, Paris.","de Candolle A. P. 1825. Rosaceae. In: Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Vol. 2: 525 - 639. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 286","Browicz K. 1972 a. Materials for a flora of Turky. XXVI. New taxa of woody Rosaceae. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 31 (2): 321 - 324.","Dimitrov S. G. 1980. New species from the genus Malus Mill. - apple. Nauchni Trudove, Vissh Selskostopanski Institut Vasil Kolarov. Plovdiv 25 (4): 31 - 33.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10."]}

5. Malus orientalis Uglitzk. ex Juz. Figs 17–18 Flora USSR Vol. 9: 362, 492 (Juzepczuk 1939). Malus sylvestris subsp. orientalis (Uglitzk.) Browicz, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands Vol. 4: 158 (Browicz 1972b). – Type: TURKEY • Tekirdag, 3 miles S of Inecik; 30 Jun. 1965; M.J.E Coode & B.M.G Jones 2868; lecotype: E [E00439202]!, here designated. Malus montana Uglitzk., Trudy severo-kavkazskogo Instituta spetsialnykh i tekhnicheskikh Kul’tur 1 (3): 18 (Uglitzkich 1932). – Malus orientalis subsp. montana (Uglitzk.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 23 (Likhonos 1974), without basionym page. – Malus orientalis var. montana Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 179 (Langenfeld 1991), without basionym page. – Malus orientalis var. montana (Uglitzk.) Ponomar., Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 7 (Ponomarenko 1992), nom. illeg. – Type: AZERBAIJAN • Ismailly, inter pagos Baskae et Njudzhi, in silva declivitalis orientalis, alt. сa 1200 m; 22 Aug. 1940; L. Prilipko & G. Gurvitsh. s.n.; type: BAK. Malus orientalis var. subalpina Ponomar., Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 60 (1): 58 (Ponomarenko 1975), nom. nud. Examined specimens AFGHANISTAN – Herat • Kuh e Darunta; 11 May 1969; fl; I. Hedge, P. Wendelbo & L. Ekberg W7844; E [E00439227]. ARMENIA – Caucasus • locality unknown; 8 Sep. 1931; st; Карягин [Karyagin] s.n.; MW • ibid.; 6 Aug. 1978; st; Тахтаджян [Tahtadjian] s.n.; MW. – Tsekhadzor • Mt. Tehenis; 17 Sep. 1976; fr; Thomas S. Elias 3081; PE. AZERBAIJAN – locality unknown; 4 Aug. 1934; st; ПетрОв [Petrov] s.n.; MW • ibid.; 27 May 1932; st; Карягин [Karyagin] s.n.; MW • ibid.; 26 Jun. 1931; st; ШипчинсКий [Shipchinsky] 355; MW. RUSSIA – Krasnodar Krai & Adygea • locality unknown; 15 Jun. 1959; st; ГрОссет [Grosset] 296; MW. – Moscow • locality unknown; 2 Sep. 1982; st; Куваев & ШеЛгунОва [Kuvaev & Shelgunova] 108-3; MW • ibid.; 28 Jun. 1981; st; Куваев & ШеЛгунОва [Kuvaev & Shelgunova] 108-14; MW. – Stavropol Krai, Karachay-Cherkessia & Kabardino-Balkaria • locality unknown; 28 Apr. 1966; st; Михеев [Mikheyev] 284; MW. TURKEY – Hakkari • Baskale; 3 Aug. 1954; st; Davis, Polunin 23836; E [E00439224]. – Kastamonu • Seydiler to Kure; 30 Jul. 1962; fr; Davis D38468; E [E00439219]. – Zonguldak • Balikisik; 22 Jul. 1962; st; Davis, Coode & Yaltirik D37530; E [E00439220] • Eregli; 15 Jul. 1962; st; Davis, Coode & Yaltirik D37530; E [E00439225]. Description Tree, 8‒15 m high. Branches terete, dark brown or gray; annotinal bud lanuginous, dark brown. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.5‒3 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 4.6 × 2.5 cm, oblong to orbicular, base cuneate, oblique, apex acuminate or cuspidate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 4‒6 flowers. Pedicel ca 0.8‒1.2 cm long, glabrescent. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals triangular, short, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.5 × 1.0 cm, white or light pink, obovate. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 5, as long as or longer than stamens, glabrous or with dense tomentum at base, stigma clavate. Pome ca 2.0‒3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or coniform, yellow or red. Carpopodium ca 1.0‒ 2.5 cm long, puberulent. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of the forest on slopes or in valleys; 1000‒2200 m a.s.l. Distribution Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Ciscaucasia, Georgia (Caucasus), Turkey and Iran (Fig. 17). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Juzepczuk S. V. 1939. Rosales and Saraceniales. In: Komarov V. L. (ed.) Flora USSR Vol. 9. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad [Saint Petersburg].","Browicz K. 1972 b. Malus Miller. In: Davis P. H., Chamberlain D. F. & Matthews V. A. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands Vol. 4: 157 - 159. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.","Uglitzkich A. N. 1932. Elements of a technique of morphological identification of wild apple trees. Trudy severo-kavkazskogo Instituta spetsialnykh i tekhnicheskikh Kul'tur 1 (3): 18.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1992. Critical review of the system of the genus Malus Mill. Sbornik nauchnykh Trudov po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 146: 3 - 10.","Ponomarenko V. V. 1975. What is Malus pumila Mill.? Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 60 (1): 1574 - 1586."]}

Genus Malus Mill. Gardeners Dictionary Abridged, 4 th Ed., Vol. 2 : Malus (Miller 1754). Pyrus sect. Malus Tourn., Institutiones Rei Herbariae Vol. 3: tab. 406 (Tournefort 1700). – Pyrus sect. Malus Tourn. ex DC., Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Vol. 2: 635 (de Candolle 1825). – Pyrus subgen. Malus (Tourn.) Focke, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 rd Ed., 3 (3): 24 (Focke 1888). Type species Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Description Trees or shrubs, deciduous or semi-evergreen. Branches terete, generally unarmed. Leaves unifoliate, alternate, petiolate, stipular. Lamina oval to ovate, margin crenate to serrulate, serrate or lobed. Inflorescence umbellate or corymbose. Flowers usually 3‒6, pedicellate. Stamens 15‒50, with yellow anthers and white filaments. Hypanthium bowl-shaped, glabrous or pubescent. Petals 5, suborbicular to obovate, white to red, with 5 sepals persistent or caducous. Styles 3‒5, connate at base, glabrous or pubescent. Ovary inferior, 3‒5-locular, with 2 ovules in each locule. Pome stone cells present in a few species. Seeds semicircular or spindly, black or brown, 1 or 2 in each locule. Chromosome number x = 17, usually diploid, triploid, tetraploid, and polyploid. Distribution Widely distributed in North temperate zone. Key to species 1. Microphyll (225‒2025 mm 2) most common..................................................................................... 2 – Notophyll (2025‒4500 mm 2) most common.................................................................................. 20 2. Insertion points of lamina base on either side of petiole are symmetrical........................................ 3 – Insertion points of lamina base on either side of petiole are asymmetrical.................................... 17 3. Leaf margin generally unlobed, or lobed in young leaves................................................................ 4 – Leaf margin distinctly lobed, or divided......................................................................................... 13 4. Lamina base cuneate or rounded...................................................................................................... 5 – Lamina base rounded, truncate, wide-cuneate or cordate................................................................. 9 5. Lamina elliptic to ovate, elliptic ovate or triangular ovate............................................................... 6 – Lamina obovate, oblong to oval or rotund........................................................................................ 7 6. Tree; leaf apex retuse to caudate; abaxial blade puberulous or glabrescent; umbel............................................................................................................................................... 1. M. baccata (L.) Borkh. – Small tree or shrub; leaf apex acute, rounded or obtuse; blade glabrous or villous on midvein, sometimes lobed; corymb........................................................... 20. M. angustifolia (Aiton) Michx. 7. Young leaves piliferous, then glabrescent; small pome, with maximum diameter no more than 4.5 cm............................................................................................................................................... 8 – Abaxial blade puberulous in adult leaves; sepals caducous; styles 3 or 4, with dense tomentum at base; pome ca 3.0‒8.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or coniform, yellow or green................................................................................................................................... 4. M. kirghisorum Al.Fed. & Fed. 8. Small tree or shrub; hypanthium densely lanuginous; sepals densely puberulous, persistent; styles 5, rarely 4, basally densely puberulent; pome solitary, ca 2.5‒4.5 cm in diameter........................................................................................................................................ 3. M. sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. – Tree; hypanthium glabrous; sepals abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous; styles 3‒5, glabrous; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.3 cm in diameter........................................................................................................................................... 11. M. xiaojinensis M.H.Cheng & N.G.Jiang 9. Lamina ovate, broadly ovate to elliptic ovate or rotund................................................................. 10 – Lamina ovate to oblong or triangular ovate.................................................................................... 12 10. Leaf margin occasionally lobed, apex acuminate or acute; hypanthium densely lanuginous; styles 5, basally puberulous.......................................................... 14. M. tschonoskii (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid. – Leaf margin unlobed, apex usually acuminate; hypanthium puberulous or glabrous; styles 5, basally glabrous............................................................................................................................................11 11. Small tree or shrub; lamina glabrous; umbel; pome solitary, ca 2.0‒ 3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow.......................................................................................................... 7. M. sylvestris (L.) Mill. – Tree; lamina puberulous or glabrous; corymb; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal, yellow to red, with fruit spots.............................................................. 17. M. prattii (Hemsl.) C.K.Schneid. 12. Small tree or shrub; lamina puberulous, sometimes 3-lobed, rarely 5-lobed; umbel; hypanthium puberulous or glabrous; sepals caducous; styles 3‒5, basally densely puberulent; pome ca 0.6‒0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose or oblate, yellow or red......... 8. M. toringo (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese – Small tree; lamina glabrous or puberulous, sometimes lobed; corymb; hypanthium densely puberulous; sepal persistent; styles 5, pubescent at base; pome ca 2.0‒3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow.......................................................... 21. M. ioensis (Alph.Wood) Britton 13. Lamina palmately lobed or divided................................................................................................ 14 – Lamina pinnately lobed or divided................................................................................................. 15 14. Tree; lamina base rounded or cuneate, apex acute, pubescent on abaxial blade, lobed; sepals persistent; styles 5, pubescent at base; pome ca 1.0 cm in diameter, oval or obovate.................................................................................................................................. 23. M. florentina (Zuccagni) C.K.Schneid. – Small tree or shrub; lamina base cordate or cuneate, apex acute or acuminate, puberulous, 3-lobed; sepals caducous or persistent; styles 4 or 5, glabrous; pome ca 0.8‒1.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red................................................................................... 26. M. komarovii (Sarg.) Rehder 15. Lamina base usually wide-cuneate, sometimes rounded or cordate; umbelliform corymb (appearance resembles umbel)............................................................................................................................ 16 – Lamina base usually rounded or cordate, sometimes cuneate; corymb; sepals abaxially glabrous or puberulous, adaxially densely puberulous, persistent; styles 5, pubescent at base; pome ca 2.5‒3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow............................................................... 22. M. coronaria (L.) Mill. 16. Lamina elliptic to ovate, piliferous, pubescent on midvein, usually 3-lobed or divided, sometimes unlobed; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.3 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal to subglobose, yellow...................................................................................................................................... 10. M. toringoides (Rehder) Hughes – Lamina oval to ovate, puberulous when young, then abaxially glabrescent, usually 3‒5-divided; pome ca 0.6‒0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red...... 12. M. transitoria (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. 17. Indumentum on young leaves, then glabrescent............................................................................. 18 – Indumentum on abaxial blade or midvein, sometimes glabrous.................................................... 19 18. Lamina oval to ovate, usually aubergine in young leaves, base cuneate, rarely rounded, apex acuminate, rarely retuse, discolorous; umbel; styles 3, rarely 4, basally puberulent; pome ca 0.8‒0.9 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red............................................. 2. M. hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehder – Lamina elliptical to oval, base cuneate or cordate, oblique, apex acuminate or acute, rarely obtuse, sporadically 3-lobed; umbelliform corymb; styles 2‒5 (3‒4), glabrous; pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, coniform, yellow to red.................................................... 6. M. fusca (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. 19. Lamina oblong to orbicular, base cuneate; styles 5, glabrous or with dense tomentum at base, stigma clavate; pome ca 2.0‒3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or coniform, yellow or red...................................................................................................................................... 5. M. orientalis Uglitzk. ex Juz. – Lamina elliptic to ovate, base rounded, cordate or cuneate; styles 4 or 5, basally crinite; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, tapering, red.......................................... 9. M. rockii Rehder 20. Insertion points of lamina base on either side of petiole are symmetrical...................................... 21 – Insertion points of lamina base on either side of petiole are asymmetrical; lamina oblong to ovate, base rounded or cuneate, apex acute or acuminate, pubescent when young then glabrescent, or glabrous; styles 5, pubescent at base; pome ca 2.5‒5.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red............................................................................................................................. 25. M. doumeri (Bois) A.Chev. 21. Leaf margin generally unlobed, sometimes lobed or divided......................................................... 22 – Leaf margin distinctly lobed, or divided, occasionally unlobed..................................................... 23 22. Small tree; lamina oval to ovate, base rounded, pubescent on midvein and abaxial blade; styles 4, glabrous; pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or pyriform, yellow to red................................................................................................... 13. M. sikkimensis (Wenz.) Koehne ex C.K.Schneid. – Tree; lamina oval to oblong, base cordate, rounded or truncate, villous on abaxial blade, rarely 3‒5-lobed; styles 3‒5, glabrous; pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, red or yellow, with fruit spots........................................................................................ 19. M. ombrophila Hand. -Mazz. 23. Lamina palmately lobed or divided, ovate, base cordate, pubescent on abaxial blade; umbel; styles 5, pubescent at base; pome ca 1.0‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or ellipsoidal, red........................................................................................................ 24. M. trilobata (Labill. ex Poir.) C.K.Schneid. – Lamina pinnately lobed or divided................................................................................................. 24 24. Sepals persistent.............................................................................................................................. 25 – Sepals caducous, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous; lamina oval to ovate, base rounded, truncate or cordate, puberulous or glabrous, usually 3-lobed; styles 3, rarely 2 or 4, glabrous or puberulous; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal, yellow to red, with fruit spots........................................................................................................... 16. M. kansuensis (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. 25. Small tree or shrub; lamina usually oval, sometimes elliptical, base rounded, truncate or cordate, apex acute or obtuse, with dense pubescence on midvein, usually 3‒6-lobed; styles 3 or 4, glabrous; pome ca 0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red, with white fruit spots................................................................................................................................................... 15. M. honanensis Rehder – Tree; lamina oval to oblong, base cordate, rounded or truncate, apex acuminate, acute or obtuse, pubescent on abaxial blade, usually 3‒5-lobed; styles 5, glabrous; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, oblate or oval, red, with white fruit spots.............................................................................................................................................................. 18. M. yunnanensis (Franch.) C.K.Schneid., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Miller P. 1754. Gardeners Dictionary Abridged 4 th Ed., Vol. 2. Rivington, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 79061","Tournefort J. P. 1700. Institutiones Rei Herbariae Vol. 3. E Typographia Regia, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 713","de Candolle A. P. 1825. Rosaceae. In: Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Vol. 2: 525 - 639. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 286","Focke W. O. 1888. Rosaceae. In: Engler A. & Prantl K. (eds) Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 rd Ed. 3 (3): 1 - 396. W. Engelmann, Leipzig. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4635"]}

9. Malus rockii Rehder Figs 25–26 Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 14 (3): 206 (Rehder 1933). Pyrus rockii (Rehder) M.F.Fay & Christenh., Plant Gateway’s The Global Flora: A Practical Flora to Vascular Plant Species of the World. Vol. 4: 118 (Christenhusz et al. 2018). – Type: CHINA • Yunnan, west of Talifu, Mekong watershed, on the road to Young-chang and Tengyueh beyond Lampba, along watercourses; alt. 7000 ft; Sep.-Oct. 1922; fr; J.F. Rock 6842; type: A [A00026653]!; isotype: US[US00097446]! Pyrus baccata γ himalaica Maxim., Bulletin de l’Académie impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 171 (Maximowicz 1874). – Malus baccata var. himalaica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 721, fig. 397s (Schneider 1906b). – Malus baccata subsp. himalaica (Maxim.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). Examined specimens CHINA – Chongqing • Shizhu; 1 May 1978; fr; W.H. Wang 309; CDBI • Nanchuan; 20 Apr. 1996; fl; Z.Y. Chen 17984; PE • Chengkou; 1 Jul. 1958; fr; T.L. Dai 105708; CDBI. – Guangxi • Quanzhou; 1 Jun. 2005; fr; Q. Li 0654; PE. – Shaanxi • Foping; 7 Jul. 1952; fr; B.Z. Guo 1592; CDBI • ibid.; 1 Jun. 1952; fr; K.J. Fu 4541; CDBI. – Sichuan • Kangding; 19 May 1961; fl; S. Jiang et al. 2860; PE • Ganzi; 18 Jul. 1961; fr; S. Jiang et al. 9448; PE • Zhaojue; 2 Apr. 1982; fl; Jiang et al. 19A; PE • Longquanshan; 1 Mar. 1979; fl; B.C. Gao 8775; CDBI • Yanyuan; 25 Apr. 2007; fl; Y.Y. Gen, D.H. Zhu & X.J. Li 20070223; WCSBG. – Tibet • Jilong; 7 Sep. 1990; fr; B.S. Li et al. 13565; PE • Chayu; 28 Jul. 1980; fr; Ni et al. 0877; PE • Bomi; 27 Jun. 1965; fr; J.S. Ying & D.Y. Hong 650338; PE • ibid.; 11 May 1976; fl; Qingzang Zhibei Group 11655; PE • Jilong; 2 Jun. 1972; fl; Xizhang zhongcaoyao Expedition 84; PE. – Yunnan • Deqin; s.d.; fr; G. Forrest 12846; IBSC • Weixi; 20 Jul. 1981; fr; Institute of Beijing botany Hengduanshan Team 01720; PE • ibid.; 20 Sep. 1974; fr; P. Zhang 74084; PE • Zhongdian; 14 Jun. 1981; fl; Qingzang- Hengduanshan Team 1028; PE • Jingdong; 24 Jul. 2003; fr; G.P. Yang 117; PE • Dali; 17 Sep. 2009; fr; Z.J. Yin et al. 2419; PE. Description Tree, 8‒10 m high. Branches terete, crinite when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.3 cm long, crinite. Lamina 5.3‒7.2 (12) × 2.9‒3.7 cm, elliptic to ovate, base rounded, cordate or cuneate, oblique, apex acuminate, margin serrulate, blade puberulous abaxially or on midvein. Inflorescence umbellate, with 4‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.3 cm long, lanuginous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.4 × 0.9 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 20‒25, unequal. Styles 4 or 5, longer than stamens, basally crinite. Pome ca 1.0‒1.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, tapering, red. Carpopodium ca 3.8 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests on slopes or in valleys; 1500‒3800 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Chinging, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan) (Fig. 25). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51, 54, 68. Note Flora of China (Ku & Spongberg 2003) considered Pyrus baccata var. himalaica Maxim. and Malus rockii Rehder as nomenclatural synonyms. We agree with this treatment., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 43-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Rehder A. 1933. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 14 (3): 199 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185280","Maximowicz C. J. 1874. Diagnoses des nouvelles plantes du Japon et la Mandjourie, XVe decade. Bulletin de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 19: 158 - 186.","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34."]}

1c. Malus baccata var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid. Figs 9–10 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 721 (Schneider 1906b). Pyrus baccata var. mandshurica Maxim. (Pirus baccata β mandshurica Maxim.), Bulletin de l’Académie impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 170 (Maximowicz 1874). – Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov, Izvestiya glavnogo botaniceskago Sada SSSR 25: 146 (Skvortsov 1926). – Malus baccata subsp. mandshurica (Maxim.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). – Type: CHINA • Mandshurica austro-orientalis, Bay Guérin sinus Victoriae; 1860; fl, fr; Maximowicz s.n.; lectotype: NY [NY00415893]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P03339959]! Malus sachalinensis Juz., Flora USSR Vol. 9: 371 (Juzepczuk 1939). – Malus baccata subsp. sachalinensis (Juz.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). – Malus mandshurica subsp. sachalinensis (Juz.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). – Malus mandshurica var. sachalinensis (Juz.) Ponomar., Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 62 (6): 829 (Ponomarenko 1977). – Type: RUSSIA • Sakhalinskaya Oblast, Insula Sachalin; Jun. 1860; fr; Fridericus Schmidt s.n.; lectotype: LE [LE01082068]!, here designated; isolectotype: LE [LE01082066]! Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Jinzhai; 18 May 1985; fl; G. Yao 9007; NAS • Huangshan; 16 May 1979; fl; M.B. Deng & G. Yao 79179; NAS • Shexian; 16 May 1959; fr; Anonymous 1749; NAS. – Beijing • Wofosi; 24 Apr. 1962; fl; Renguo 34; PE. – Chongqing • Beibei; 8Apr. 1996; fl; S.Y. Jiang 96004; CDBI • Wulong; 17 Jun. 2012; fr; Wulong Team 500232-307; IMC. – Gansu • Changxian; 23 Aug. 1939; fl, fr; W.Y. Hsia 6294; PE. – Guangdong • Ruyuan; 10 Apr. 1934; fl; X.P. Gao 54078; NAS. – Guizhou • Suiyang; 26 Apr. 1989; fl; K.M. Lan 8900890; GZAC • Wudang; 22 Jul. 2004; fr; Wudang Team 14722-520112140722045LY; GZTM. – Hebei • Shexian; 3 May 2014; fl; Team 16 130426140503012LY; HBNU. – Henan • Lingbao; 12 Jun. 2016; fl; C.S. Zhu et al. 150512013; AU • ibid.; 10 Aug. 2014; fr; C.S. Zhu et al. 14081067; AU. – Heilongjiang • Haerbin; 1 Jun. 2004; fr; C.M. Tan et al. HEI014; JJF • locality unknown; 28 May 1950; fl, fr; C.Y. Wu 180; PE • Northeast agronomical forest farm; 18 May 1951; fl, fr; W. Wang & Z. Wang 225; PE. – Hubei • Huanggang; 28 Apr. 2015; fl; Z.W. Wang WZW01358; CSH • 28 Apr. 2015; fr; B.J. Ge et al. GBJ04557; CSH • Wuhan; 1983; fr; C.Q. Wang 72; CCAU. – Jilin • Antu; 8 Jun. 1960; fr; C.S. Wang et al. 4684; IBK • Changbaishan; 1955; fr; Genxin team 24; CAF. – Liaoning • Jinxian; 1 May 1984; fl, fr; J.Q. Deng 7; PE. – Qinghai • Xining; 19 May 1990; fl; Z.H. Zhang 5938; HNWP • ibid.; 4 Aug. 1990; fr; Z.H. Zhang 5464; HNWP. – Shandong • Xiashan; 17 Jul. 2012; fr; S.H. Hui & H. Ming 223; SDFGR • Weihai; 13 Apr. 2012; fl; Y.M. Fang 070; SDFGR • Qingdao; 16 Aug. 2012; fr; D.K. Zang 121413; SDFGR. – Shanxi • Taiyuan; 26 Apr. 1990; fl; Z.Y. Li & H.Q. Li 904001-2; SXU [SXU- SD00014345] • Luyashan; 28 Aug. 1959; fr; X.Y. Liu 15919; HSIB. – Shaanxi • T’aipeishan; 18 Jul. 1933; fl, fr; T.P. Wang 1495; PE, NAS, NKU • Taipaishan; 21 Apr. 1939; fl; K.T. Fu 2972; IBK • ibid.; 15 May 1937; fl; T.P. Wang 6759; IBK. – Shanghai • Xuhui; 16 Jun. 2011; st; H.Q. Li et al. SDP02865; CSH • Changning; 13 Apr. 1950; fl; F.X. Liu & J.X. Tan 56; NAS. – Sichuan • Bazhong; 23 Apr. 2015; fl; Y. He & H. Tian GWS201504121, GWS201504139; BNU • Emeishan; Oct. 1931; fr; F.T. Wang 23671; NAS. – Zhejiang • Tianmushan; 21 Jun. 1957; fr; X.Y. He 22345; NAS, HHBG • ibid.; 20 May 1957; fl; Deng et al. 4007; NAS. JAPAN – Shinano • Kakuma Osa-son; 16 Sep. 1952; fr; Miyoshi Furuse 25712; PE. RUSSIA – Primorakaja • Wladiwostok; 20 May 1906; fl; H.A. ПаЛЬчевЄКій [H.A. Pal’chyevyekіy] 2357; PE. SOUTH KOREA – locality unknown ; 18 May 1911; fl; G. Palph & M.D. Mills s.n.; PE • ibid.; 20 May 1909; fl; G. Palph & M.D. Mills s.n.; PE. Description Tree, 10‒15 m high; branches terete, densely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole 1.8‒4.1 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 5.8 × 3.3 cm, oval to ovate, base cuneate, apex retuse to caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous or glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3‒6 flowers. Pedicel 1.4‒4.8 cm long, usually puberulous. Hypanthium glabrous or puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.2 × 6.7 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 15‒20, unequal. Styles 4 or 5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 0.7× 0.6 cm, subglobose, red. Carpopodium ca 3.3 cm long, majority puberulous. Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forest on slopes, mountain summits and in valleys; 100‒2000 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan (Nagano, Shinano), North Korea, South Korea, and Russia (Fig. 9). Chromosome number 2n = 34. Note The Latin word ‘manshurica’ is used by some herbaria, but we unified it to ‘mandshurica’ according to the priority principle (i.e., Malus baccata var. mandshurica = Malus mandshurica = Malus manshurica). In addition, the lectotype designated by Langenfeld (1991: 158) (RUSSIA • Novik Bay on the Russian island, near Vladivostok; 25 May and 28 Aug. 1860; fl, fr; Maximowicz s.n.; lectotype: LE) is invalid, so we designated a new one here on the basis of Maximowicz’s record., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 19-23, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Maximowicz C. J. 1874. Diagnoses des nouvelles plantes du Japon et la Mandjourie, XVe decade. Bulletin de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 19: 158 - 186.","Skvortsov B. V. 1926. Izvestiya glavnogo botaniceskago Sada SSSR 25: 146.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Juzepczuk S. V. 1939. Rosales and Saraceniales. In: Komarov V. L. (ed.) Flora USSR Vol. 9. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad [Saint Petersburg].","Ponomarenko V. V. 1977. Specific compositon of wold growing apple trees in the USSR and centers of their genetic diversity. Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 62 (6): 820 - 831.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

14. Malus tschonoskii (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid. Figs 35–36 Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 179 (Schneider 1906a). Pyrus tschonoskii Maxim., Bulletin de l’Académie impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 169 (Maximowicz 1874). – Pyrus tschonoskii β hoggii (= Pyrus hoggii) Franch. & Sav., Enumeratio plantarum japonicarum Vol. 2: 349 (Franchet & Savatier 1878). – Eriolobus tschonoskii Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (1): 73, tab. 37 (Rehder 1903b). – Cormus tschonoskii Koidz., Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 23 (272): 171 (Koidzumi 1909). – Macromeles tschonoskii Koidz., Florae Symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae: 53 (Koidzumi 1930). – Docyniopsis tschonoskii (Maxim.) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (3): 162 (Koidzumi 1934a). – Type: JAPAN • Honshu, Kyoto, near Ebidani, Hiyoshicho, Funaigun; alt. 400 m; 3 May 1963; fl; G. Murata 18042; lectotype: LE, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 126; isolectotype: P [P03240535]! Examined specimens JAPAN – Honshu • Kanagawa; 12 Aug. 1967; fr; Miyoshi Furuse 45632; KUN, PE • ibid.; 4 May 1927; fl; T. Sawada s.n.; PE • ibid.; s.d.; st; Savatier 3425; P • Kyoto; 12 Sep. 1949; fr; Miyoshi Furuse 21572; PE • ibid.; 3 May 1963; fr; G. Murata 18042; P, PE • Settsu; 18 Jun. 1961; fr; G. Murata 14068; PE • Saitama; 3 Jun. 1949; st; Miyoshi Furuse 20634; PE • Shinano; 3 May 1960; fl; Miyoshi Furuse 36737; PE • Shiga; 2 Oct. 1983; st; Miyoshi Furuse 52215; PE • Miyagi; 5 May 1987; fl; H. Hoshi et al. 2240; HIMC • North of Japan; 1866–1874; fl; Savatier 3709; P. UNITED STATES – Massachusetts • Boston; 5 May 1981; fl; S. Davis et al. 81-299; PE • ibid.; 5 Sep. 1979; fr; K. Clausen et al. 79-77; PE. Description Tree, 10‒15 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.6‒3.0 cm long, densely lanuginous. Lamina 5.7‒8.7 × 3.6‒6.7 cm, oval to ovate, base rounded or cordate, equilateral, apex acuminate or acute, margin crenate to serrulate, blade densely pubescent on midvein and young leaf, occasionally lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 2‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.9 cm long, densely lanuginous. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.2 × 0.7 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 20‒30, unequal. Styles 5, as long as or shorter than stamens, basally puberulous. Pome ca 1.8‒2.1 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.7 cm long, lanuginous. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from October to November. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in foothill forests; sea level to 1000 m a.s.l. Distribution Japan (Fig. 35). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 56-58, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 a. LXVIII. Species varietatesque pomacearum novae. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 218 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19060034006","Maximowicz C. J. 1874. Diagnoses des nouvelles plantes du Japon et la Mandjourie, XVe decade. Bulletin de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 19: 158 - 186.","Franchet A. & Savatier L. 1878. Enumeratio plantarum japonicarum Vol. 2. F. Savy, Paris.","Rehder A. 1903 b. Eriolobus tschonoskii, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 1 (2): 73 - 74. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Koidzumi G. 1909. Notes on Japanese Rosaceae. Shokubutsugaku zasshi [Botanical Magazine] 23 (272): 165 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.23.272 _ 165","Koidzumi G. 1930. Florae Symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae, Sive, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Flora of Eastern Asia. Kyoto","Koidzumi G. 1934 a. Contributiones ad Floram Asiae Orientalis. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (3): 146 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594167","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

22. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. Figs 51–52 Gardeners Dictionary, 8 th Ed .: Malus no. 2 (Miller 1768). Pyrus coronaria L., Species Plantarum Vol. 1: 480 (Linnaeus 1753). – Type : COUNTRY UNKNOWN • s.d.; Linnaeus s.n.; holotype: LINN [LINN-HL647-5]! Malus bracteata Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 230 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus bracteata L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Malus coronaria var. bracteata (Rehder) Likhonos, Kul’turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14: 34 (Likhonos 1983). – Type: USA • Campbell, Dunklin County; 22 Apr. 1912; fl; B.F. Bush 6631A; lectotype: A [A00026590]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [00026588]!, GH [GH00026589]! Malus coronaria var. dasycalyx Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 52–53 (Rehder 1920). – Pyrus coronaria var. dasycalyx (Rehder) Fernald, Rhodora 49: 232 (Fernald 1947). – Type : USA • Ohio Toledo, Maumee River bank, Walbridge Park; 28 Sep. 1914; fr; R.E. Horsey 253; lectotype: A [A00026594]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026593, A00026595]! Malus coronaria var. dasycalyx f. charlottae Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 53 (Rehder 1920). – Type: USA • Illinois, Waukegan; 1 Jun. 1919; fl; E.P. Dewolf s.n.; lectotype: A [A00026591]!, here designated. Malus coronaria var. hoopesii Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 142 (Rehder 1911b). – Malus platycarpa var. hoopesii (Rehder) Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 227 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus platycarpa var. hoopesii L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type : USA • Massachussetts, Boston, Jamaica Plain, cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum; 9 Oct. 1903; fr; Anonymous s.n.; lectotype: A [00026634]!, here designated. Malus coronaria var. puberula Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 229‒230 (Rehder 1913b). – Malus angustifolia var. puberula (Rehder) Rehder, Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 23: 261 (Rehder 1914). – Pyrus angustifolia var. puberula (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type : USA • Louisiana, Winnfield, Winn Parish; 6 Apr. 1913; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; lectotype: A [A00026579]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026580]! Malus fragrans Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 228 (Rehder 1913b). – Type: USA • New York, Ontario County, Canandaigua; 19 May 1911; fl.; B.H. Slavin 2; lectotype: A [A01861241]!, here designated; isolectotype: A[A01861269]! Malus fragrans var. elongata Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 229 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus elongata (Rehder) Ashe, Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 34 (3): 139 (Ashe 1918b), nom. nud. – Malus elongata (Rehder) Ashe, Bulletin of the Charleston Museum 12 (5): 38 (Ashe 1916). – Malus coronaria var. elongata (Rehder) Rehder, Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 23: 261 (Rehder 1914). – Pyrus coronaria var. elongata L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type: USA • North Carolina, Highlands, Macon County, Highlands; 20 May 1911; fl; T.G. Harbison 625; holotype: NCU [NCU00043395]!; isotype: A [A00026601, A00026602]! Malus glabrata Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 225, tab. 188 (Rehder 1913a). – Malus coronaria var. glabrata (Rehder) Likhonos, Kul’turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14: 33 (Likhonos 1983). – Type : USA • North Carolina, Buncombe; 29 Apr. 1911; fl; T.G. Harbison 522; holotype: NCU [NCU00043536]!; isotype: A [A00026603, A00026604]!, NCU [NCU00043537]! Malus glaucescens Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 139, tab. 187 (Rehder 1911a). – Malus coronaria var. glaucescens (Rehder) Likhonos, Kul’turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14: 33 (Likhonos 1983). – Type: USA • New York, Rochester, Maple Grove Park; 25 May 1904 and 1905; fl; J. Dunbar s.n.; type: A, designated by Rehder 1913: 139. Malus lancifolia Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 141, t. 157 (Rehder 1911b). – Pyrus coronaria var. lancifolia (Rehder) Fernald, Rhodora 49: 232 (Fernald 1947). – Malus coronaria var. lancifolia (Rehder) C.F.Reed, Phytologia 63 (5): 410 (Reed 1987). – Type : USA • Missouri, Jackson, Courtney; 29 Apr. 1906; B.F. Bush 3869; lectotype: A [A00026630]!, here designated; isolectotype: GH [GH00026631]!, NY [NY01163660]! Malus platycarpa Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 227, pl. 189 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus platycarpa L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Malus coronaria var. platycarpa (Rehder) Likhonos, Kul’turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14: 33 (Likhonos 1983). – Type: USA • North Carolina, Macon County, Franklin, Tennessee Valley; 22 Apr. 1911; fl; T.G. Harbison 503; type: A [A00026632, A00026633]! – Malus platycarpa var. parvula Ashe, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49 (9): 268 (Ashe 1922). – Type: USA • Georgia, Habersham County; Oct. 1913; W.W. A s.n.; herbarium unknown. Pyrus carolinensis Ashe, Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 34 (3): 138 (Ashe 1918b). – Malus carolinensis Ashe, Bulletin of the Charleston Museum 14 (2): 10 (Ashe 1918a). – Type: USA • North Carolina, Transilvana County, Mills River; 26 Sep. 1917; st; W.W. Ashe 60; lectotype: NY [NY01163662]!, here designated; isolectotype: NCU [NCU00000344, NCU00000345]! Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Alabama • Valleyhead; 11 Oct. 1911; st; T.G. Harbison s.n.; A • Piedmont; 1 Nov. 1941; st; C. Dorman s.n.; A. – Delaware • New Castle; 15 May 1937; fl; R.R. Tatnall 3296; GH • near Stanton; 13 May 1897; fl; Anonymous s.n.; A [01861073]. – Georgia • Rabun; 2 Jun. 1916; st; T.G. Harbison H1228; A. – Illinois • Waukegan; 22 Jun. 1920; fl; E.P. Dewolf s.n.; A. – Kentucky • Olympia Spring; 11 Sep. 1913; st; C.S. Sargent s.n.; A. – Louisiana • near Winnfield; 6 Apr.; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; A. – Michigan • Oakland; 2 Jun. 1931; fl; O.A. Farwell 8877; GH. – New York • Ontario; 20 Sep. 1990; fr; Professor Zhen-Long Yan 1067; PE. – North Carolina • Clay; 18 May 1980; fl; D.E. Boufford et al. 22098; HHBG, PE, SZ. – Ohio • Lorain; 13 May and 14 Aug. 1913; fl, fr; F.O. Grover s.n.; NAS • Fairfield; 24 Sep. 1914; st; R.E. Horsey 223; A • Mahoning; 27 May 1917; fl; R.E. Horsey 631; A. – Pennsylvania • Stromberg; 22 May; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; A [01861497]. – Virginia • Tip Top; 25 May 1914; fl; T.C. Harbison 1615; A. Description Small tree or shrub, 5‒10 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.6‒2.3 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina ca 4.6‒5.6 × 2.8‒3.5 cm, oblong to ovate, base cordate, rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute, rounded or obtuse, margin biserrate or entire, blade glabrous or puberulous, sometimes lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4‒6 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0‒ 3.3 cm long, crinite or glabrous. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous or puberulous, adaxially densely puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.2‒1.9 × 0.7‒1.3 cm, white, pink or premium pink, obovate to oblong. Stamens ca 20, unequal, with pink or purple anther. Styles 5, as long as or longer than stamens, pubescent at base. Pome ca 2.5‒3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 1.2‒4.0 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Phenology Flowers from April to June. Mature fruits from September to November. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests and shrubs in open areas of valleys, beside streams or roadsides; 50‒1000 m a.s.l. Distribution United States (Fig. 51). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51, 68., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 76-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Miller P. 1768. Gardeners Dictionary, 8 th Ed. Rivington, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 541","Linnaeus C. 1753. Species Plantarum Vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm].","Rehder A. 1913 b. Malus platycarpa, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 227 - 232. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Bailey L. H. 1916 a. Nomenclatorial transfers. Rhodora 18: 152 - 160.","Likhonos F. D. 1983. Kul'turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14. Leningra.","Rehder A. 1920. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 44 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185141","Fernald M. L. 1947. Minor transfers in Pyrus. Rhodora 49: 229 - 233.","Rehder A. 1911 b. Malus lancifolia, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 141 - 143. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Rehder A. 1914. Einige neuere oder kritische Geholze. Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 23: 257 - 263.","Ashe W. W. 1918 b. Additions to the arborescent flora of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 34 (3): 130 - 140.","Ashe W. W. 1916. Notes on Pomaceae of upper South Carolina. Bulletin of the Charleston Museum 12 (5): 37 - 43.","Rehder A. 1913 a. Malus glabrata, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 225 - 226. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Rehder A. 1911 a. Malus glaucescens, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 139 - 140. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Reed C. F. 1987. New combinations required for the Flora of Central Eastern United States. Phytologia 63 (5): 409 - 412.","Ashe W. W. 1922. Notes on trees and shrubs of the Southeastern United States. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49 (9): 265 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2480228","Ashe W. W. 1918 a. Notes on trees. Bulletin of the Charleston Museum 14 (2): 9 - 12."]}

25. Malus doumeri (Bois) A.Chev. Figs 57–58 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 170: 1129 (Chevalier 1920). Pyrus doumeri Bois, Bulletin de la Société botanique de France 51: 113 (Bois 1904). – Docynia doumeri C.K.Schneid., Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 180 (Schneider 1906a). – Eriolobus doumeri (Bois) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 728 (Schneider 1906b). – Docynia indica var. doumeri (Bois) A.Chev., Revue de Botanique appliquée et d’Agriculture tropicale 22: 379 (Chevalier 1942). – Type : VIETNAM • Annam, Lang-bian, on border of forest; alt. 2000 m; st; M. Auguste d’André s.n.; type: P [P01819344]! Malus formosana Kawak. & Koidz., Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 25 (292): 146 (Kawakami 1911). – Pyrus formosana Kawak. & Koidz. ex Hayata, Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30 (Art. 1): 100 (Hayata 1911). – Pyrus formosanus Kawak. & Koidz., A List of Plants of Formosa: 34 (Kawakami 1910). – Malus doumeri var. formosana (Kawak. & Koidz.) S.S.Ying, Memoirs of the College of Agriculture; National Taiwan University 31 (1): 33 (Ying 1991). – Type : CHINA • Taiwan, Hakku-taisan; 1 Sep. 1910; st; U. Mori s.n.; lectotype: IT, here designated; isotype: IBSC [IBSC0004357]! Pyrus laosensis Cardot, Notulae Systematicae (Paris) 3: 345 (Cardot 1918). – Malus laosensis (Cardot) A.Chev., Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 170: 1129 (Chevalier 1920). – Docyniopsis laosensis (Cardot) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 196 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Docynia indica var. laosensis (Cardot) A.Chev., Revue de Botanique appliquée et d’Agriculture tropicale 22: 379 (Chevalier 1942). – Type : LAOS • Xieng Kouang et Napé; s.d.; fr; C.J. Spire 540; lectotype: P [P00781058]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P00781059, P00781060]! Pyrus melliana Hand.-Mazz., Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematischenaturwissenschaftliche Klasse 60: 96 (Handel-Mazzetti 1923). – Malus melliana (Hand.-Mazz.) Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 20 (4): 414 (Rehder 1939). – Type : CHINA • Guangdong, Tsatmukngao, Lianping; alt. 500‒1000 m; 15 Jul. 1920; fr; R. Mell 657; holotype: WU [WU0059420]!; isotype: A [A00032498]! Malus asiatica var. argutiserrata Hu & F.H.Chen, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 1 (2): 225 (Hu & Chen 1951). – Type : CHINA • Jiangxi, Xiushui Xian; 7 Jul. 1950; fr; Y.G. Xiong 6669; holotype: PE [PE00004596]! Malus leiocalyca S.Z.Huang, Guihaia 9 (4): 305 (Huang 1989), syn. nov. – Pyrus leiocalyca (S.Z.Huang) M.F.Fay & Christenh., Plant Gateway’s The Global Flora: A Practical Flora to Vascular Plant Species of the World. Vol. 4: 110 (Christenhusz et al. 2018). – Type : CHINA • Fujian, Chongan Xian, on the way from Yongguan to Huangganshan; alt. 1300 m; 2 May 1981; fl; Wuyi Expedition 2414; holotype: IBSC; isotype: FJSI [FJSI01268, FJSI012682]!, IBG, PE [PE00952781]! Examined specimens CHINA – Fujian • Wuping; 10 Sep. 1983; fr; Meihuashan Team 151; FJSI, IBSC • Congan; 12 Aug. 1979; fr; Wuyi Exp 00061; PE • ibid.; 23 Jul. 1974; fr; 236-6 Team 829; PE • Guangze; 24 Aug. 1981; fr; P. Lin 8276; AU • Wuyishan; 19 Aug. 1984; fr; H.Y. Zou et al. 20058; CSFI • Yongan; 7 Dec. 1932; st; T.S. Wang 1304; AU • Shaowu; 2 Oct. 1936; fr; H.C. Zhou 5135; IBSC • Nanping; 21 May 1932; st; J. He 2035; PE. – Guangdong • Meizhou; 5 Oct. 2004; fr; X.F. Zeng ZXF00682; CZH • ibid.; 21 May 2011; st; X.F. Zeng ZXF11007; CZH • Gaozhou; 23 Jul. 1959; fr; P.C. Zhou 10307; PE • Meixian; 26 Jun. 1957; fr; X.G. Li 201068; PE • Dabu; 9 Jun. 1957; fr; L. Deng 11960; PE • Ruyuan; 29 Jun. 1957; fr; Y.G. Liu 000563; PE • Ta ching; 6 Dec. 1927; st; W.Y. Chun 4840; PE • Guangzhou; 9 Feb. 1953; fl; S.Q. Chen 8199; PE • Heyuan; 28 Jun. 1958; fr; Z.F. Wei 120682; NAS, IBK, KUN, PE. – Guizhou • Leigongshan; 5 Sep. 1959; fr; Qiannan Team 4002; PE, NAS • Zhenfeng; 24 Oct. 1930; fr; Y. Tsiang 4399; PE • Libo; 22 Apr. 2018; fr; R. Qiu 201810055; QNUN. – Hunan • Pingjiang; 21 Apr. 2012; fl; J.X. Li et al. 1674; CSFI • Yizhang; 21 Oct. 1956; fr; L.H. Liu 198; NAS • Xinning; 16 Jul. 1980; fr; Z.C. Luo 391; PE, HUSF • Zhijiang; 24 May 1959; fr; P.X. Tan 62505; FJSI, IBK, IBSC. – Jiangsu • Nanjing; 9 May 1983; fr; D.X. Zuo s.n.; NAS • Lianyungang; 21 Jul. 1984; fr; D.X. Zuo et al. 501; NAS • Fuxi; 17 Aug. 1981; fr; F.Y. Yuan 11109; IBK. – Jiangxi • Linchi; 19 Jul. 1979; fr; D.C. Wu 79-023; PE • Xiushui; 1 Aug. 1947; fr; Y.G. Xiong 05439; PE • Suichuan; 24 Sep. 1963; fr; J.S. Yue et al. 4290; PE • ibid.; 9 Nov. 1965; fr; S.S. Lai et al. 5604; IBSC • Jinggangshan; 23 Sep. 1958; st; J. Xiong 2716; PE, LBG • ibid.; 15 Sep. 1979; fr; S.S. Lai, J.L. Wang & S.C. Zhang 113; LBG • Wugongshan; 22 Sep. 1954; fr; Jiangxi Expedition 1457; PE • Xunwu; 20 Jun. 1956; fr; Xiertongxue 1096; IBSC • Xinfeng; 22 Jul. 2018; fr; Z.B. Tang, W.W. Hu & L. Yang T180722039; GNNU. – Sichuan • Muli; 14 Oct. 1982; fr; F.D. Pu & G. Yao 143; NAS. – Shaanxi • Luojiacun; 14 May 1931; fr; Anonymous 22137; NAS. – Taiwan • Xinzhu; 16 Mar. 1999; fl; G.Z. Yang et al. 5428; PE • Taizhong; 28 Feb. 2001; fl; C.W. Wang & C.Y. Li 04716; PE • ibid.; 5 Jun. 2001; fr; C.M. Wang 05014; PE • Sintikusyu Tikutogun; 13 Oct. 1940; st; Suzuki Tokio ST 20727; PE. – Yunnan • Funing; 25 May 1940; fr; C.W. Wang & Y. Liu 89611; PE • locality unknown; s.d.; fl, fr; Anonymous s.n.; PE [00927626]. – Zhejiang • Lonagquan; s.d.; fr; R.H. Shan et al. 5777; NAS • ibid.; 4 Dec. 1927; fr; W.Y. Chun 5840; NAS • ibid.; 28 Aug. 1957; st; C.F. Zhang & Z.Z. Huang 37; PE • Jingning; Nov. 1958; fr; S.Y. Zhang et al. 24395; NAS • Kaihua; 2 Jun.1990; fr; Xu, Mei & Chen 0846; ZM • Lishui; 18 Apr. 2016; fl; Q.F. Zahng et al. ZX00141; CSH • Xianju; 18 May 1960; fr; Anonymous 7998; NAS • Wuyi; 4 Jul. 1985; fr; X.W. Zheng J8313-135; PE • Suichang; 2 May 1959; fr; M.L. She et al. 25791; NAS. LAOS • Xieng Kouang; s.d.; Dr. Spire 1568; P • Tran-ninh; s.d.; Pidance 2; P. Description Small tree or shrub, 4‒10 (15) m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Lamina ca 9.4 × 3.8 cm, oblong to ovate, base rounded or cuneate, oblique, apex acute or acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade pubescent when young then glabrescent, or glabrous. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.5‒3.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially puberulous, adaxially densely crinite, persistent. Petals yellowish-white, ovate. Stamens ca 30, unequal. Styles 5, pubescent at base. Pome ca 2.5‒5.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.3 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests in valleys or mountainous regions; 700‒2400 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (Fig. 57). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 83-87, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Chevalier A. 1920. Recherches sur les amygdalees et les pommiers des parties froides de l'Indo-Chine et du sud de la Chine. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 170: 1127 - 1129.","Bois D. G. J. M. 1904. Une nouvelle especes de pommier (1), le Pirus doumeri originaire du Lang-Bian (Annam). Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France 51: 113 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1904.10829098","Schneider C. K. 1906 a. LXVIII. Species varietatesque pomacearum novae. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 218 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19060034006","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Chevalier A. 1942. Les possibilites de l'Indochine du Nord en cultures fruitieres. Revue de Botanique appliquee et d'Agriculture tropicale 22: 363 - 391. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / jatba. 1942.1712 Christenhusz M. J. M., Fay M. F. & Byng J. W. 2018. Plant Gateway's The Global Flora: A Practical Flora to Vascular Plant Species of the World. Vol. 4 Special Edition: GLOVAP Nomenclature Part 1. Plant Gateway Ltd., Bradford.","Kawakami T. 1911. A new Malus of Formosa. Shokubutsugaku zasshi [Botanical Magazine] 25 (292): 145 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.25.292 _ 145","Hayata B. 1911. Materials for a flora of Formosa. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30 (Art. 1): 1 - 471.","Kawakami T. 1910. A List of Plants of Formosa. Bureau of Productive Industry, Govt. of Formosa, Taihoku. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11038","Ying S. S. 1991. Miscellaneous notes on flora of Taiwan (XIV). Memoirs of the College of Agriculture; National Taiwan University 31 (1): 18 - 39.","Cardot J. 1918. Rosacees nouvelles d'extreme orient. Notulae Systematicae (Paris) 3: 345 - 355.","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189","Handel-Mazzetti H. R. E. 1923. Plantae novae sinenses. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 60: 95 - 101.","Rehder A. 1939. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 20 (4): 409 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 325787","Hu H. H & Chen F. H. 1951. Notulae ad Floram Kiangsiensem I. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 1 (2): 221 - 229.","Huang S. Z. 1989. Study of the original plants of Chinese drug Shanzha. Guhaia 9 (4): 303 - 310."]}

Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019

19. Malus ombrophila Hand.-Mazz. Figs 45–46 Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 63: 1, 8 (Handel-Mazzetti 1926). Pyrus ombrophila (Hand.-Mazz.) M.F.Fay & Christenh., Plant Gateway’s The Global Flora: A Practical Flora to Vascular Plant Species of the World. Vol. 4: 114 (Christenhusz et al. 2018). – Type: CHINA • Yunnan, toward the end of the Tibeto-Birman river Nu Jiang (Salween) and Dulong Jiang (Djioudjiang), in the warm temperate valley Tjiontson-lumba below Tschamutong; alt. 2250‒2650 m; 28 Jun. 1916; fr; Handel-Mazzetti 9119; holotype: WU [WU0059445]! Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Haidian; 20 Apr. 1962; fl; Renguo 67; PE • ibid.; 28 Aug. 1962; fr; Renguo 54; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 23 Sep. 1958; fr; T.L. Dai 106040; PE. – Sichuan • Yanyuan; 9 May 1960; fl; S. Jiang et al. 5644; PE • Meigu; 21 Aug. 1959; fr; Chuanjingzhi 1913; PE • ibid.; 22 Oct. 1993; fr; Z.J. Ren 3921; PE • Luding; 22 Sep. 1953; fr; X.L. Jiang 37915; IBK • Leibo; 12 Aug. 1972; fr; 236 Renwuzu 0688; PE • Emeishan; 25 Jul. 1997; fr; G.Z. Li 15518; PE • Tah-liang-shan; 1 Sep. 1934; fr; T.T. Yu 3955; PE. – Tibet • Bomi; 3 Sept 1980; fr; Ecology Department Plateau Group 14870; PE • ibid.; 26 Sep. 2009; st; C.R. Zaxi & L. Xi ZhongY 730; KUN • Motuo; 1 Sep. 1980; fr; W.L. Chen 14591; PE • Chayu; 7 Oct. 2007; fr; Z.D. Fang, G. He & Q.E. Yang XZ-684; SABG • Milin; 9 Aug. 2012; fr; Yarlung Zangbo Expedition Team 783; BJM. – Yunnan • Gongshan; 31 Aug. 1940; fr; K.M. Feng 7209; PE • ibid.; 25 Jun. 1982; fl, fr; Qingzang Team 7531; PE • ibid.; 8 May 2018; fl; H.B. bai & X. He 533324180508128LY; SABG • Weixi; 19 Jul. 1981; fr; Institute of Beijing Hengduanshan Team 01693; PE • ibid.; Aug. 1935; fr; C.W. Wang 68690; PE, NAS • ibid.; 13 Jun. 1940; fl; K.M. Feng 4515; PE • Lijiang; 7 Nov. 1955; fr; K.M. Feng 21656; PE • Kiukiang; 3 Aug. 1937; fr; T.T. Yu 19595; PE • Deqin; 16 Jul. 1940; fr; K.M. Feng 5433; PE • ibid.; 7 Jun. 1937; fl; T.T. Yu 8521; PE. Description Tree, 10‒15 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.1‒3.0 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 8.1‒8.8 × 4.0‒ 4.8 cm, oval to oblong, base cordate, rounded or truncate, equilateral, apex acuminate, acute or obtuse, margin serrulate, blade abaxially villous, rarely 3‒5-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4‒12 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.7 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 0.6 × 0.4 cm, white, ovate. Stamens 15‒20, unequal. Styles 3‒5, glabrous. Pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, red or yellow, with fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.7 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers in June. Mature fruits in August. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests in valleys; 2000‒3500 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan) (Fig. 45). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 69-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Handel-Mazzetti H. R. E. 1926. Plantae novae sinenses, diagnosibus brevibus descriptae. 39. Forts. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 63: 1."]}

4. Malus kirghisorum Al.Fed. & Fed. Figs 15–16 Trudy Yuzhno-Kirgizskoy ekspedicii 1: 220 (Fedorov & Fedorov 1949). Malus sieversii subsp. kirghisorum (Al.Fed. & Fed.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 23 (Likhonos 1974). – Malus sieversii var. kirghisorum (Al.Fed. & Fed.) Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 174 (Langenfeld 1991). – Type: KYRGYZSTAN • Dzhalalabad, Тоi-taipan, on the right bank of the river Aktasch in a juglandin forest; 25 Sep. 1944; Al. Theodorov s.n.; lectotype: LE, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 174. Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Illinois • Lisle; 30 Apr. 2001; fl; S. Packard & P. Steinhouse 9243 V01; KUN [KUN0937410]. (Seeds wild collected from Tien Shan Kirgiz, SSR, USSR, cultivated in the Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, USA. Description Tree, 10‒14 m high. Branches terete; annotinal bud with sparse spines, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.9 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 8.0‒10.0 × 4.0‒6.0 cm, oblong to oval, base cuneate, equilateral, apex acuminate or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.0 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals triangular-lanceolate to triangular, longer than calyx tube, puberulous, caducous. Petals ca1.3 × 0.8 cm, white or light pink, obovate. Stamens 15‒20, unequal. Styles 3 or 4, longer than stamens, with dense tomentum at base. Pome ca 3.0‒8.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or coniform, yellow or green. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from July to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of the forest on slopes or in valleys. Distribution Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (Fig. 15)., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Fedorov Al. A. & Fedorov An. A. 1949. Apple trees of southern Kirgizia. Trudy Yuzhno-Kirgizskoy ekspedicii 1: 218 - 253.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

17. Malus prattii (Hemsl.) C.K.Schneid. Figs 41–42 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 719 (Schneider 1906b). Pyrus prattii Hemsl., Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 1895 (97): 16 (Hemsley 1895). – Docyniopsis prattii (Hemsl.) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 196 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Type: CHINA • Sichuan, west Szechuen and Tibetan frontier, chiefly near Tachienlu; alt. 9000‒13 000 ft; Dec. 1890; A.E. Pratt 93; lectotype: K [K000758434]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P01819343]! Malus baoshanensis G.T.Deng, Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University 9 (1): 47 (Deng et al. 1991). – Type : CHINA • Yunnan, Baoshan, Shabaxiang, Lijiasi; 29 May 1990; fl; G.T. Deng 9002; type: SAU. Malus prattii var. glabrata G.Z.Qian, Bulletn of Botanical Research 25 (2): 132 (Qian & Tang 2005). – Type : CHINA • Sichuan, Baoxing, Daqiangpeng; alt. 2750 m; 14 Apr. 1983; fl; X.S. Zhang & Y.X. Ren 5385; holotype: CDBI [CDBI10043762]!; isotype: CDBI [CDBI10043763, CDBI10043764, CDBI10043765]!, PE [00953187]!, SZ [00203448]!, SAU. Examined specimens CHINA – Chongqing • Nanchuan; 1 Oct. 1957; fr; J.H. Xiong & Z.L. Zhou 93784; PE • ibid.; 29 Sep. 1957; fr; J.H. Xiong & Z.L. Zhou 93722; PE • ibid.; 9 Jul. 1957; fr; G.F. Li 62561; NAS, PE, IBSC, SZ. – Guizhou • Fan-tsing Shan; 9 Aug. 1931; fr; S.S. Sin 51519; IBSC • Songtao; 7 Jul.1959; fr; Qianbei Team 1357; SHM. – Sichuan • Luding; 12 Aug. 2010; fr; J.I. Jeon et al. SI1473; PE • ibid.; 21 Jun. 1980; fr; Z.A. Liu 22579; IBSC • Tianquan; 29 Aug. 1963; fr; Chuangxi Team (K.J. Guan & W.C. Wang et al.) 2105; PE • ibid.; 15 jun. 1959; fr; Chuanjingzhi-Sichuan College of Agriculture Botany (58) 00990; PE • ibid.; 4 Aug. 1982; fr; D.Y. Peng 45926; IBSC • ibid.; 19 Sep. 1953; fr; X.L. Jiang 37826; IBK • Mianning; 20 Jul. 1959; fr; S.G. Wu 2043; PE • Shimian; 1955; fr; C.J. Xie 41965; IBSC • ibid.; 1955; fr; C.J. Xie 42054; PE • Emeishan; 1 Jul. 1952; fr; J.H. Xiong, X.S. Zhang & X.L. Jiang 31408; IBK • ibid.; 6 Aug. 1957; fr; G.H. Yang 56463; PE, SZ • ibid.; 27 Aug. 1935; fr; T.H. Tu 683; PE • Baoxing; 1 Jun. 1958; fl; Sichuan College of Agriculture 5385; CDBI • Ebian, 13 Oct. 1939; fr; T.N. Liou & C. Wang 1420; PE • Yaan; 19 Aug. 1978; fr; Lushan Team 78-0768; SM • Congzhou; 30 Jul. 2015; fr; W.B. Ju et al. AZH00382; CDBI. – Yunnan • Weixi; 11 May 1982; fl, fr; Qingzang Team 6444; PE • ibid.; 20 May 1940; fl, fr; K.M. Feng 4041; PE • ibid.; Aug. 1935; fr; Q.W. Wang 68174; PE • ibid.; Jun. 1935; fl, fr; W.Q. Wu 64070; PE. Description Tree, 8‒10 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9‒2.3 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina ca 8.0‒9.1 × 4.3‒5.1 cm, oval to oblong, base rounded or truncate, equilateral, apex acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous or glabrous. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.2 cm long, glabrous or puberulous Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, persistent or caducous. Petals ca 0.6 × 0.4 cm, white, orbicular. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 5, rarely 4, as long as stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal, yellow to red, with fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.6 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers in June. Mature fruits in August. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests; 1400‒3500 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (Fig. 41). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 63-66, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Hemsley V. B. 1895. Decades Kewenses. Plantarum Novarum in Herbario Horti Regii Conservatarum. Decas XII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 1895 (97): 15 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4111415","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189","Deng G. T., Li D. F. & Li Y. T. 1991. A new species of Malus genus in Yun-Nan. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University 9 (1): 47 - 51.","Qian G. Z. & Tang G. G. 2005. Two new varieties of the genus Malus Miller from China. Bulletin of Botanical Research 25 (2): 132 - 133."]}

23. Malus florentina (Zuccagni) C.K.Schneid. Figs 53–54 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 724 (Schneider 1906b). Crataegus florentina Zuccagni, Centuria I : Observationum Botanicarum: 30 (No. 72) (Zuccagni 1806). – Mespilus florentina (Zuccagni) Bertol., Opuscoli Scientifici 1 (2): 149 (Bertoloni 1817). – Pyrus florentina (Zuccagni) Targ. -Tozz., Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica della Società italiana delle Scienze desidente in Modena 20 (2): 302, tab. 5 (Targioni Tozzetti 1829). – Tormimalus florentina (Zuccagni) M.Roem., Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae: 131 (Roemer 1847). – Sorbus florentina (Zuccagni) K.Koch, Hortus Dendrologicus: 176 (Koch 1853). – Cormus florentina (Zuccagni) Decne., Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, Ser. 1 10: 157 (Decaisne 1874). – Eriolobus florentinus (Zuccagni) Stapf, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 156: sub tab. 9305, in obs (Stapf 1933). – Malosorbus florentina (Zuccagni) Browicz, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 16: 70 (Browicz 1970). – Tormimalus × florentina (Zuccagni) Holub, Preslia 70 (2): 115 (Holub 1998). – Type: ITALY • South Firenze, Mt. Cuccioli; 27 May 1874 and 23 Aug. 1874; fl, fr; Levier s.n.; neotype: FI [FI001747]!, designated by K. Browicz 1970: 72; isoneotype: FI [FI001748, FI001749]! Examined specimens ITALY – Abruzzo • L’Àquila; 1 Jul. 2002; fr; C. Navarro et al. CN 3928; PE. Description Tree, rarely ramifications. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.5‒2.0 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 3.0‒6.0 cm long, ovate, base rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially pubescent, lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 6‒8 flowers. Sepals persistent. Petals ca 1.5‒2.5 cm in diameter, white, obovate or oval. Stamens 20‒30, unequal. Styles 5, pubescent at base. Pome ca 1.0 cm in diameter, oval or obovate. Distribution Albania, Greece, Italy, Serbia and Turkey (Fig. 53)., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 80-81, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Zuccagni A. 1806. Centuria I: Observationum Botanicarum. Turici, Zurich.","Bertoloni A. 1817. Observationes botanicae. Opuscoli Scientifici 1 (1, 2): 57 - 80, 145 - 160.","Targioni Tozzetti O. 1829. Osservazioni botaniche. Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica della Societa italiana delle Scienze desidente in Modena 20 (2): 291 - 313.","Roemer M. 1847. Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae 3, Rosiflorae. Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Vimariae [Weimar, Germany]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49482","Koch K. 1853. Hortus Dendrologicus. F. Schneider & Co, Berlin.","Decaisne J. 1874. Memoire sur la famille des Pomacees. Nouvelles Annales du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Ser. 1 10: 113 - 192.","Stapf O. 1933. Eriolobus florentinus. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 156: tab. 9305.","Browicz K. 1970. \" Malus florentina \" - its history, systematic position and geographical distribution. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 16 (1): 61 - 83.","Holub J. 1998. Reclassifications and new names in vascular plants 1. Preslia 70 (2): 97 - 122."]}

2. Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehder Figs 11–12 Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 14 (3): 207 (Rehder 1933). Pirus communis Pavol., Nuovo Giornale botanico italiano 15: 415 (Pavolini 1908, non Linnaeus 1753). – Pirus hupehensis Pamp., Nuovo Giornale botanico italiano 17: 291 (Pampanini 1910). – Malus domestica var. hupehensis (Pamp.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 30 (Likhonos 1974). – Sinomalus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rushforth, Phytologia 100 (4): 245 (Rushforth 2018). – Type : CHINA • Hubei, Sian-men-kou; alt. ca 900 m; 1 May and 10 Jul. 1906; fl, fr; C. Silvestri 939; syntype: A [A00026649], photo! Malus theifera Rehder, Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2): 283 (Rehder 1915). – Pyrus theifera (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 155 (Bailey 1916a). – Type : CHINA • Hubei, Ichang; alt. 1000–1600 m; 27 May and Nov. 1907; fl, fr; E.H. Wilson 451; lectotype: A [A00026656]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026658]!, GH [GH00026657, GH00026659]!, K [K000758418, K000758419]!. Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Jinzhai; 18 May 2005; fr; M. Liu et al. A100139; PE • Huoshan; 20 Jun. 2005; fr; M. Liu et al. A50170; PE • Yuexi; 14 Aug. 1997; fr; Z.W. Xie & L. Zheng 97031; PE. – Beijing • Beijing botanical garden; Aug. 2003; st; L.C. Zhao s.n.; BJFC • 28 Aug. 1962; fl, fr; Renguo 22; PE. – Chongqing • Shizhu; 20 Sep. 1983; fl, fr; N.G. Jiang & L.C. Wang 139; PE • Wushan; 11 May 2008; fl; Zhiwusuo Sanxia Expedition 1460; PE. – Fujian • Chongan; 15 Sep. 1980; fr; Wuyi Expedition 2102; NAS • Taining; 5 Oct. 2017; fr; X.L. Hou 90987; AU • locality unknown; 25 Mar. 2016; fl; X.X. Su CSH15120; AU. – Gansu • Gannan; 5 Sep. 1958; st; Z.Y. Zhang 467; IBK • ibid.; 13 Aug. 1963; fr; Z.Y. Zhang 16584; PE • ibid.; 8 May 1957; fl; P. Zhang & L.F. Qi 914; PE. – Guangdong • Liannan; 9 Aug. 1958; fr; P.X. Tan 58919; KUN, PE, NAS, IBK, IBSC, SZ. – Guangxi • Xingan; 11 Sep. 1957; fr; Y.B. Xu 10689; IBK • Linchuan; 4 May 2015; fr; Zhang et al. 2015-148; PE • Min Shan; 13 Jun. 1928; fr; R.C. Ching 5935; IBSC, PE. – Guizhou • Songtao; 7 Jul. 1959; fr; Qianbei Team 1357; IBK, NAS, PE • Guiyang; 24 Mar. 1959: fl; Qiannan Team 0086; PE. – Henan • Lingbao; 11 May 2015; fl; Zhu et al. 150511032; AU • Xixia; 16 Jul. 1960; fr; K.J. Guan & T.L. Dai 1132; PE. – Hong Kong • locality unkonwn; 20 Aug. 1929; fr; C. Wang 3209; NAS. – Hubei • Badong; 22 Nov. 1997; fr; C.M. Tan 971816; IBSC, JJF • Xinshan; 8 Aug. 2008; fr; Zhao et al. EX1632; PE • Shennongjia; 29 Apr. 1987; fl; L.Q. Chen IV050001; CCAU. – Hunan • Hengshan; 1 Jun. 1943; fr; S.Q. Chen 3456; KUN, IBSC • Xinshao; 26 Apr. 2005; fl; B.Y. Li 6072; PE, HITBC, HUST. – Jilin • Fusong; 18 Sep. 1956; fr; C.S. Wang 629; IBK. – Jiangsu • Longche; 17 Aug. 1929; fr; Y.K. Keng 2421; IBSC • Nanjing; 9 Apr. 2012; fl; Y.N. Xiong & Z.X. Ma 4416; NAS. – Jiangxi • Wuning; 10 Aug. 1996; fr; C.M. Tan 9608050; IBSC • Lushan; 11 May 1953; fl; M.J. Wang 01518; LBG. – Shandong • Qingdao; 7 Jun. 1959; fr; T.Y. Zhou 1150; NAS • Kunyushan; 29 May 1957; fl; C.J. Liu & Q.S. Yan 151; PE. – Shaanxi • Langaoxian; 2 Aug. 2006; fr; Chen et al. 4727; WUK • T’aipeishan; 17 Apr. 1937; fl; T.P. Wang 6516; PE, IBK. – Shanghai • Chenshan; 16 Jun. 2011; fr; Li et al. SDP02735; CSH. – Sichuan • Liangshan; 16 Apr. 1983; fl; Fu et al. s.n.; PE • Emeishan; 21 Jul. 1952; fr; Xiong et al. 32123; IBK. – Yunnan • Kunming; 17 Aug. 1955; fr; J.S. Xin 50929; IBSC • Jianchuan; Jun. 1923; fl; G. Forrest 23523; PE. – Zhejiang • Andong; 27 Jun. 1987; fr; S.H. Xu L8532-138; IBSC • locality unknown; 5 May 1924; fl; R.C. Qin 1395; IBSC • Tianmushan; 14 May 1935; fl; H. Migo s.n.; PE. UNITED STATES – Massachusetts • Arnold Arboretum, cultivated; 27 Oct. 1973; fr; Shiu Ying Hu 13328; PE • ibid.; 12 May 1981; fl; S. Davis, C. Warren & M. Wolcott 81-286; PE. – New York • Ontario, cultivated; 25 Sep. 1990; st; Prof. Zhen-long Yan 1114; PE. Description Small tree or shrub, up to 8 m high. Branches terete, densely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2 cm long, glabrescent. Lamina ca 6.6 × 3.6 cm, oval to ovate, usually aubergine in young leaves, base cuneate, rarely rounded, usually oblique, apex acuminate, rarely retuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous or glabrescent, discolorous. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3‒6 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.1 cm long, glabrous or puberulent. Hypanthium usually glabrous. Sepals lanceolate to ovate triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous, rarely persistent. Petals ca 1.2 × 0.7 cm, white to red, obovate. Stamens 15‒20, unequal. Styles 3, rarely 4, longer than stamens, basally puberulent. Pome ca 0.8‒0.9 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.9 cm long, glabrous or puberulent at base. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forest on slopes or in valleys; 50‒2600 m a.s.l. Note The syntypes of Pyrus hupehensis Pamp. were collected in Sian-men-kou (Silvestri 939) and Ma-pauscian (Silvestri 940, 940a), Hubei (Hupeh), China. However, there are photographs from as early as 1932 in the Biondi herbarium at the Botanical Museum in Florence according to the record of Rehder, and now a scan of Silvestri 939 is available online in herbarium of Arnold Arboretum. Langenfeld designated a lectotype in 1991: 160 (CHINA • Fujian, Chongan, Sanghan-Tinmu-Guan; 11 Aug. 1952; Zhou Zhenying 239; lectotype: LE), but it is invalid because the type specimens have not been lost. Distribution China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, HongKong, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (Fig. 11). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51, 68., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 23-26, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Rehder A. 1933. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 14 (3): 199 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185280","Pavolini A. F. 1908. Contributo alla flora dell'Hu-pe. Nuovo Giornale botanico italiano; e Bollettino della Societa botanica italiana 15: 391 - 443.","Linnaeus C. 1753. Species Plantarum Vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm].","Pampanini R. 1910. Pyrus hupehensis Pampanini, n. sp. Nuovo Giornale botanico italiano; e Bollettino della Societa botanica italiana 17: 291.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Rushforth K. 2018. The Whitebeam problem, and a solution. Phytologia 100 (4): 222 - 246.","Rehder A. 1915. Rosaceae. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Plantae Wilsonianae Vol. 2 (2). The University Press, Cambridge. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 191","Bailey L. H. 1916 a. Nomenclatorial transfers. Rhodora 18: 152 - 160.","Uglitzkich A. N. 1932. Elements of a technique of morphological identification of wild apple trees. Trudy severo-kavkazskogo Instituta spetsialnykh i tekhnicheskikh Kul'tur 1 (3): 18."]}

1. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Figs 5–6 Theoretisches-praktisches Handbuch der Forstbotanik und Forsttechnologie Vol. 2: 1280 (Borkhausen 1803). Description Tree or small tree. Branches terete, piliferous or glabrous. Leaves petiolate, petiole puberulous or glabrescent. Lamina oval to ovate, base cuneate, apex retuse to caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially piliferous or glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate. Pedicel piliferous or glabrous. Hypanthium glabrous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous. Petals white, obovate. Stamens 15‒20, unequal. Styles 3‒5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome subglobose. Carpopodium piliferous or glabrous. Distribution Widely distributed in Asia (Fig. 5). Chromosome number 2n = 34. Key to varieties of Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. 1. Trees, 10‒15 m; styles 4 or 5............................................................................................................ 2 – Small trees, 4‒6 m; branchlets pendulous; styles 3 or 4.................. b. var. gracilis (Rehder) T.C.Ku 2. Branchlets, leaf, sepals, pedicel and calyx tube pubescent....................................................................................................................................................... c. var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid. – Branchlets, leaf, sepals, pedicel and calyx tube glabrous............................................ a. var. baccata, Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on page 15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Borkhausen M. B. 1803. Theoretisches-praktisches Handbuch der Forstbotanik und Forsttechnologie Vol. 2. Georg Friedrich Heyer, Giessen und Darmstadt."]}

A new species, Lysimachia xuyongensis X.F.Gao & W.B.Ju, from China is described and illustrated. The new species morphologically resembles L. miyiensis, L. paridiformis var. stenophylla and L. phyllocephala var. polycephala, but it clearly differs by having stems prostrate at base, dense white multicellular hairs, leave 4, lower scalelike, leaf blades and calyx carrying sparsely reddish glandular punctation, pedicel less than 5 mm, corolla lobes without glandular and ovary glabrous.

Rubus lambertianus Seringe (1825: 567) (Fig. 1: C) Type:— CHINA. Without precise locality, G. L. Staunton s. n. (holotype G!). — R. hunanensis Handel-Mazzetti (1933: 497), syn. nov. Type:— CHINA. Hunan: in Mischwaldern der str. St. um Hsikwangschan [Xikuangshan] bei Hsinhwa [Xinhua] Kalk, 350–570 m, 14–26 September 1918, Handel-Mazzetti 12644 (holotype WU!)., Published as part of Xiong, Xian-Hua & Gao, Xin-Fen, 2022, Rubus neohunanensis, a new name for a bramble taxon misidentified as R. hunanensis in previous Chinese taxonomic literature, pp. 117-120 in Phytotaxa 561 (1) on page 119, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.561.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/7052761, {"references":["Seringe, N. C. (1825) Rubus Linnaeus. In: Candolle, A. P. de (Ed.) Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, pars II. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wu ¨ rtz, Parisii, pp. 556 - 568.","Handel-Mazzetti, H. R. E. (1933) Symbolae Sinicae 7 (3). Julius Springer, Wien, 282 pp."]}

Rubus neohunanensis X. H. Xiong & X. F. Gao, nom. nov. (Fig. 1: B) ≡ R. buergeri Miquel (1867: 36) var. viridifolius Handel-Mazzetti (1933: 497). Type:— CHINA. Hunan: Wukang [Wugang], Yun-schan [Yunshan], Tempel Gwanyin-go [Guanyin Temple], 1190 m, 13 July 1918, Handel-Mazzetti 12289 (holotype WU!; isotypes A!, E!). — R. hunanensis auct. non Handel-Mazzetti (1933: 497): Lu & Yu (1985: 171), Lu & Boufford (2003: 258). Etymology: —The specific epithet is derived from the prefix neo-, meaning new, and hunanensis, the epithet of HandelMazzetti (1933), meaning Hunan Province of China. Distribution: —The species is endemic to China, occurring in Chongqing, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang. It was observed to grow in montane valleys, forests and grasslands at elevations from 300 m to 2500 m. Notes: — Rubus neohunanensis is morphologically similar to R. buergeri Miquel (1867: 36) (Fig. 1: D) in shrubs low, climbing or prostrate, leaves abaxially tomentose and gradually deciduous. However, R. neohunanensis can be distinguished from R. buergeri by the following morphological characters: branchlets, petioles and inflorescences thinly pubescent (vs. tomentose-villous); sepals broadly ovate (vs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate); outer sepals pinnate-laciniate on margin (vs. only apically lobed); leaf blade relatively larger, 8–15 cm in diam. (vs. 4–11 cm). Additional specimens examined: — CHINA. Chongqing: Wulong, C. L. Li et al. 0461 (PE). Guizhou: Qingzhen, S. W. Teng 1419 (IBSC). Guangxi: Bin long, Miu shan, R. C. Ching 6061 (PE). Damiaoshan, S. Q. Chen 14437 (IBK). Guangdong: Lechang, Nanling Exped. 4128 (IBSC). Ruyuan, Z. Huang 44050 (IBSC). Hunan: Sangzhi, L. Q. Li 128 (PE). Wugang, Y. F. Deng 0034 (PE). Hubei: Xuan’en, Y. M. Wang 4807 (PE). Jiangxi: Jiujiang, Mt. Lushan, X. H. Xiong 1595 (CDBI). Fujian: Taining, X. L. Hou 90928 (AU). Wuyishan, Wuyi Exped. 00093 (PE). Zhejiang: Qingyuan, X. H. Xiong 1955 (CDBI). Wencheng, X. H. Xiong 1833 (CDBI)., Published as part of Xiong, Xian-Hua & Gao, Xin-Fen, 2022, Rubus neohunanensis, a new name for a bramble taxon misidentified as R. hunanensis in previous Chinese taxonomic literature, pp. 117-120 in Phytotaxa 561 (1) on page 119, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.561.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/7052761, {"references":["Miquel, F. A. W. (1867) Prolusio Florae Japonicae. Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1): 1 - 66.","Handel-Mazzetti, H. R. E. (1933) Symbolae Sinicae 7 (3). Julius Springer, Wien, 282 pp.","Lu, L. T. & Yu, T. T. (1985) Rubus Linnaeus. In: Yu, T. T. (Ed.) Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, vol. 37. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 10 - 218.","Lu, L. T. & Boufford, D. E. (2003) Rubus Linnaeus. In: Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y. (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 9. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 195 - 285."]}

Rubus neohunanensis X. H. Xiong & X. F. Gao, nom. nov. (Fig. 1: B) ≡ R. buergeri Miquel (1867: 36) var. viridifolius Handel-Mazzetti (1933: 497). Type:— CHINA. Hunan: Wukang [Wugang], Yun-schan [Yunshan], Tempel Gwanyin-go [Guanyin Temple], 1190 m, 13 July 1918, Handel-Mazzetti 12289 (holotype WU!; isotypes A!, E!). — R. hunanensis auct. non Handel-Mazzetti (1933: 497): Lu & Yu (1985: 171), Lu & Boufford (2003: 258). Etymology: —The specific epithet is derived from the prefix neo-, meaning new, and hunanensis, the epithet of HandelMazzetti (1933), meaning Hunan Province of China. Distribution: —The species is endemic to China, occurring in Chongqing, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang. It was observed to grow in montane valleys, forests and grasslands at elevations from 300 m to 2500 m. Notes: — Rubus neohunanensis is morphologically similar to R. buergeri Miquel (1867: 36) (Fig. 1: D) in shrubs low, climbing or prostrate, leaves abaxially tomentose and gradually deciduous. However, R. neohunanensis can be distinguished from R. buergeri by the following morphological characters: branchlets, petioles and inflorescences thinly pubescent (vs. tomentose-villous); sepals broadly ovate (vs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate); outer sepals pinnate-laciniate on margin (vs. only apically lobed); leaf blade relatively larger, 8–15 cm in diam. (vs. 4–11 cm). Additional specimens examined: — CHINA. Chongqing: Wulong, C. L. Li et al. 0461 (PE). Guizhou: Qingzhen, S. W. Teng 1419 (IBSC). Guangxi: Bin long, Miu shan, R. C. Ching 6061 (PE). Damiaoshan, S. Q. Chen 14437 (IBK). Guangdong: Lechang, Nanling Exped. 4128 (IBSC). Ruyuan, Z. Huang 44050 (IBSC). Hunan: Sangzhi, L. Q. Li 128 (PE). Wugang, Y. F. Deng 0034 (PE). Hubei: Xuan’en, Y. M. Wang 4807 (PE). Jiangxi: Jiujiang, Mt. Lushan, X. H. Xiong 1595 (CDBI). Fujian: Taining, X. L. Hou 90928 (AU). Wuyishan, Wuyi Exped. 00093 (PE). Zhejiang: Qingyuan, X. H. Xiong 1955 (CDBI). Wencheng, X. H. Xiong 1833 (CDBI).

Lysimachia xuyongensis X.F.Gao & W.B.Ju, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2). Diagnosis: — L. xuyongensis can be distinguished from similar species by the stolons 5–15 cm long, stems densely white multicellular hairs, leaves 4, leaf blade and calyx with indistinctly reddish glandular punctation, short pedicels, corolla lobes without glandular and ovary glabrous. Type: — CHINA. Sichuan Province: Xuyong City, Shuiwei Town, Huagaoxi National Nature Reserve, Growing in the wet place under the hillside forest, 28°16’36.84” N, 105°38’7.44” E, elevation ca. 732m, 14 April 2019, W.B . Ju J– 746 (holotype: CDBI!; isotypes: KUN!, PE!). Perennial herb, 15–30 cm tall. Stems elongating prostrate from the base, 5–15 cm long, roots grow out from the nodes, ascending-erect from the prostrate lower part, with dense white multicellular hairs, persist. Leaves opposite, upper 2 pairs crowded, lower leaves scalelike; petiole 0.5–2.5 cm, narrowly winged by decurrent leaf blade; leaf blades ovate to broadly ovate or rhomboid-ovate, 3.0–13.0 × 2.5–7.5 cm, dense multicellular hairs on abaxial veins, sparse bristles on both sides of the blade, indistinctly reddish glandular punctation, margin entire, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, apex acute; veins 4–5 pairs. Racemes shortened to subcapitate; bracts ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate-lanceolate, 0.8–4.5 × 0.3–2.0 cm, sparse bristles on abaxial veins and margin, indistinctly glandular punctation. Pedicel shorter than 0.5 cm, with white multicellular hairs. Calyx lobes oblong-lanceolate, 0.6–1.0 cm, with glabrous or sparsely ciliate. Corolla yellow; tube ca. 0.2 cm; lobes oblong, 0.9–1.3 cm, without glandular punctation, apex rounded or slightly emarginate. Filaments connate basally into a ca. 0.3 cm tube long, free parts 0.2–0.3 cm; anthers ovate, dorsifixed, opening by lateral slits, ca. 0.2 cm. Ovary glabrous; style ca. 1.0 cm. Capsule subglobose. Phenology: —Flowering in April, fruiting in June. Distribution and habitat: —The new species is known from the type locality in Huagaoxi National Nature Reserve, Xuyong City, Sichuan Province, China. It grows in the wet place under the hillside forests, at elevations of 700– 900 m. Etymology: —The species epithet refers to the name of the county where the species type locality. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — CHINA. Sichuan: Xuyong City, Shuiwei Town, Huagaoxi National Nature R0eserve, 28°16’36.03” N, 105°38’6.42” E, elevation 742 m, 8 June 2013, X.F . Gao, Y.D Gao & W.B Ju HGX11784 (CDBI!); China. Sichuan: Xuyong City, Shuiwei Town, Huagaoxi National Nature Reserve, 28°18’23.16” N, 105°39’28.62” E, elevation 900 m, 15 May 2014, L .Zhang, X.M. Zhou & W.B. Ju HGX14759 (CDBI!). Conservation status:—This species is currently known only from the type locality with two collections, and a total of approximately 500 individuals has been found. There is no more information about its conservation status. Based on current information to date, we propose to classify L. xuyongensis into the ‘Data Deficient’ (DD) category of IUCN (2019).

Lysimachia xuyongensis X.F.Gao & W.B.Ju, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2). Diagnosis: ��� L. xuyongensis can be distinguished from similar species by the stolons 5���15 cm long, stems densely white multicellular hairs, leaves 4, leaf blade and calyx with indistinctly reddish glandular punctation, short pedicels, corolla lobes without glandular and ovary glabrous. Type: ��� CHINA. Sichuan Province: Xuyong City, Shuiwei Town, Huagaoxi National Nature Reserve, Growing in the wet place under the hillside forest, 28��16���36.84��� N, 105��38���7.44��� E, elevation ca. 732m, 14 April 2019, W.B . Ju J��� 746 (holotype: CDBI!; isotypes: KUN!, PE!). Perennial herb, 15���30 cm tall. Stems elongating prostrate from the base, 5���15 cm long, roots grow out from the nodes, ascending-erect from the prostrate lower part, with dense white multicellular hairs, persist. Leaves opposite, upper 2 pairs crowded, lower leaves scalelike; petiole 0.5���2.5 cm, narrowly winged by decurrent leaf blade; leaf blades ovate to broadly ovate or rhomboid-ovate, 3.0���13.0 �� 2.5���7.5 cm, dense multicellular hairs on abaxial veins, sparse bristles on both sides of the blade, indistinctly reddish glandular punctation, margin entire, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, apex acute; veins 4���5 pairs. Racemes shortened to subcapitate; bracts ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate-lanceolate, 0.8���4.5 �� 0.3���2.0 cm, sparse bristles on abaxial veins and margin, indistinctly glandular punctation. Pedicel shorter than 0.5 cm, with white multicellular hairs. Calyx lobes oblong-lanceolate, 0.6���1.0 cm, with glabrous or sparsely ciliate. Corolla yellow; tube ca. 0.2 cm; lobes oblong, 0.9���1.3 cm, without glandular punctation, apex rounded or slightly emarginate. Filaments connate basally into a ca. 0.3 cm tube long, free parts 0.2���0.3 cm; anthers ovate, dorsifixed, opening by lateral slits, ca. 0.2 cm. Ovary glabrous; style ca. 1.0 cm. Capsule subglobose. Phenology: ���Flowering in April, fruiting in June. Distribution and habitat: ���The new species is known from the type locality in Huagaoxi National Nature Reserve, Xuyong City, Sichuan Province, China. It grows in the wet place under the hillside forests, at elevations of 700��� 900 m. Etymology: ���The species epithet refers to the name of the county where the species type locality. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): ��� CHINA. Sichuan: Xuyong City, Shuiwei Town, Huagaoxi National Nature R0eserve, 28��16���36.03��� N, 105��38���6.42��� E, elevation 742 m, 8 June 2013, X.F . Gao, Y.D Gao & W.B Ju HGX11784 (CDBI!); China. Sichuan: Xuyong City, Shuiwei Town, Huagaoxi National Nature Reserve, 28��18���23.16��� N, 105��39���28.62��� E, elevation 900 m, 15 May 2014, L .Zhang, X.M. Zhou & W.B. Ju HGX14759 (CDBI!). Conservation status:���This species is currently known only from the type locality with two collections, and a total of approximately 500 individuals has been found. There is no more information about its conservation status. Based on current information to date, we propose to classify L. xuyongensis into the ���Data Deficient��� (DD) category of IUCN (2019)., Published as part of Ju, Wen-Bin, Deng, Heng-Ning, Xu, Bo, He, Xing-Jin & Gao, Xin-Fen, 2021, Lysimachia xuyongensis (Primulaceae), a new species from Sichuan, China, pp. 59-64 in Phytotaxa 525 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.525.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5681849

Guo, Xian-Lin, Price, Megan, Gou, Wei, Zhou, Song-Dong, Gao, Xin-Fen, He, Xing-Jin (2021): Resurrection of the genus Similisinocarum (Apiaceae) based on evidence from morphology and ITS sequences. Phytotaxa 497 (2): 127-137, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.5

Fan, Xue-Ping, Zhang, Liang, Knapp, Ralf, He, Hai, Gao, Xin-Fen, Zhang, Li-Bing (2021): Hypodematium shingii sp. nov. (Hypodematiaceae; Polypodiales): Replacing the misapplied "H. crenatum", a widespread fern from Asia. Phytotaxa 482 (1): 87-92, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.482.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.482.1.10

Rosa saturata Baker; He Y.H. R-176 (Maowen Rose Garden) – Sichuan, China; CDBI; KJ575118; KJ575433; KJ575232;, Published as part of Fougère-Danezan, Marie, Joly, Simon, Bruneau, Anne, Gao, Xin-Fen & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2014, Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids, pp. 275-291 in Annals of Botany 115 (2) on page 298, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu245, http://zenodo.org/record/7888909

Rosa palustris Marshall; Joly S. & Starr J. 560 – Pennsylvania, U.S.A.; MT; DQ778877; DQ778798; KJ575290; DQ091061; DQ091062, Published as part of Fougère-Danezan, Marie, Joly, Simon, Bruneau, Anne, Gao, Xin-Fen & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2014, Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids, pp. 275-291 in Annals of Botany 115 (2) on page 297, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu245, http://zenodo.org/record/7888909

Rosa davidii Crép.; 1 – He Y.H. & Gu J. R-252 (Maowen Rose Garden) – Shaanxi, China; CDBI; KJ575121; KJ575435; KJ575235; - Rosa davidii Crép.; 2 – Gao X.F. & Wei X.M. R-52(Maowen Rose Garden) – Sichuan, China; CDBI; KJ575127; KJ575441; KJ575241; KJ575358; KJ575359, Published as part of Fougère-Danezan, Marie, Joly, Simon, Bruneau, Anne, Gao, Xin-Fen & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2014, Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids, pp. 275-291 in Annals of Botany 115 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu245, http://zenodo.org/record/7888909

Rosa abyssinica R. Br.; Gao X.F. 12706 (Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh) – Yemen; CDBI; KJ575103; KJ575418; KJ575210; KJ575339, Published as part of Fougère-Danezan, Marie, Joly, Simon, Bruneau, Anne, Gao, Xin-Fen & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2014, Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids, pp. 275-291 in Annals of Botany 115 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu245, http://zenodo.org/record/7888909

Rosa banksiae R. Br.; Gao X.F. & Wei X.M.W- 2 – Sichuan, China; CDBI; KJ575108; KJ575423; KJ575217; KJ575343, Published as part of Fougère-Danezan, Marie, Joly, Simon, Bruneau, Anne, Gao, Xin-Fen & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2014, Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids, pp. 275-291 in Annals of Botany 115 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu245, http://zenodo.org/record/7888909

Rosa helenae Rehder & E.H. Wilson; 1 – Gao X.F. & Wei X.M. R-334 (Maowen Rose Garden) – Sichuan, China; CDBI; KJ575134; KJ575448; KJ575248; KJ575377; KJ575378 Rosa helenae Rehder & E.H. Wilson; 2 – Zhang L. & Zhu Z.M. 17 – Chongqing, China; CDBI; KJ575143; KJ575457; KJ575260; - Rosa helenae Rehder & E.H. Wilson; 3 – Zhang L. & Zhu Z.M. 21 – Chongqing, China; CDBI; KJ575144; KJ575458; KJ575261; - Rosa helenae Rehder & E.H. Wilson; 4 – Gao X.F. & Wei X.M. R-148 (Maowen Rose Garden) – Gansu, China; CDBI; KJ575178; KJ575492; KJ575303;, Published as part of Fougère-Danezan, Marie, Joly, Simon, Bruneau, Anne, Gao, Xin-Fen & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2014, Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids, pp. 275-291 in Annals of Botany 115 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu245, http://zenodo.org/record/7888909

Rosa cymosa Tratt.; 1 – Zhang L. & Zhu Z.M. 232 – Guangdong, China; CDBI; KJ575123; KJ575437; KJ575237; - Rosa cymosa Tratt.; 2 – Zhang L. & Zhu Z.M. 228 – Guangdong, China; CDBI; KJ575124; KJ575438; KJ575238; - Rosa cymosa Tratt.; 3 – Zhang L. & Zhu Z.M. 175 – Jiangxi, China; CDBI; KJ575125; KJ575439; KJ575239; - Rosa cymosa Tratt.; 4 – Gao X.F. & Wei X.M. R-163 (Maowen Rose Garden) – Sichuan, China; CDBI; KJ575126; KJ575440; KJ575240; KJ575344, Published as part of Fougère-Danezan, Marie, Joly, Simon, Bruneau, Anne, Gao, Xin-Fen & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2014, Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids, pp. 275-291 in Annals of Botany 115 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu245, http://zenodo.org/record/7888909

Rosa helenae Rehder & E.H. Wilson; 1 – Gao X.F. & Wei X.M. R-334 (Maowen Rose Garden) – Sichuan, China; CDBI; KJ575134; KJ575448; KJ575248; KJ575377; KJ575378 Rosa helenae Rehder & E.H. Wilson; 2 – Zhang L. & Zhu Z.M. 17 – Chongqing, China; CDBI; KJ575143; KJ575457; KJ575260; - Rosa helenae Rehder & E.H. Wilson; 3 – Zhang L. & Zhu Z.M. 21 – Chongqing, China; CDBI; KJ575144; KJ575458; KJ575261; - Rosa helenae Rehder & E.H. Wilson; 4 – Gao X.F. & Wei X.M. R-148 (Maowen Rose Garden) – Gansu, China; CDBI; KJ575178; KJ575492; KJ575303;

Rosa majalis Herrm.; 80BGC0209 (Wageningen University Botanical Garden); WAG; KJ575156; KJ575470; KJ575274; KJ575391; KJ575416, Published as part of Fougère-Danezan, Marie, Joly, Simon, Bruneau, Anne, Gao, Xin-Fen & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2014, Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids, pp. 275-291 in Annals of Botany 115 (2) on page 296, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu245, http://zenodo.org/record/7888909

Rosa foliolosa Nutt.; Lewis 15846-1 – Oklahoma, U.S.A.; MO; DQ778851; DQ778772; KJ575250; - Rosa foliolosa Nutt.; O'Kennon & McLemore 19069A – Texas, U.S.A.; MT; -; -; -; DQ091042; DQ091043, Published as part of Fougère-Danezan, Marie, Joly, Simon, Bruneau, Anne, Gao, Xin-Fen & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2014, Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids, pp. 275-291 in Annals of Botany 115 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu245, http://zenodo.org/record/7888909

Rosa micrantha Borrer; Fougère-Danezan M. 154 – France; CDBI; KJ575157; KJ575471; KJ575275;, Published as part of Fougère-Danezan, Marie, Joly, Simon, Bruneau, Anne, Gao, Xin-Fen & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2014, Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids, pp. 275-291 in Annals of Botany 115 (2) on page 296, DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu245, http://zenodo.org/record/7888909