Search

Pairs of 80 fs, 800 nm laser pulses were used to ablate Si, Cu, and CaF2 in air. The spectrally resolved plasma emission was measured as a function of laser fluence and pulse delay. After an initial dip, the fluorescence was found to increase monotonically with pulse delay, reaching a plateau after some tens of picoseconds, depending on the material and fluence. The enhancement ratio (defined as the ratio of the fluorescence produced by the pulse pair to that produced by a single pulse of the same total fluence) reaches a maximum value of 6 and 11 at a fluence of ∼6 J/cm2 for Si and Cu, respectively, and declines to a value below 2 at higher fluences. In contrast, the enhancement for CaF2 increases slowly from zero near threshold to a broad maximum value of 2 near 50 J/cm2. Using reflectivity and atomic force microscopy measurements as diagnostics, we interpret the Si and Cu behavior in terms of a two phase mechanism, in which the first pulse melts the surface of the crystal and the second pulse ablates the resulting liquid film. A qualitatively different mechanism initiated by multiphoton absorption is involved in CaF2 ablation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coherent control of the ionization of HCl was achieved by simulataneous 3+1 and 1+1 multiphoton excitation in a molecular beam machine, using either three 336 nm photons or one 112 nm photon to resonantly excite the intermediate j 3Σ-(Ω=0+) state. The phase difference between the two laser beams was continuously varied by passing the radiation through a cell containing either Ar or H2 gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrafast laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer (AToF-MS) and associated data acquisition software that permits imaging at micron-scale resolution and sub-micron-scale depth profiling are described. The ion funnel-based source of this instrument can be operated at pressures ranging from 10-8 to ∼0.3 mbar. Mass spectra may be collected and stored at a rate of 1 kHz by the data acquisition system, allowing the instrument to be coupled with standard commercial Ti:sapphire lasers. The capabilities of the AToF-MS instrument are demonstrated on metal foils and semiconductor wafers using a Ti:sapphire laser emitting 800 nm, ∼75 fs pulses at 1 kHz. Results show that elemental quantification and depth profiling are feasible with this instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A genetic algorithm was used to control the photoluminescence (PL) from GaAs(100). A spatial light modulator (SLM) used feedback from the emission to optimize the spectral phase profile of an ultrashort laser pulse. Most of the experiments were performed using a sine phase function to optimize the integrated PL spectrum over a specified wavelength range, with the amplitude and period of the phase function treated as genetic parameters. An order of magnitude increase in signal was achieved after only one generation, and an optimized waveform, consisting of three equally spaced pulses approximately 0.8 ps apart, was obtained after 15 generations. The effects of fluence, polarization, relative phase of the subpulses, and spectral range of the optimized PL were investigated. In addition, preliminary experiments were performed using the phases of individual pixels of the SLM as genetic variables. The PL spectrum is identified with recombination of electron-hole pairs in the L-valley of the Brillouin zone. Control is achieved by coherent manipulation of plasma electrons. It is proposed that hot electrons excite lattice phonons, which in turn scatter carriers into the L-valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were performed to examine the feasibility of mass spectrometry (MS) depth profiling of animal tissue by ∼75 fs, 800 nm laser pulses to expose underlying layers of tissue for subsequent MS analysis. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) was used to analyze phospholipids and proteins from both intact bovine eye lens tissue and tissue ablated by ultrashort laser pulses. Laser desorption postionization mass spectrometry (LDPI-MS) with 10.5 eV single photon ionization was also used to analyze cholesterol and other small molecules in the tissue before and after laser ablation. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to examine the ablation patterns in the tissue and estimate the depth of the ablation craters. Ultrashort pulse laser ablation was found to be able to remove a layer of several tens of micrometers from the surface of eye lens tissue while leaving the underlying tissue relatively undamaged for subsequent MS analysis. MS analysis of cholesterol, phospholipids, peptides, and various unidentified species did not reveal any chemical damage caused by ultrashort pulse laser ablation for analytes smaller than ∼6 kDa. However, a drop in intensity of larger protein ions was detected by MALDI-MS following laser ablation. An additional advantage was that ablated tissue displayed up to an order of magnitude higher signal intensities than intact tissue when subsequently analyzed by MS. These results support the use of ultrashort pulse laser ablation in combination with MS analysis to permit depth profiling of animal tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]