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Hydrogen cyanamide (HC) is an agrochemical compound that is frequently used to break bud dormancy in grapevines grown under mild winter conditions globally. The present study was carried out to provide an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism associated with HC releasing bud dormancy in grapevines. For this purpose, RNA-seq based transcriptomic and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic information was acquired and critically analyzed. The combined results of transcriptomic and proteomic analysis were utilized to demonstrate differential expression pattern of genes at the translational and transcriptional levels. The outcome of the proteomic analysis revealed that a total of 7135 proteins (p-value ≤ 0.05; fold change ≥ 1.5) between the treatments (HC treated versus control) were identified, out of which 6224 were quantified. Among these differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), the majority of these proteins were related to heat shock, oxidoreductase activity, and energy metabolism. Metabolic, ribosomal, and hormonal signaling pathways were found to be significantly enriched at both the transcriptional and translational levels. It was illustrated that genes associated with metabolic and oxidoreductase activity were mainly involved in the regulation of bud dormancy at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. The current work furnishes a new track to decipher the molecular mechanism of bud dormancy after HC treatment in grapes. Functional characterization of key genes and proteins will be informative in exactly pinpointing the crosstalk between transcription and translation in the release of bud dormancy after HC application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comprehensive analysis of chestnut phenylpropanoids and flavonoids (PFs) biosynthesis. • Forty-four DAMs and 58 DEGs were annotated to PFs biosynthesis pathway. • WGCNA identifies key module involved in PFs biosynthesis. Chinese chestnut is a globally important tree nut crop. The kernels of chestnut form a rich source of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids (PFs), which are important bioactive phytochemicals with potential health and nutritional benefits. To explore the metabolic basis of PFs accumulation in Chinese chestnut kernels, untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of four kernel developmental stages (HLS1-HLS4) were performed. In total, 455 (in positive ion mode) and 521 (in negative ion mode) differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified. Most components were classified into the categories "organic acids and derivatives", "lipids and lipid-like molecules" and "phenylpropanoids and polyketides", with twenty-five and nineteen DAMs annotated as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids respectively. Furthermore, transcriptomics analysis of the kernels was used to assess transcript expression levels. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway (ko00940) was significantly enriched in the comparison of HLS1-vs-HLS4, HLS2-vs-HLS3, HLS2-vs-HLS4, HLS3-vs-HLS4. Weighted gene co-expression correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed by integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics data to investigate the association between PFs and their structural genes, which revealed key enzyme genes (PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3′H, DFR and LAR) linked to the synthesis of PFs. In addition, key members of transcription factors families (e.g., ERFs) that potentially participate in the regulation of PFs biosynthesis by acting on structural gene promoters were screened with a correlative analysis method according to their specific expression patterns in chestnut kernels. This comprehensive data set lays a foundation for further research into the biosynthesis and metabolism of PFs, which will be valuable for genetically improving and future breeding of high-PFs Chinese chestnut varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese apricot is an imperative stone fruit plant with numerous processing importance. The failure of reproductive system is the most common cause of fruit loss, through which pistil abortion is the fundamental one. To understand this mechanism, we used a combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to investigate the biochemical and molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis. Due to the regulated expression of flavonoid pathway-related genes in plants, flavonoid biosynthesis is largely regulated at the transcriptional level. A total of 2272 differently expressed genes and 215 differential metabolites were found. The expression of the genes and metabolites encoding flavonoid biosynthesis was lower in abnormal pistils that are in line with the flavonoid quantification from abnormal pistils. Besides, a couple of genes were also detected related to MYB, MADS, NAC and bHLH transcription factors. Remarkably, we found 'hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (LOC103323133)' and flavonoid related metabolite '2-hydroxycinnamic acid' was lower expressed in abnormal pistil, proposing the cause of pistil abortion. Collectively, the present study delivers inclusive transcriptional and metabolic datasets that proposed valuable prospects to unravel the genetic mechanism underlying pistil abortion. [Display omitted] • The biochemical and molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis is studied using transcriptomic and metabolomics approaches • The expression of the genes and metabolites encoding flavonoid biosynthesis was lower in abnormal pistils • "Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase' and '2-hydroxycinnamic acid' was lower expressed might be the cause of pistil abortion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]