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1. The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys

Author

Fayyad, John, Sampson, Nancy A., Hwang, Irving, Adamowski, Tomasz, Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio, Al-Hamzawi, Ali, Andrade, Laura H. S. G., Borges, Guilherme, de Girolamo, Giovanni, Florescu, Silvia, Gureje, Oye, Haro, Josep Maria, Hu, Chiyi, Karam, Elie G., Lee, Sing, Navarro-Mateu, Fernando, O’Neill, Siobhan, Pennell, Beth-Ellen, Piazza, Marina, Posada-Villa, José, ten Have, Margreet, Torres, Yolanda, Xavier, Miguel, Zaslavsky, Alan M., Kessler, Ronald C., Adamowski, Tomasz, Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio, Al-Hamzawi, Ali, Al-Kaisy, Mohammad, Subaie, Abdullah Al, Alonso, Jordi, Altwaijri, Yasmin, Andrade, Laura Helena, Atwoli, Lukoye, Auerbach, Randy P., Axinn, William G., Benjet, Corina, Borges, Guilherme, Bossarte, Robert M., Bromet, Evelyn J., Bruffaerts, Ronny, Bunting, Brendan, Caffo, Ernesto, de Almeida, Jose Miguel Caldas, Cardoso, Graca, Cia, Alfredo H., Chardoul, Stephanie, Chatterji, Somnath, Filho, Alexandre Chiavegatto, Cuijpers, Pim, Degenhardt, Louisa, de Girolamo, Giovanni, de Graaf, Ron, de Jonge, Peter, Demyttenaere, Koen, Ebert, David D., Evans-Lacko, Sara, Fayyad, John, Fiestas, Fabian, Florescu, Silvia, Forresi, Barbara, Galea, Sandro, Germine, Laura, Gilman, Stephen E., Ghimire, Dirgha J., Glantz, Meyer D., Gureje, Oye, Haro, Josep Maria, He, Yanling, Hinkov, Hristo, Hu, Chi-yi, Huang, Yueqin, Karam, Aimee Nasser, Karam, Elie G., Kawakami, Norito, Kessler, Ronald C., Kiejna, Andrzej, Koenen, Karestan C., Kovess-Masfety, Viviane, Lago, Luise, Lara, Carmen, Lee, Sing, Lepine, Jean-Pierre, Levav, Itzhak, Levinson, Daphna, Liu, Zhaorui, Martins, Silvia S., Matschinger, Herbert, McGrath, John J., McLaughlin, Katie A., Medina-Mora, Maria Elena, Mneimneh, Zeina, Moskalewicz, Jacek, Murphy, Samuel D., Navarro-Mateu, Fernando, Nock, Matthew K., O’Neill, Siobhan, Oakley-Browne, Mark, Hans Ormel, J., Pennell, Beth-Ellen, Piazza, Marina, Pinder-Amaker, Stephanie, Piotrowski, Patryk, Posada-Villa, Jose, Ruscio, Ayelet M., Scott, Kate M., Shahly, Vicki, Silove, Derrick, Slade, Tim, Smoller, Jordan W., Stagnaro, Juan Carlos, Stein, Dan J., Street, Amy E., Tachimori, Hisateru, Taib, Nezar, Have, Margreet ten, Thornicroft, Graham, Torres, Yolanda, Viana, Maria Carmen, Vilagut, Gemma, Wells, Elisabeth, Williams, David R., Williams, Michelle A., Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Zaslavsky, Alan M., and on behalf of the WHO World Mental Health Survey Collaborators

Published
2017
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2. The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys

Author

Fayyad, John, Sampson, Nancy A., Hwang, Irving, Adamowski, Tomasz, Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio, Al-Hamzawi, Ali, Andrade, Laura H. S. G., Borges, Guilherme, de Girolamo, Giovanni, Florescu, Silvia, Gureje, Oye, Haro, Josep Maria, Chiyi, Hu, Karam, Elie G., Lee, Sing, Navarro-Mateu, Fernando, O’Neill, Siobhan, Pennell, Beth-Ellen, Piazza, Marina, Posada-Villa, José, ten Have, Margreet, Torres, Yolanda, Xavier, Miguel, Zaslavsky, Alan M., Kessler, Ronald C., Al-Kaisy, Mohammad, Subaie, Abdullah Al, Alonso, Jordi, Altwaijri, Yasmin, Andrade, Laura Helena, Atwoli, Lukoye, Auerbach, Randy P., Axinn, William G., Benjet, Corina, Bossarte, Robert M., Bromet, Evelyn J., Bruffaerts, Ronny, Bunting, Brendan, Caffo, Ernesto, de Almeida, Jose Miguel Caldas, Cardoso, Graca, Cia, Alfredo H., Chardoul, Stephanie, Chatterji, Somnath, Filho, Alexandre Chiavegatto, Cuijpers, Pim, Degenhardt, Louisa, de Graaf, Ron, de Jonge, Peter, Demyttenaere, Koen, Ebert, David D., Evans-Lacko, Sara, Fiestas, Fabian, Forresi, Barbara, Galea, Sandro, Germine, Laura, Gilman, Stephen E., Ghimire, Dirgha J., Glantz, Meyer D., Yanling, He, Hinkov, Hristo, Chi-yi, Hu, Huang, Yueqin, Karam, Aimee Nasser, Kawakami, Norito, Kiejna, Andrzej, Koenen, Karestan C., Kovess-Masfety, Viviane, Lago, Luise, LARA RIOS, LILIANA DEL CARMEN, Lepine, Jean-Pierre, Levav, Itzhak, Levinson, Daphna, Liu, Zhaorui, Martins, Silvia S., Matschinger, Herbert, Mcgrath, John J., Mclaughlin, Katie A., Medina-Mora, Maria Elena, Mneimneh, Zeina, Moskalewicz, Jacek, Murphy, Samuel D., Nock, Matthew K., Oakley-Browne, Mark, Hans Ormel, J., Pinder-Amaker, Stephanie, Piotrowski, Patryk, Posada-Villa, Jose, Ruscio, Ayelet M., Scott, Kate M., Shahly, Vicki, Silove, Derrick, Slade, Tim, Smoller, Jordan W., Stagnaro, Juan Carlos, Stein, Dan J., Street, Amy E., Tachimori, Hisateru, Taib, Nezar, Have, Margreet ten, Thornicroft, Graham, Viana, Maria Carmen, Vilagut, Gemma, Wells, Elisabeth, Williams, David R., Williams, Michelle A., Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Developmental Psychology, and Scientific Visualization and Computer Graphics

Subjects
Male, Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data, Comorbidity, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology, Young adult, Mental Disorders, General Medicine, CIDI, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Impairment, Psychiatry and Mental Health, Income, Anxiety, Female, medicine.symptom, ADHD, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Disability epidemiology, Treatment, Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Young Adult, Health Surveys, World Health Organization, Psychology, Clinical psychology, medicine.medical_specialty, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.24 [https], purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#5.01.00 [https], behavioral disciplines and activities, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, mental disorders, medicine, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Psychiatry, Salut mundial, Developed Countries/statistics & numerical data, Developing Countries/statistics & numerical data, medicine.disease, Mental health, 030227 psychiatry, Mood, Trastorn per dèficit d'atenció amb hiperactivitat, Malalties mentals, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Mental Disorders/epidemiology
Abstract

We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0% among childhood cases and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures.

Published
2016

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