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This article presents the concept of transportation demand management (TDM) in the EU transport policy context. Authors present the source of transport intensity problems and also show good practices that effectively reduce the transport demand. To identify the major transportation demand problems that cities are faced with, primary and secondary research was carried out. Primary research shows the social awareness of mobility management. Secondary research consists of a thorough review of the existing literature on transport problems faced by cities. From this view, it is clear that transport in relation to the length of the roads in Poland is one of the highest in Europe. This paper also indicates that the current urban policies are often the main causes of suburbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop an innovative and comprehensive transport evaluation criterion to better account for equity considerations in transport project evaluation. This work explores transportation benefits from the consumer’s perspective to accessibility as a key benefit generated by any transportation project. To assess the full benefits of transportation project implementation for various consumers and calculate the improvement in accessibility, it is best to use Activity-Based Models (ABM). ABMs have two important advantages for equity analysis, which have not been utilized in the literature so far: first, ability to analyze results by various groups of the population; second, these models can utilize the Activity Based Accessibility (ABA) measure to estimate the overall benefits from transport investments and policies. The ABA measure allows one person to have different accessibilities for different choice situations, depending on his/her characteristics. We suggest including social and spatial factors in social welfare assessment by introducing the concept of accessibility gains to key social activities. Specifically, it is suggested to incorporate subjective well-being consideration into a new evaluation framework “Equity Benefit Analysis” (EBA). we use an alternative measure, “Subjective Value of Accessibility gains” (SVOA), which is based on the ABM accessibility measure as well as on Subjective Well-Being (SWB) measure, as the key benefit taken into account in the evaluation process. The SVOA is not intended to replace the current practice of analyzing equity by comparing various impacts on different groups of the population, but can aid by providing policymakers with a single measure advancing both equity and efficiency considerations and facilitating comparison among alternatives. Initial case study results indicate the SVOA can show higher benefits to policies focusing on the needs of vulnerable social groups that compared traditional measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A utility-based travel impedance measure is developed for public transit modes that is capable of capturing the passengers’ behaviour and their subjective perceptions of impedance when travelling in the transit networks. The proposed measure is time-dependent and it estimates the realisation of the travel impedance by the community of passengers for travelling between an origin–destination (OD) pair. The main advantage of the developed measure, as compared to the existing transit impedance measures, relates to its capability in capturing the diversity benefit that the transit systems may offer the society of travellers with different traveling preferences. To clarify the necessity of such capability, we demonstrate the randomness (subjectivity) of travel impedance perceived by transit passengers, through evidence from the observed path choices made in the transit network of the greater Brisbane metropolitan region in Australia. The proposed impedance measure is basically a nested logit “logsum” composition over a generated set of reasonable path options whose systematic utilities are evaluated based on a discrete choice model previously developed and calibrated for the greater Brisbane transit passengers. As a case study, the proposed impedance measure is calculated for all the origin blocks in the Brisbane area, during the morning commutes to the Central Business District (CBD). The results are presented and discussed, and intuitive and important advantages are demonstrated for the proposed measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates two performance attributes of road networks, reliability and vulnerability, analyzing their similarities as well as the differences that justify distinct definitions, based on consolidation of recent studies. We also discuss the indicators found in the literature for these two performance attributes. Since various authors treat vulnerability as an aspect of reliability instead of a specific attribute, we carried out an application to a complex road network representative of the city of Rio de Janeiro to check the suitability of this approach. The results show that the vulnerability indicators are more strongly affected by the characteristics of alternative routes while the reliability metrics are more sensitive to the congestion level. The conclusion is that reliability and vulnerability should be treated distinctly for evaluating the performance of road network links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to provide a starting point for discussion on how smartphone-based taxi applications (‘apps’) have changed the market for taxi journeys and the resulting implications for taxi market regulation. The paper focuses on the taxi apps and their impact on taxi markets. It provides a brief history of taxi regulation before outlining the underlying economic rationales of its current form in many parts of the world, characterised as the “QQE” framework (quantity, quality and economic controls on operators). It argues that current regulation assumes that taxi markets are subject to three sets of problems that require correction by regulatory intervention, namely: those associated with credence goods, problems related to open access and those resulting from transactions occurring in a thin market. It is then proposed that taxi apps solve both the credence good and thin market problems whilst largely mitigating the problems associated with open access. The paper then presents some potential problems for taxi apps, namely the potential for instability on supply and demand sides, collusion and monopoly. It also discusses concerns about driver background checks and safety. The paper concludes by arguing that instead of restricting the growth of the taxi market, regulators should focus on reducing the likelihood of monopoly and collusion in a taxi market led by apps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of travel time savings (VTTS) accounts for a majority of the total user benefits in economic appraisal of transport investments. This means that having an accurate estimate of VTTS for different segments of travel continues to retain currency, despite there being a rich literature on estimates of VTTS for different travel modes, travel purposes, income groups, life cycles, and distance bands. In contrast, there is a dearth of research and evidence on vehicle VTTS, although joint travel by car is an important segment of travel. This paper fills this gap by developing a group-based modelling approach to quantify the vehicle VTTS and compares this with the VTTS for a driver with and without a passenger. An online survey was conducted in Sydney in 2014 and the data used to obtain a number of new empirical estimates of vehicle and driver VTTS. The new evidence questions the validity of various assumptions adopted in current practice for valuing the time savings of car passengers and multiple occupant cars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feeder-trunk scheme has been labeled as superior in urban areas due to the presence of economies of density (decreasing average operating cost) along the avenues served by trunk lines. We compare this structure against three types of direct lines structures (no transfers) to serve a stylized public transport network where several flows converge into a main avenue, simultaneously optimizing fleet and vehicle sizes considering both users’ and operators’ costs. The best structure is shown to depend not only on the total passenger volume but also on demand imbalance, demand dispersion in the origins and the length of the trunk line. The region where the feeder-trunk structure dominates depends largely on the value assigned to the pure transfer penalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network risk assessment takes into consideration the probability that adverse events occur and the impacts of such disruptions on network functionality. In the context of transport networks, most studies have focused on vulnerability, the reduction in performance indicators given that a disruption occurs. This study presents and applies a method to explicitly account for exposure in identifying and evaluating link criticality in public transport networks. The proposed method is compared with conventional measures that lack exposure information. A criticality assessment is performed by accounting for the probability of a certain event occurring and the corresponding welfare loss. The methodology was applied for a multi-modal public transport network in the Netherlands where data concerning disruptions was available. The results expose the role of exposure in determining link criticality and overall network vulnerability. The findings demonstrate that disregarding exposure risks prioritizing links with high passenger volumes over links with a higher failure probability that are significantly more critical to network performance. The inclusion of exposure allows performing a risk analysis and has consequences on assessing mitigation measures and investment priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the efficiency and political acceptability of road pricing and infrastructure policies targeted at relieving urban congestion. It combines a stylized transport model of an urban road network with a model of the political process that incorporates interactions between voters, citizen interest groups and politicians to explore the possibilities to reach political acceptability for efficient transport policies. In a numerical illustration, the paper compares a set of pricing and investment policies in terms of efficiency and acceptability. The illustration shows how conflicting interests can lead to non-efficient policies being chosen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Departing from the exogenous treatment of transport costs, this study examines endogenous transport costs and their impact on firm location in new trade theory. Previous studies argue that, if exogenous transport costs in a large country are sufficiently higher than in a small country, then the home market effect disappears. In our model, national governments control domestic transport costs via public infrastructure investment. Our study presents persuasive findings that a large country always collects more tax revenue for public investment than a small country, which results in lower domestic transport costs, and hence, the home market effect always prevails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the governance of sustainable urban development and in particular assesses the role of policy instruments to promote soft forms of governance associated with persuasion and coordination. These instruments are critically examined in terms of how they might help to promote greater policy integration and more sustainable development. Five types of strategies for promoting more sustainable transport policies are discussed: (1) policy indicators and targets, (2) benchmarking, (3) policy transfer and best practices, (4) policy experimentation/innovation, and (5) visioning/envisioning. The article is divided into four main parts. First, it presents an overview of recent trends in the governance of urban transport. Second, it examines the notion of policy integration, a central theme in discussions about sustainable transport and governance. Third, it considers how selected types of policy instruments might contribute to policy integration and sustainable urban development. Fourth, alongside the conclusions, suggestions are made for new research related to policy instruments and soft forms of governance in relation to urban transport. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are hypothesized to replace or change the use of the transport system by facilitating new or different activities. This article offers a review of more than 40 years of research regarding the relationship between ICTs and urban mobility. We discuss the expectations for the changes in travel demand, travel patterns, and the urban form as a result of the development and introduction of ICTs. Much of the interest in the relationships between ICTs and mobility is premised on the expectation of substitution effects, but empirical findings often suggest more complex effects than direct substitution. Although research on single types of travel activity may sometimes indicate simple substitution effects, examination of the broader impacts may also reveal travel generation effects as well. As such, ICTs do not simply substitute mobility patterns butchangethem. A growing body of research focuses on changing mobility patterns (in terms of time and space), changes in the experience of travel and changes in the perceptions of travel costs due to the interaction between old and new technologies for overcoming distance. ICTs are gradually becoming embedded within the transport system, enabling flexibility, multitasking, and an increase in human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A comparison of various research agendas for transport and sustainable development from the last two decades reveals a number of common themes that are just as important now as when they were first suggested. Although the research questions and approaches have changed, many key issues have remained relatively fixed. Key issues such as information and communications technology, urban space and scale, lifestyle and behavior, regulation and pricing, and institutions and governance persistently recur and seem likely to remain on the transport research and policy agendas for the foreseeable future. This article summarizes some of the key developments and opportunities related to these five research themes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Romania registered different stages in its evolution regarding transportation, in the past years. There were improvements, but plenty of obstacles, all connected closely to the government public policy. The interdependence with other branches of the national economy had a permanent impact on both sides. Different modes of transport registered unequal development and today we see the differences and the need to cover the gaps locally and regionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every car trip ends with a parking search and parking. However, current transportation research still lacks practical tools and methodologies to analyze parking needs and dynamics, which cannot be adequately performed at an aggregate level. This paper presents PARKFIT, a novel algorithm for estimating city parking patterns that is based on a spatially explicit high-resolution view of the inherently heterogeneous urban parking demand and supply. Using high-resolution data obtainable from most municipal GIS, we apply PARKFIT to evaluate the fit between overnight parking demand and parking capacity in the city of Bat Yam, both currently and within the framework of the Bat Yam 2030 transportation master plan. We then analyze PARKFIT’s capabilities and limitations, and supply PARKFIT as a free ArcGIS-based software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian city of Curitiba has long been recognised as an exemplary success in urban planning, particularly its sustainable urban transport, with modal splits strongly favouring public transit. Its success was achieved principally through rigorous and detailed planning, beginning in the 1970s, using policy tools that have been described, and sometimes criticised, as technocratic. After 40 years of a quite successful experience in transport planning and implementation, Curitiba, like many world cities, faces new challenges, particularly in the form of metropolitanisation and increased aspirations for citizen participation. In this paper we investigate which policy tools are being used to face these emerging challenges in Curitiba, whether they are the same as those used in the past and which led the city to be a recognised urban transport success case, or different, more flexible and participative tools presumed to be more in tune with the emerging context of metropolitanisation and increased demands for participation. The answer, coming from interviews within Curitiba transport representatives, current literature review and limited comparisons with other successful transport cities of the Americas, suggests a continuation of Curitiba’s proactive format, one which has led to its past successes, with some modest overtures to more interactive and participatory policy tools. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Increasing representation of small business perspectives in policy research would benefit from identifying strategies to increase response rates. Despite the significance of the issue, there is inconsistent reporting amongst small business research about issues such as sampling, recruitment and survey design. Reporting on such issues may help address the under-representation of small business respondents and help reduce wasting research resources on less effective strategies. For policy matters that have the potential to disrupt how small business owners run their business, this is of particular importance. This paper reports on a survey of small businesses about changes to the transport accessibility features of a town centre that have the potential to affect the supply of car parking. Based on a review of the available literature, strategies were adopted to reduce respondent burden and maximise engagement. The paper presents an analysis of recruitment approaches in the first wave of the survey and demonstrates how the refinements to the recruitment approach were successful in achieving an increase in response rate from 40% to 47%. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Highlights: [•] We present insights and results from the Swedish VTTS study relevant for appraisal. [•] We summarize recent econometric advances and how these enable better VTTS estimates. [•] The influence of sign and size of the time saving is estimated and discussed. [•] We show how the VTTS depends on trip and traveller characteristics including income. [•] We review and discuss in what dimensions VTTS should be differentiated in appraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, passenger transportation by railway plays a significant role in national economies; therefore, the development of railway transport is always aimed at high-quality assurance of public transport operations. Passenger railway transportation, especially by local, suburban routes, is traditionally viewed not only as a business function, but also as a social government-supported one. For this reason, improvement of the management of expenses and incomes received from passenger transportation by railway aimed at passenger transportation efficiency as well as integration in international transport system is a matter of particular importance. The value of the run time and costs is considered as one of the most important indicators of the economic and social efficiency of passenger transport. To evaluate and optimize this value, the article proposes a mathematical model of costs incurred by a passenger and carrier for one train run, which evaluates the train length, traction and other components depending on the change in the number of passengers on the route. Studies show that in this way, it is possible to reduce passenger losses at separate Lithuanian railway routes by 4 times and to obtain a positive result at passengeroccupied routes. Having performed analysis and established trends of their changes and needs for transport vehicles, it is expedient to supplement the fleet of rolling stock with quickly and easily transformable passenger vehicles, e.g., with comfortable modular trains. It is especially appropriate when the number of passengers is low and transportation distances are not long. Membership in the European Union obligates the member states to adjust to the technical specifications for interoperability of trans-European railway corridors. The main aspect in establishing the scope and moment for introducing technical interoperability in the railway network is to determine the costs and benefit of such changes with regard to the solutions of all the concerned parties of the railway transport system. The article analyses the dependency between the expenses incurred by participants of the passenger transportation process and passenger comfort level. An integrated system of statistical indicators and a methodology that allows providing a vibration comfort evaluation in different train seats/births and levels and preparing proposals for improvement of passenger comfort and optimization of costs of participants of the passenger transportation process are selected. The improvement of passenger railway transportation process is associated with the implementation of a passenger service quality corporate management system. Its purpose is to establish and implement a customer-oriented and effective passenger service technology. Passenger transport expansion should be well-balanced with regard to the economic efficiency, environmental rationality, and social reasonability of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Study models impact of actual transformation of public bus network in Belfast. [•] Qualitative methods complement the initial GIS-based research. [•] Comprehensive understanding of how change differentially impacts on user groups. [•] Active engagement with stakeholders necessary at early stage. [•] Such an approach can mitigate unintended consequences and help deliver policy targets. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Paper illustrates the use of road safety forecasts and ex-ante evaluation in policy making. [•] Forecasts are based on a stratified approach and corrected for changes in policy. [•] Additional policy is evaluated ex-ante, multiplying effectiveness, target group and penetration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Incorporate the posted speed limit into models of operating speed. [•] Focus on estimating the speed distribution instead of estimating a single speed value. [•] Consider the posted speed limit as an exogenous variable. [•] Use disaggregate data to minimize the amount of information lost due to aggregation. [•] Consider the effect of collecting data at more than one location along a road segment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Effects of transportation infrastructure on house prices and rents are studied. [•] Hedonic price models and spatial econometrics models are specied. [•] Several models are estimated and compared using data from Athens, Greece. [•] Proximity to transport infrastructure may have positive or negative effects. [•] The obtained results are consistent with expectations and the literature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Travel behaviour is far more variable than policy makers allow for. [•] Factors external and internal to the transport system engender change in behaviour. [•] Accepting rather than problematising change could unlock more radical policies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper investigates the practical and theoretical advantages of collaborative stakeholder (CSD) dialogue over adversarial processes in facilitating better transport policy choices. CSD is an emergent governance procedure that is increasingly advocated by practitioners and researchers as a practical means of counterbalancing the asymmetry of interests in public policy making. In CSD, participants that represent the full diversity of interdependent organised interests in the issue at stake engage in collaborative dialogue to find a consensus on the way forward. In order to improve the process and application of CSD in transport it is important to systematically compare this procedure to the conventional adversarial style of stakeholder interaction in the transport policy process. To do so this paper builds on a governance framework that allows the comparison of the collaborative and adversarial pathways with regards to their potential to facilitate better transport policy choices. The paper concludes by proposing CSD as a tool to de-politicise stakeholder discussions and so enable a shift away from the traditionally narrow priority of transport policy making to facilitate economic growth to a broader focus that better integrates environmental, social and economic considerations. It also concludes that CSD is most appropriate in problem situations with high levels of conflict between competing stakeholder groups that all have influence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Currently, there is no comprehensive national land transport strategy (NLTS) in Lebanon. The car ownership rate in the country is one of the highest in the world, estimated at a ratio of around one car for every 2.5 persons. The transportation sector is serviced by a fleet of mainly old and poorly maintained vehicles. Passenger trips occur on a relatively inferior road network, with a weak public transportation system, and without regulation enforcement. In summary, the main problems facing land transport in Lebanon are the overdependence on the private car, lack of organization and regulatory enforcement, and the deterioration of the levels of service provided. The main barriers facing a comprehensive national land transport strategy in Lebanon are: * Changing the attitude of the public toward car use. * Lack of enforcement. * Perceived accident risk of non-motorized modes of transport. * Cultural and institutional bias against green modes of transport. * Generated road space that can be an incentive for increased car use. This paper provides an overview of the land transport sector in Lebanon, with special emphasis on traffic safety. Its aim is not to analyze statistical data relevant to land transport and traffic safety, which have been the subject of numerous articles by the authors, but to pinpoint, as best as possible, the problems facing the land transport sector in general and traffic safety in particular, and to provide recommendations to alleviate these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent years the UK railway industry has seen unprecedented growth in the number of passengers and the amount of freight carried. Expansion in network capacity, however, has not kept pace with this growth. This has led to significant overcrowding and little or no capacity left to run more trains within existing stock or track provision. The UK government however has stated that as part of achieving 'best value' it wants to further increase rail traffic, and has recently set out a strategy to optimise this. This paper reviews the issues associated with the growth in passengers, the demand placed on the network and the policy developed to accommodate and manage it. It identifies the capacity constraints and options identified for capacity enhancement. The paper concludes that while privatisation has made coherent decision-making difficult there is significant experience to be gained in the development of policy and route utilisation strategies. Over recent years the UK railway industry has seen unprecedented growth in the number of passengers and the amount of freight carried. Expansion in network capacity, however, has not kept pace with this growth. This has led to significant overcrowding and little or no capacity left to run more trains within existing stock or track provision. The UK government however has stated that as part of achieving 'best value' it wants to further increase rail traffic, and has recently set out a strategy to optimise this. This paper reviews the issues associated with the growth in passengers, the demand placed on the network and the policy developed to accommodate and manage it. It identifies the capacity constraints and options identified for capacity enhancement. The paper concludes that while privatisation has made coherent decision-making difficult there is significant experience to be gained in the development of policy and route utilisation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport infrastructure is an important sector for development of any society, since it determines improve exitente disparities between regions. At European level attaches great importance to being included in development policies, considering the category vital in reducing gaps between developed and underdeveloped countries, ensuring cohesion and socio-economic competitiveness. In Romania the major deficiencies in technical, engineering sciences reference area as well as the spatial structures that generated it, the territorial insertion, field of study par excellence of geoştiinţelor. Underdeveloped infrastructure of rural areas leads to a differentiation, especially in areas where the socio-economic modernization and development is in a period of stagnation. Significant transport infrastructure is that it is a priority in rural development policies and operational programs or regional or national development policies since the sector has a crucial role in reducing regional gaps, seen in the interdependence of transportation and space areas.One aspect of this study is quite important in constituting the hierarchy of roads linking demographic, technical and urban convenience, economic factors, but given the quality and accessibility infrastructure. This study will aim evideţia poor areas in terms of road infrastructure, its development proposals, the impact of road quality in line with socio-economic and population by prioritizing the availability and quality roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article reviews the prospects for major change in United States transportation policy based on initial experience with the Obama administration’s launch of a high-speed intercity passenger train program. Public policy theory suggests that such paradigmatic change requires a mix of both powering through new goals and puzzling over how to attain them. Pursuit of the Obama administration’s high-speed rail policy agenda to date suggests that when the power to initiate policy goals is much greater than the capacity to achieve them, then political conflict over implementation will become a constraint on policy paradigm shift. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: “Safety in Numbers”(SIN), a recent concept in transportation research, policy and planning, has emerged as a causal inference from the non-linear statistical association between estimates of the numbers of walkers or bicyclists in an area and the rate or number of traffic collisions experienced by pedestrians or cyclists. Proponents of SIN argue that greater numbers of walkers or cyclists modify the hazardous behaviors of motor vehicle drivers thus creating safer conditions. This paper critically examines the research on the non-linear association as an adequate empirical basis for this causal interpretation. Given the paucity of evidence supporting a specific mechanism for the SIN effect, alternative plausible explanations of the non-linear association behind SIN, and a potential for unintended consequences from its policy application, the authors call for caution in the use of SIN in transportation policy and planning dialogue and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Studies of activity-travel patterns typically use 1-day or pooled samples, and more often than not, are conducted at the individual level. By default, they assume that activity-travel decisions are uniform from 1day to the next and individuals are independent from one another. Such assumptions do not reflect reality. This research investigates day-to-day variability in activity time-use patterns of household members while incorporating variations in their interactions. Results from a descriptive analysis and a series of daily structural equation models provide evidence of day-to-day variability in activity time-use patterns. Specifically, time-use patterns on weekdays are substantially different from those on weekends. Furthermore, compared to independent activities, there is a higher proportion of intra-personal variability and a lower proportion of inter-personal variability for joint activities. These findings suggest that transportation planners should not combine independent and joint activities as has been the case in the recent past, nor should they use single-day or pooled models when estimating activity time-use patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the matter of port legislation, the nineties was a period of maximum interest in Spain. Two laws enacted in 1992 and 1997, respectively, aimed at increasing the autonomy of individual ports in the management and organization of its activities. Before 1992 two different models of management coexisted in the Spanish port system: autonomous decision-making ports and ports controlled in its decision-making by the Central Government. The question we address in this paper is how these legislative changes have affected the evolution of the levels of traffic of the Spanish port system from 1992, date of introduction of the first law, to 2003, date of approval of a third legislative change that remains out of this analysis for lack of sufficient data. We find an important impact of legislative changes on port traffic by way of an estimated econometric model over the 1966–2003 period. We control for the effect of other variables that might have influenced Spanish maritime traffic such as international maritime flows, taken as a proxy of globalization, or gross domestic product, under the hypothesis that maritime transport is a demand derived of economic activity. We provide evidence supporting that greater port autonomy had beneficial effects for the Spanish port system as a whole. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, the acceptability of different transport policy measures was examined. Three measures were assessed individually and as packages combining one push measure (a raised tax on fossil fuel) and one pull measure (in Package 1 improved public transport and in Package 2 a subsidy of renewable fuel). To analyze factors important for the acceptability, we proposed a model where the value-belief-norm theory combined with policy specific beliefs (perceived fairness and perceived effectiveness) predicted acceptability. Furthermore, we examined whether problem awareness or personal norm was more important for acceptability. In a questionnaire study conducted in Sweden, a sample of car users (N =616) assessed the transport policy measures. Results showed that while the pull measures were perceived to be effective, fair, and acceptable, the push measure and the packages were perceived to be rather ineffective, unfair, and unacceptable. The proposed model was supported for the measures and problem awareness was found to have a direct effect on acceptability for the pull measures while personal norm was found to have a direct effect on acceptability for the push measure and the two policy packages. In addition, perceived fairness and effectiveness were found to be particularly important for acceptability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) recently considered eliminating some useless overpasses that had once played a significant role in maintaining continuous traffic flow but soon lost their original, positive function and became an environmental burden. SMG is in the process of identifying such types of overpasses out of 22 installations. The aim of this study was to develop a definite criterion that can be used to identify overpasses to be eliminated. All of the 22 existing overpasses were investigated in terms of functionality, structural stability and conflicts with other sustainable policies of SMG. Functionality was interpreted based on the traffic efficiency, environmental amenity and traffic safety. The weights of these functionality sub-factors were derived from a pair-wise comparison technique used in analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology. The remaining two aspects were not subdivided but evaluated directly. Final judgments were made based on the three aspects with the assistance of well-known classification methodologies such as K-means and a support vector machine (SVM). As a result, five overpasses in Seoul were identified to be eliminable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Cox proportional hazard model is the most widely used model in activity episode duration analysis. A potentially limiting underlying assumption of this model class is that the explanatory variables have a proportional effect on the hazard function. There is no direct relationship between the covariates and time itself. An alternative model class, not characterized by this assumption, is the accelerated hazard (AH) model. The coefficients in this model class reflect variations of hazard rates over time, which are accelerated or decelerated. Another issue is the problem of heterogeneity. Cox proportional hazard models that include heterogeneity are now well known. Including heterogeneity in the AH model is more complicated and under-explored, but potentially more rewarding. The paper uses a latent class specification for the AH model to capture heterogeneity and propensity to accelerate (or decelerate) activity durations. The use of a latent class specification is beneficial for representing individual/household response differences (accelerate/decelerate their current activity durations) to transportation policy. Such information may be useful to transportation engineers or planners when targeting their policies. To contribute to this research frontier, the present paper reports their results of the development of the first latent class accelerated hazard (LCAH) model in transportation which is applied to activity diary data on three out-of-home activities (daily shopping, non-daily shopping and out-of-home leisure) and two in-home activities (in-home task and in-home leisure), collected in Eindhoven, The Netherlands. The results of the LCAH model suggest that heterogeneity is strongly related to sociodemographic variables. The presence of children and the employment status of the female spouse are the most important factors explaining heterogeneity among the derived latent classes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Researchers have identified how in some rapidly developing countries, road and aviation transportation CO2 emissions are rising faster (over time) when compared to the experiences of the USA at similar levels of economic development. While suggestive of how experiences of the rapidly developing Asia are different from those of the developed world these studies have used only one developed country for comparison, the USA, arguably a special case when it comes to transportation. To address this point this research compares the road transportation CO2 experiences of rapidly developing Asian economies (Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand) with the USA and six other developed economies (Australia, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom). The findings confirm previous results, to wit, Asian economies demonstrate faster annual growth of CO2 emissions in comparison to the experiences of the developed world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses study of the emerging empirical trends in diverse interacting systems of mobility and related governance and policy concerns. The study shows an emphasis on the relation between human mobilities and immobilities along with the analysis of the relation between mobility systems and infrastructural moorings under regimes of economic regulations and state governance. An appreciation of the complexity of the mobility systems and the forms of mobilities such as transportation facilities like automobiles is established.

This article presents a conclusion to the special issue on transport policy research. The article focuses on the gains of policy research for the specific needs of the field of transport policy. Coordination is considered a major issues because transport policy is connected to local issues, such as land use and housing as well as wider issues, such as foreign and economic policy. Policy design is important because transport policy has to accommodate and influence individual and societal behavior. The opportunities and threats from innovation are also discussed.

National studies have provided an important perspective on the functioning of the U.S. transportation system. They have increased our understanding of the individual modes of transportation and how they interrelate. These studies have focused attention on the major national transportation issues and assessed options to addressing these issues. They have often provided guidance for national transportation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the concept of intermodalism in transportation. Lack of a comprehensive intermodal definition; Meaning of intermodalism according to the Eno Transportation Foundation; Goal envisioned by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA); Study undertaken to examine multimodal non-containerized freight practices.

Highlights: [•] This paper is based on the review of High-Speed Rail (HSR) policies in the US. [•] This paper is based on case studies of HSR projects in Asia and Europe. [•] We identify the challenges in making the case for HSR development in the US. [•] We make recommendation on policy issues to make HSR successful in the US. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] 2014 FIFA World Cup and its missed opportunity. [•] Urban mobility improvement. [•] 2014 FWC legacy as the most unsustainable sport mega-event in history. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]