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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication. However, EV biogenesis remains poorly understood. We previously defined a role for Arrdc4 (Arrestin domain containing protein 4), an adaptor for Nedd4 family ubiquitin ligases, in the biogenesis of EVs. Here we report that ubiquitination of Arrdc4 is critical for its role in EV secretion. We identified five potential ubiquitinated lysine residues in Arrdc4 using mass spectrometry. By analysing Arrdc4 lysine mutants we discovered that lysine 270 (K270) is critical for Arrdc4 function in EV biogenesis. Arrdc4K270R mutation caused a decrease in the number of EVs released by cells compared to Arrdc4WT, and a reduction in trafficking of divalent metal transporter (DMT1) into EVs. Furthermore, we also observed a decrease in DMT1 activity and an increase in its intracellular degradation in the presence of Arrdc4K270R. K270 was found to be ubiquitinated with K‐29 polyubiquitin chains by the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4‐2. Thus, our results uncover a novel role of K‐29 polyubiquitin chains in Arrdc4‐mediated EV biogenesis and protein trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin is a key effector of the removal of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. Parkin determines cell fate in response to mitochondrial damage, with its loss promoting early onset Parkinson's disease and potentially also cancer progression. Controlling a cell's apoptotic response is essential to co‐ordinate the removal of damaged mitochondria. We report that following mitochondrial damage‐induced mitophagy, Parkin directly ubiquitinates the apoptotic effector protein BAK at a conserved lysine in its hydrophobic groove, a region that is crucial for BAK activation by BH3‐only proteins and its homo‐dimerisation during apoptosis. Ubiquitination inhibited BAK activity by impairing its activation and the formation of lethal BAK oligomers. Parkin also suppresses BAX‐mediated apoptosis, but in the absence of BAX ubiquitination suggesting an indirect mechanism. In addition, we find that BAK‐dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation during apoptosis promotes PINK1‐dependent Parkin activation. Hence, we propose that Parkin directly inhibits BAK to suppress errant apoptosis, thereby allowing the effective clearance of damaged mitochondria, but also promotes clearance of apoptotic mitochondria to limit their potential pro‐inflammatory effect. Synopsis: The ubiquitin ligase Parkin plays a protective role in neurodegenerative disease by removing damaged mitochondria and preventing apoptosis, and by limiting the functions of pro‐apoptotic effector proteins BAK and BAX. Defective control of apoptosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of early onset Parkinson's Disease caused by Parkin mutations. Parkin activity is induced by mitochondrial damage during apoptosis.Parkin mono‐ and di‐ubiquitinates BAK at a conserved lysine in its hydrophobic groove.Ubiquitination reduces BAK oligomerisation and apoptotic activity on mitochondria.Parkin prevents BAX mitochondrial localisation and apoptotic activity independent of ubiquitination.Certain Parkinson's Disease‐associated Parkin mutants cannot ubiquitinate BAK and restrain it on mitochondria. Autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria and suppression of apoptotic effector proteins are coordinated functions of the Parkin ubiquitin ligase that are lost upon Parkinson's Disease‐associated mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posttranslational modification by ubiquitination targets proteins for degradation, recycling, stabilization or altered trafficking, and as such can alter cellular signaling pathways. The substrate specificity of this multistep process is controlled by ubiquitin ligases, including those of the HECT domain-containing NEDD4 family. In the testis, ubiquitination of many proteins contributes to organ development and maturation of spermatozoa and NEDD4 is known to be important in the control of spermatogonial stem cell homeostasis. However, a comprehensive understanding of NEDD4 substrates in testis development is lacking. Here we demonstrate high expression of Nedd4 in somatic cells of the mouse testis and in the murine Leydig cell-like cell line TM3. Immunoprecipitation of NEDD4 tagged with GFP at either the amino or carboxyl terminus was subjected to proteomic analysis for interacting proteins. We identified a substantial list of potential interaction partners, including known NEDD4 substrates, proteins involved in ubiquitination and proteins important for testis development and spermatogenesis. We confirmed the interaction of NEDD4 with a subset of these putative interacting proteins, validating the integrity of the dataset. These potential interactors may be further explored to reveal important roles of NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination in the testis. Ubiquitination is important for testis development and function, and NEDD4 is known to ubiquitinate various proteins to affect cellular signaling and development, including those implicated in spermatogenesis. However, substrates of NEDD4 that are important during testis development remain to be identified. Here we report NEDD4 expression in the developing testis and TM3 testicular cell line. This study identifies a substantial list of NEDD4 interacting proteins in the TM3 testicular cell line, with validation of some of these interactions. Hence, this provides novel NEDD4 targets that may contribute to testis development and function that may be further explored. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]