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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO, E.C. 1.14.18.1) is a nearly ubiquitous enzyme that is widely distributed among organisms. Despite its widespread distribution, the role of PPO in plants has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, we report for the absence of PPO in Cynomorium coccineum, a holoparasitic plant adapted to withstand unfavorable climatic conditions, growing in Mediterranean countries and amply used in traditional medicine. The lack of PPO has been demonstrated by the absence of enzymatic activity with various substrates, by the lack of immunohistochemical detection of the enzyme, and by the absence of the PPO gene and, consequently, its expression. The results obtained in our work allow us to exclude the presence of the PPO activity (both latent and mature forms of the enzyme), as well as of one or more genes coding for PPO in C. coccineum. Finally, we discuss the possible significance of PPO deficiency in parasitic plants adapted to abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histological analysis allows an accurate classification of most melanocytic lesions as benign or malig-nant. However, a challenging diagnosis can be faced when differentiating a nevus from a melanoma, mostly due to the heterogeneous histological appearance of melanomas. It is thus necessary to use immunohistochemistry as a complementary tool. The immunohistochemical expression of tyrosinase, the key melanogenic enzyme in melanocytes, has often been useful in formulating a differential diagnosis thanks to the peculiar staining pattern in nevocytes compared with melanoma cells. The expression pattern of tyrosinase in nevi appears to parallel the cytoarchitectural changes typically observable within the lesion: nevus cells in the epidermis or in the superficial dermis are more likely to be larger and strongly express melanocytic differentiation antigens, such as tyrosinase, compared with deeper nevocytes [1]. Our study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression pattern of the tyrosinase antigen (clone T311) in different histological types of acquired dysplastic melanocytic nevi, including junctional, compound, and intradermal nevi, as well as in a panel of normal skin tissues. Moreover, to evaluate whether the expression of tyrosinase by nevus cells, pointing out the acquisition of melanin-producing capabilities, was associated with the differentiation state of nevocytes, we likewise investigated the immunohistochemical expression of the two markers of pluripotency, CD34 and nestin. Our results revealed a prominent immunoreactivity for tyrosinase in junctional and superficial dermal nevocytes and a decreasing gradient of staining in dermal nevocytes, up to become negative in the deeper dermis. All junctional and dermal nevocytes were negative for CD34. Nestin immunostaining showed an opposing pattern compared with tyrosinase, leading us to look into the melanocytic nevus as a "histopathological model" to trace the final stages of the differentiation pathway that neural crest-derived melanocyte precursors undertake toward their ultimate anatomical and functional site into the epidermis, consistently with Cramer's dermal precursor model of melanocytic origin and the stem cell-based concept of nevogenesis [2]. Both CD34 and nestin intensely stained the small aggregates of cells, resembling "niches", adjacent to the bulge area of hair follicles, that may represent the reservoir of neural crest-derived melanocyte stem cells residing in the dermis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]