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Aim: To compare the characteristics of and outcomes for people with malignancies with and without a co‐diagnosis of diabetes. Methods: Emergency department and hospital discharge data from a single centre for the period between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2017 were used to identify people with a diagnosis of a malignancy and diabetes. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate the effect of diabetes on all‐cause mortality. A truncated negative binomial regression model was used to assess the impact of diabetes on length of hospital inpatient stay. Prentice–Williams–Peterson total time models were used to assess the effect of diabetes on number of emergency department re‐presentations and inpatient re‐admissions. Results: Of 7004 people identified with malignancies, 1195 (17.1%) were also diagnosed with diabetes. A diagnosis of diabetes was associated with a greater number of inpatient re‐admissions [adjusted hazard ratio 1.13 (95% CI 1.03, 1.24)], a greater number of emergency department re‐presentations [adjusted hazard ratio 1.13 (95% CI 1.05, 1.22)] and longer length of stay [adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.14 (95% CI 1.04, 1.25)]. A co‐diagnosis of diabetes was also associated with a 48% increased risk of all‐cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio 1.48 (95% CI 1.22–1.76)]. Conclusions: People with malignancies and diabetes had significantly more emergency department presentations, more inpatient admissions, longer length of hospital stay and higher rates of all‐cause mortality compared to people with a malignancy without diabetes. What's new?: It has been shown that a diagnosis of diabetes is associated with an increased risk of the development and progression of malignancies, and of mortality in people with malignancies, a number of suggested explanations for which include hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia.The findings of the present study highlight the increased risk of emergency department presentatios, inpatient admission, longer length of hospital stay and all‐cause mortality associated with a diagnosis of diabetes and malignancy.This work emphasizes the importance of avoiding diabetes, and highlights that people who have already developed diabetes and have a co‐diagnosis of a malignancy represent a high‐risk group that may benefit from additional treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been shown to be effective and superior to other types of protein supplements to attenuate loss of muscle mass, strength and function, however, its benefits in sarcopenic and frail older people remain unclear.Objective: We seek to determine the effect of HMB on muscle mass, strength and function in older people with sarcopenia or frailty by reviewing results from available randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Design: This review was registered at PROSPERO (University of York) with registration number CRD42018088462 and conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Using a pre-determined e-search strategy, we searched PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science, Cochrane and Scopus databases. Our inclusion criteria were RCTs that assessed the effect of HMB on muscle mass, strength and function in older people with sarcopenia and frailty aged ≥60 years. The main outcomes were lean body mass, handgrip, leg press strength, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score.Results: Three studies matched our eligibility criteria which enrolled 203 subjects through a variety of definitions of sarcopenia or frailty. Lean body mass increased and muscle strength and function were preserved following HMB supplementation.Conclusion: HMB improves lean muscle mass and preserves muscle strength and function in older people with sarcopenia or frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]