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The COVID-19 crisis has exposed the public to considerable scientific uncertainty, which may promote vaccine hesitancy among individuals with lower tolerance of uncertainty. In a national sample of US adults in May–June 2020, we examined how both perceptions of uncertainty about COVID-19 and trait-level differences in tolerance of uncertainty arising from various sources (risk, ambiguity, and complexity) are related to vaccine hesitancy-related outcomes, including trust in COVID-19 information, COVID-19 vaccine intentions, and beliefs that COVID-19 vaccines should undergo a longer testing period before being released to the public. Overall, perceptions of COVID-19 uncertainty were not associated with trust in information, vaccine intentions, or beliefs about vaccine testing. However, higher tolerance of risk was associated with lower intentions to get vaccinated, and lower tolerance of ambiguity was associated with lower intentions to get vaccinated and preferring a longer period of vaccine testing. Critically, perceptions of COVID-19 uncertainty and trait-level tolerance for uncertainty also interacted as predicted, such that greater perceived COVID-19 uncertainty was more negatively associated with trust in COVID-19 information among individuals with lower tolerance for risk and ambiguity. Thus, although perceptions of uncertainty regarding COVID-19 may not reduce trust and vaccine hesitancy for all individuals, trait-level tolerance of uncertainty arising from various sources may have both direct and moderating effects on these outcomes. These findings can inform public health communication or other interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study firstly, the relationship between risk and risk management was investigated by examining concepts such as probability, ambiguity and decision making. The development of risk management in the USA in the 1950s aimed the protection of people and goods with minimum loss. Such management techniques intended to minimize losses with lowest cost while protecting an organization's profit making power by planning, organization, management and control of necessary resources and activities. Afterwards the processes of risk management such as identification, evaluation and assessment of the risk, alternative risk correction devices, selected alternatives, evaluation and control were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article pays tribute to Paul Mishkin's quest for understanding of law/politics distinction in the U.S. It looks at the neutral principles, affirmative action and the enduring legacy of Mishkin. The authors argue that the tension identified by Mishkin is significant and unavoidable, but that is also exaggerated. They view that law/politics distinction is both real and suffused with ambiguity and uncertainty. Its existence produces the possibility of the rule of law, but the ragged and blurred boundaries of that distinction vivify the law by infusing it with the commitments and ideals of those whom the law purports to govern.