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A fair deal of attention has been devoted in Translation Studies to translating for children, whereas little has been written about translating the writings of a child. Concomitantly, little attention has been devoted to how one might deal with the kinds of error in writing that a child might make in syntax and lexis. The work I discuss here was authored in English in by a nine-year-old female child in 1890 and translated into Danish in 1986 by a man in his early middle age, so there are several forms of temporal distance involved. However, the central issue to be faced by a translator of this work, I argue, is conveying the authorial style, which plays a considerable role in the work’s appeal, and given that errors of spelling and expression are important elements of the authorial style in this work, the main challenge that it poses for a translator is to introduce similar phenomena into the translation in a credible manner, something that I argue, and hope to have illustrated, that he has achieved.

Linguistics is the academic discipline that focuses on languages, and since translation involves language centrally, many scholars interested in translation and interpreting have looked to linguistics for theoretical and methodological input. Equally, linguists have studied languages in contact with each other in situations involving translation or interpreting in order to understand their similarities and differences. Some scholars fall equally comfortably into both the linguistic and the translation studies discipline; however, a number have striven to keep their discipline firmly independent of linguistics and to develop theories and research methodologies of their own. This chapter charts the history of the relationship between the study of languages and of translation and interpreting in the 20th and 21st centuries.

This essay highlights the theoretical tension between the concept of the norm and another notion which has recently generated interest within Translation Studies: the notion of universal. The tension between the concept of norm and the concept of universal arises because the existence of norms implies situations which allow for different kinds of behaviour, while the notion of universal in translation theory implies invariable behaviour. The essay is an attempt to establish what we mean by the terms "norm" and "universal" in Translation Studies, in order to identify the nature of "translation universals".Keywords: Norm, Universal, Translation, Equivalence, Interference, Corpus.Parole chiave: Norma, Universale, Traduzione, Equivalenza, Interferenza, Corpus.

This article will consider the kinds of relationship that may obtain between linguistics and Translation Studies and what it may mean to take a ‘linguistic approach’ to Translation Studies. A number of possible relationships are introduced, and examples of scholarly exploration of each kind of relationship are presented. Subsequently, there is a discussion of the work of scholars who have considered linguistics and Translation Studies to be independent disciplines. This discussion shows that whereas translation scholars tend to import theoretical concepts from linguistics along with data from that discipline, it is rare for linguistics to import theoretical notions from Translation Studies. I argue for the efficacy of the latter practice.

The article introduces the concept of translational stylistics, which is becoming established in the field of translation studies. It uses a set of translations by Henry William Dulcken of stories written by Hans Christian Andersen and published in Danish between 1835 and 1866 as the object of an exercise in translational stylistic analysis. Section 1 presents the author, section 2 discusses translational stylistics, section 3 sets the scene for the stylistic study by outlining the impact of fairytale translations on the literary polysystem in Britain in the 19th Century and the reception in Victorian Britain of Andersen's stories, and by introducing the translator and comparing his translations briefly with other early translations. Section 4 is devoted to the stylistic study, while section 5 suggests that translational stylistics can be an important component in comparative cultural studies.

This article suggests that the discomfort with translation theory felt by some translation scholars arises from the fact that translation theory has tended to undermine itself, and hence translation studies as such, by questioning the existence of its own subject matter. An attempt is made to ease the discomfort by defending Davidson's (1973; 1974) reply to the indeterminacy thesis proposed by Quine (1960). Finally, the article draws on Davidson's later theory of linguistic interaction (1986) in presenting a model of translation which highlights features which translation does not share with other types of linguistic interaction, and which may, consequently, merit particular attention in translation theory.Resume: Dans cet article, je suggere que le malaise ressenti par certains traduc-tologues devant la theorie de la traduction provient du fait qu'en s'interrogeant sur l'existence de son propre objet, cette theorie a tendu a se desintegrer ainsi qu'a desintegrer la traductologie. Pour attenuer le malaise, je souscris a la re-ponse de Davidson (1973; 1974) a la these de Quine (1960) sur Vindetermination de la traduction. Enfin, je me refere a une theorie plus recente de Davidson (1986) pour presenter un modele de traduction mettant en valeur des traits que la traduction ne partage pas avec d'autres types d'interaction langagiere, et qui meriteraient, en consequence, de faire l' objet d'une etude theorique.

Two modes of applying linguistics in translation studies are covered in this article: application in order to theorize translation and application in order to describe translational phenomena. The first mode is illustrated through discussion of the most well-known proponents of it in the English-speaking world, namely, John Catford and Eugene Nida. In addition, the more recent application by Ernst Gutt of Daniel Sperber and Deirdre Wilson's relevance theory to translation and, more briefly, Sandra Halverson's application to translation of cognitive grammar are introduced. Finally, a number of descriptive applications of linguistic concepts and notions in descriptive translation studies are described.

1. Introduction: Translation as an academic discipline (by Malmkjaer, Kirsten) 2. Translation studies: A didactic approach (by Wilss, Wolfram) 3. The theory behind the practice: Translator training or translator education? (by Bernardini, Silvia) 4. The competencies required by the translator's roles as professional (by Mackenzie, Rosemary) 5. Language learning for translators: Designing as syllabus (by Beeby, Allison) 6. Undergraduate and postgraduate translation degrees: Aims and expectations (by Gonzalez Davies, Maria) 7. The role of translation studies within the framework of linguistic and literary studies (by Preloznikova, Sona) 8. Corpus-aided language pedagogy for translator education (by Bernardini, Silvia) 9. Developing professional translation competence without a notion of translation (by Schaffner, Christina) 10. Are L2 learners more prone to err when they translate? (by Schjoldager, Anne) 11. Students buzz round the translation class like bees round the honey pot - why? (by Sewell, Penelope) 12. The effect of translation exercises versus gap-exercises on the learning of difficult L2 structures: Preliminary results of an empirical study (by Kallkvist, Marie) 13. Do English-speakers really need other languages? (by Barbour, J. Stephen) 14. Index

1. Introduction 2. Hypotheses about translation universals (by Chesterman, Andrew) 3. Probabilistic explanations in Translation Studies: Universals - or a challenge to the very concept? (by Toury, Gideon) 4. A thousand and one translations: Revisiting retranslation (by Paloposki, Outi) 5. Creating "presence" in translation (by Stolze, Radegundis) 6. Ready-made language and translation (by Heltai, Pal) 7. Les attributs indirects en francais et en danois: Differences typologiques et problemes de traduction (by Korzen, Hanne) 8. Kontrastive Linguistik und sprachenpaarbezogene Translationswissenschaft (by Schreiber, Michael) 9. Translating non-segmental features of textual communication: The case of metaphor within a binary-branch analysis (by Zabalbeascoa, Patrick) 10. Challenging the myth of native speaker competence in translation theory: The results of a questionnaire (by Pokorn, Nike K.) 11. Expectativas y evaluacion en la traduccion de folletos turisticos (by Nobs, Marie-Louise) 12. Censorship or error: Mary Howitt and a problem in descriptive TS (by Malmkjaer, Kirsten) 13. Of holy goats and the NYPD: A study of language-based screen humour in translation (by Schroter, Thorsten) 14. The .gure of the factory translator: University and professional domains in the translation profession (by Milton, John) 15. Migrating from translation to technical communication and usability (by Risku, Hanna) 16. From raw data to knowledge representation: Methodologies for user-interactive acquisition and processing of multilingual terminology (by Dragsted, Barbara) 17. The translator as a creative genius: Robert Schumann (by Azenha, Jr., Joao) 18. Ubersetzung zwischen Nationalismus und Internationalismus (by van Doorslaer, Luc) 19. Non-verbal phenomena in simultaneous interpreting: Causes and functions (by Ahrens, Barbara) 20. Simultaneous interpreting A-B vs. B-A from the interpreters' standpoint (by Bartlomiejczyk, Magdalena) 21. The interpreters' notes: On the choice of form and language (by Dam, Helle V.) 22. Expressing a well-founded fear: Interpreting in convention refugee hearings (by Fenton, Sabine) 23. Cross-cultural dynamics in community interpreting. Troubleshooting (by Rudvin, Mette) 24. The child in the middle: Agency and diplomacy in language brokering events (by Hall, Nigel) 25. The editorial process through the looking glass (by Gile, Daniel) 26. Name index 27. Concept index

Linguistics and the Language of Translation de Kirsten Malmkjaer e o quinto volume da serie Edinburgh Textbooks in Applied Linguistics , direcionado a alunos de traducao, linguas e linguistica. O livro esta baseado na premissa de que e crucial tanto para tradutores quanto para criticos de traducao estarem conscientes do que fazem e do que acontece na traducao. Oferece, pois, uma base para a investigacao de como nocoes e conceitos linguisticos podem ser ativados no estudo da linguagem da traducao, bem como na criacao, descricao e critica construtiva de traducoes. Seu ponto de entrada nessa discussao e a unidade linguistica “oracao”, considerada o locus onde os tres sistemas linguisticos (o sistema de Transitividade, o sistema de Modo e o sistema de Tema-Rema) realizam, simultaneamente, as tres funcoes centrais da linguagem humana, quais sejam, a funcao ideacional, a funcao interpessoal e a funcao textual, o que justifica sua escolha como nivel de analise para estudar a linguagem da traducao. ABSTRACT Linguistics and the Language of Translation , by Kirsten Malmkjaer, is the fifth published volume in the Edinburgh Textbooks in Applied Linguistics series and is directed to translation, language and linguistics students. The book is based on the premise that it is crucial for both translators and translation critics to be aware of what they are doing and what is going on in a translation. Therefore, it offers a basis for the investigation of how notions and linguistic concepts can be activated in the study of the language of translation, as well as in the creation, description and constructive criticism of translations. The book’s entry point in this discussion is the “clause” as a linguistic unit, which is considered to be the locus where the three linguistic systems (the Transitivity system, the Mood system, and the Theme and Rheme system) simultaneously realize the three main functions of human language, namely, the ideational function, the interpersonal function, and textual function, which justifies taking it as the level of analysis in order to study the language of translation. Keywords: Translation studies; Linguistics; Language of Translation

1. Introduction (by Bush, Peter) 2. Part 1. Translation and pedagogy 3. Monuments, makars and modules: A british experience (by Round, Nicholas) 4. How can translation theory help undergraduates? (by Gentzler, Edwin) 5. Can you train literary translators? (by Boase-Beier, Jean) 6. The literary translation programma and its results (by Papp, Andrea) 7. Kugelmass, translator: (Some thoughts on translation and its teaching) (by Robinson, Douglas) 8. Part 2. Translating 9. Decanonising the canon - the role of the translator? (by Ellis, Steve) 10. "No one but a blockhead ever translated, except form money" (by Kunz, Keneva) 11. James Joyce's Ulysses: The style of Molly Soliloquy (by Conde Parilla, M* Angeles) 12. Part 3. Translation studies 13. researching translation studies: the case for doctoral research (by Bassnett, Susan) 14. Literary translation as a research source for linguistics (by Malmkjaer, Kirsten) 15. The japanese particle ne and its literary and linguistic implications: some translation problems (by Taira, Masako) 16. "I will something affect the letter": Shakespeare's Letter-puns and the translator (by Delabastita, Dirk) 17. Translation and the authoritian regime: William and the Caudillo (by Craig, Ian) 18. New registers for translation in latin america (by Ribeiro Pires Vieira, Else) 19. Author index 20. Subject index